Final Report of Networking Mcitp & Ccna

7/27/2019 Final Report of Networking Mcitp & Ccna

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel deeply indedted to Mr. Baljit Singh, Microsoft trainer who delivered valuable

lesson on MCSE, his indepth knowledge about the subject helped me understand the

subject in better way. His method of teaching the minute details helped me a lot to

acquire the insight into the subject.

I am also grateful to Mr. Inder Gulati, CCNA trainer for giving best knowledge about

CCNA.the way he instilled knowledge of the subject was undoubtly praise worthy and

valuable.

I am also thankful to Jetking institution as a whole that is doing yeomans service by

teaching the learner avreast with the computer , networking and hardware knowledge that

is the need of the day.

I will be failing in my duty if I do not acknowledge my husband Mr. Nardev Singh Rana

who always stood by my side during my studies. I am indepted to my sons Anirudh

Rana and Romil Rana who never clamed my time and get bore by my long absence rather

silent.

Last but not the least, I thank all my classmates at Jetking for extending kind

co-operation.

SAROJ DOGRA


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List of Figures

Figure No. Name of Figure Page No.

1 Computer network 6

2 Local Area Nework 9

3 LAN Classification 9

4 Campus Area Network 10

5 Metropolitan Area Network 11

6 To find location of a computer using FQDN 24

7 Tree structure 25

8 Structure of domain forest and domain tree 36

9 Multi-Master Mode 37

10 Parent child relationship model 40

11 Direct Sharing Scenario 43

12 ICS scenario 44

13 Scenario of win proxy server 45

14 NAT Server 4615 VPN server 48

16 LAN routing 52


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17 Static routing 53

18 Architecture of router 60

19 Variable Subnet Mask 7520 Scenario of Telnet 76

21 Scenario of Static Routing 81

22 Routing table 86

23 Routing table of covered networks 86

24 Routing loops 87

25 OSPF Scenario 99

26 VLAN Operation105

27 VTP Configuration 110

28 VTP Pruning 111

29 IEEE 802.11 Standar d 114


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CONTENTS

Sr. No. Topic Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Company Profile 1

2 LITERATURE RIEVIEW 53 NETWORKING 6

3.1 Introduction to networking 6

3.1.1 Models of Networking 63.1.2 Categories of network 8

3.2 IP ADDRESSES and MAC Addresses 12

3.2.1 IPAddressClasses 12

3.2.2 MAC Addressing 15

3.3 NETWORKING MEDIA 15

3.3.1 Ethernet Cabling 17

3.4 OPERATING SYSTEM 20

3.4.1 Types of Operating Systems 20

3.5 DNS SERVER 22

3.5.1 PARTS OF DNS SYSTEM 23

3.5.2 DNS Zone 26

3.6 DHCP SERVER 28

3.6.1 Working of DHCP Server 29

3.6.2 InstallationStepsofDHCPServer 31

3.7 ACTIVE DIRECTORY 33

3.7.1ActiveDirectoryServices 34

3.7.2 CHILD DOMAIN 40


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3.8 INTERNET SHAREING 42

3.8.1 Direct Sharing 42

3.8.2 ICS (Internet Connection Sharing) 43

3.8.3 Win Proxy Server 45

3.8.4 NAT (Network Address Translation) 45

3.9 VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN) 47

3.9.1 VPN components 48

3.9.2 Types of VPN 49

3.10 ROUTING 51

3.10.1 Types of Routing 51

3.11 EXCHANGE SERVER 56

3.11.1 Elements of Exchange Server 56

3.11.2 Exchange Version 56

3.11.3 Requirements for Exchange Server 57

3.12 Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model 57

3.12.1 Description of Different Layers 58

3.13 ROUTERS 60

3.13.1 Router Architecture and its Key Component 60

3.13.2 Router Interfaces & Ports 62 3.13.3 Modes of Router 63

3.13.4 Configuring Password 65

3.13.5 Managing Configuration 66

3.14 SUBNETTING 70

3.14.1 Advantages of subnetting 70

3.14.2 Types of Subnetting 73


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3.15 TELNET 75

3.15.1 To Access the Device Remotely 75

3.15.2 Commands to assign IP addresses to the interfaces 76

3.16 ROUTING 79

3.16.1 TYPES OF ROUTING 79

3.16.2 Routing Protocol Basics 84

3.1.3 R IP (Routing Information Protocol) 88

3.1.4 IGRP ( Interior Gateway Protocol) 91

3.1.5 EIGRP(Enhanced Interior Routing Protocol) 93

3.1.6 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) 95

3.17 LAN SWITCHING 100

3.17.1 SWITCH 100

3.17.1.1 VLAN (Virtual LAN) 103

3.17.1.2 Vlan Trunking Protocol (VTP) 108

3.18 Wi-Fi (WIRELESS FIDELITY) 113

3.18.1 Wireless LAN 113

3.18.2 Wireless Standards 114

3.18.3 Wireless Security 115

4 CONCLUSION 117

5 REFRENCES 118


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1. INTRODUCTION

This project report pertains to six months industrial training that I had underwent

at JETKING, Chandigarh as part of curriculum of degree in Bachelor of technology in

Electronics and Communication engineering as required by Swami Parmanand College of

engineering and technology (affiliated to Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar) .

I learnt a lot from professional managers and skilled engineers. I had a great

learning experience as trainee in this firm. I learnt a lot about how different networks are

controlled in the industry or any department with the help of networking processes, under

MCSE and CCNA.I have learnt about different type of servers like DHCP Server, DNS Server, NAT

Server. Also I have learnt how to control the LAN and MAN networks under MCSE

(Microsoft Certified System Engineers) and how to control MAN and WAN networks

under CCNA (CISCO Certified System Engineers).

Justification cannot be done to whatever I have learnt in these six months within a

few pages but I have still tried my best to cover as much as possible in this report. In this

report I have tried to sum up the technical knowledge I have gained in my six months of

training.

1.1 Company Profile

Jetking is an organization came into establishment in1947. Jetking is Indias

number one Computer Hardware and Networking Institute.

Birth and Evolution

It took a lot of failure before mankind tasted technological success. Jetking evolved in

tune with the changing face of technology. During 55 years in the field of electronic

technology. Jetking successfully trained thousands of students to overcome failure for

high paying careers.


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1947 Birth

1962 Pioneered Do-It-Yourself Kits in India

1972 Introduced Asia- 72, Fairchild and Wildcat transistors

1986 Became a Public Limited Company and also introduced

entertainment electronics product-T.V sets, Two-in-ones and

amplifiers.

1990 Launched Jetking School of Electronics Technology

1993 Network of Jetking training centers spread all over India

1994 Opening of Jetking, Chandigarh

1995 Tie-up with Heath kit Educational System (U.S.A.)

1996 Introduced advanced courses on Pentium, Notebooks, Modems,

Email/Internet, LAN 4.X

1997 Novell Education Academic Partner

1998 Representative for International Correspondence School (ICS),

USA in India

1999 Added cyber technology to the curriculum

2008 ISO 9001-2000 company and Authorized Microsoft online testing

centre (VUE) for MS, CISCO, MCSA, MCSE, CCNA, A+ etc.

Mr. Suresh G. Bharwani is the CHAIRMAN and MANAGING Director of

Jetking Infotrain Ltd. Indias leading Computer Hardware and Networking Institute. With

the vision to promote and the conviction to deliver the widespread propagation of comp-

uter hardware and networking education across the nation, Mr. Bharwani was the first to

set up an training institute offering innovative courses in computer hardware in 1990.

Jetkings core competency lies in providing complete training and developing hardware

engineers and professionals with sound technical knowledge. It focuses on the overall

development of personality of an individual with emphasis on personality development,

presentation and communication skills, leadership skills etc.

Jetking has established more than 125 operational centers and 250 faculties across

the country and has trained over 3,50,000 students who have move onto the crave


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success- full career. With its alumni placed in the best of organizations in India and some

abroad,

Jetking,s vocational training and placement promises has helped build the career

prospects of many young boys and girls.

The company has been awarded the ISO 9000:2000 certification in 2008.The

company has been awarded the Maharashtra IT Award for a key role in manpower

activities in year 2006-07,it was felicitated with Franchise Award as Best Franchisor for

the year 2007-08.Also,ranked 4th in the list of 26th hot franchises as per outlook money

magazine.

Mr. Suresh Bharwani was awarded with Pikes Peak Award by the Bob Pike

Group USA for effective implementing smart lab plus for making technical training fun,

faster and easier for non- technical person.

Across all the sectors, industries are upgrading their information technology

system. Industries ranging from plastics, chemicals, textiles and power to the automotive

and telecom sector are now IT savy. Government and public sectors are going hi-tech

with EDI and computer networks. The IT industry, software companies, data centers, IT-

enabled services providers are all equipped with advance IT system and networks. The

increasing number of call centers, BPOs etc., have given a further boost to the hardware

and networking industry.

The courses in jetking comprises lecture and theory session, with a great focus on

active participation through smart lab plus ,that focuses on audio visual and learning with

hands-on training and equips students with an in depth domain knowledge that is

technical; it also equips students with soft skills ,to face the multi-faceted challenges of

corporate world.

PLACEMENT: Jetking is the first and only institute that promises the 100%

jobs guarantee to its students. The companies that have recruited jetkings students

include:

Samsung, Sun Micro system, IBM, Canon, Siement, reliance, TATA, Compaq HP

invent, IT-T solutions, Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited, D-Link, Novell, Dell, Wipro, LG,

ICIC Infotech and several other MNCs.


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Any student who has qualified his or her HSC/SSC examination is eligible to take

up a course at jetking. The one year program Jetking certified hardware and networking

professionals give 680 hours of in-depth knowledge to a student in Basic electronics and

computer applications. Computer hardware and peripherals, window 2008 administrator

and network administrator (soon it will be replaced with window server 2008).Apart

frame technical knowledge there are personality development sessions which groom the

students personality, their ability to perform better.

Jetking, Indias leading hardware and networking training institute has trained

over 3,00,000 students from its 125 centers spread across India. With its alumni placed in

the best of organizations in India and some abroad, Jetking vocational training and

placement promises has helped build the career prospects of many young boys and girls.

Jetking has partnered with some of the worlds most renowed names in networking

to provide you with cutting edge courses and technologies. With academic partnerships

with Microsoft, Comp TIA,LINUX, NOVELL, and person VUE .

Jetking Chandigarh is a division of Hi-Tech point. Hi-Tech point is an ISO 9001-

2000 IT company. It was established in year 1993 and run by a company of IT

professionals. Jetking Chandigarh branch is considered to be the best centre among all

centers. It has bagged number 1 center award consecutively for last 7 years. Here training

on various fields is going on like Basic Electronic, Hardware, Networking, JCHNP

Analog and Digital electronics and Hardware, RHCE, RHCSS, MNA, MCSE (Microsoft

System Engineers), MCITP, MNA, CCNA (CISCO Certified Network Associate),

CCNP(CISCO Certified Network Professional).

Partnership with industry leaders like Microsoft and Red Hat Jetking ensure its

students authentic courseware and technology.


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2. LITERATURE RIEVIEW

Computer Networking is a very vast project in the present developing era of electronics

and communication. Now a days, computers are used in a wider range. All the

organizations are using multiple computers within their departments to perform their day

to day work. Computer network allows the user to share data , share folders and files with

other users connected in a network. Computer Networking has bound the world in a very

small area with it wide networking processes like LAN, MAN, WAN.

The courses in jetking comprises lecture and theory session, with a great focus on active

participation through smart lab plus ,that focuses on audio visual and learning with

hands-on training and equips students with an in depth domain knowledge that is

technical; it also equips students with soft skills ,to face the multi-faceted challenges of

corporate world.


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3. NETWORKING

3.1 Introduction to networking

Networking is a practice of linking of two or more computing devices such as

PCs, printers, faxes etc., with each other Connection between two devices is through

physical media or logical media to share information, data and resources. Networks are

made with the hardware and software.

Cable/media

Fig 1: computer network

3.1.1 Models of Networking

Model means the connectivity of two computers. We have many types of

networking models.

(i) Client Server Model

(ii) Peer to Peer Model (Workgroup Model)

(iii) Domain Model


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(i) Client Server Model

In a Client server model we have one server and many clients. A Client can share

the resources of server, but a server cannot share the resources on clients.

On the point of view of administrator its very easy to control the network

because we combine with the server also at security point of view. It is very useful

because it uses user level security in which users have to remember only one password to

share the resources.

(ii) Peer to Peer Model (Workgroup Model)

In Peer to Peer networking model all computers are in equal status, that is we

cannot manage centralization, administration secutity. In Peer to Perr networking client

use operating system like Window 98, Window XP, Window 2000, Window Vista.

(iii) Domain Model

It is a mixture of client server and peer-to-peer model. In this clients can share

their resources as peer-to-peer but with the permission of the server as in client server

model therefore it is commonly used model because in this security is more as we can put

restriction on both server and clients.

Difference between Workgroup & Domain

Table 1

Workgroup Domain


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1. It is a peer to peer networking model.

2. There is no client and no server. All the

computers are in equal status.

3. This model is recommended for small

networks, upto 10 computers.

4. There is no centralized administrated

separately.

5. In this model, low grade OS like

2000/XP professional, WIN 98 etc. can be

used.

6. Users accounts are created in each PC

and are called as Local Users.

1. It is a server based networking model.

2. There is a centralized dedicated server

computer called domain controller which

controls all other computers called clients.

3. This model is recommended for large

networks.

4. There is centralized administration and

each PC can be administrated and managed

from the server.

5. in this model high grade OS like WIN

2000/2008 Server can be used.

6. Users accounts are created on the server

side and are called Domain Users.

3.1.2 Categories of network

Networks can be categorized as per geographical area to be covered by the

network. Computer network are divided into four categories includes: Local Area

Network (LAN), Campus Area Network (CAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and

Wide Area Network (WAN).

3.1.2.1 Local Area Network (LAN)


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LAN is a computer network that is used to connect computers and work station to

share data and resources such as printers or faxes. LAN is restricted to a small

area such as home, office or college. Devices used in LAN are : HUB and switch.

Media for LAN is UTP cables. Figure 1.2 shows how all work stations, server and

printer are interconnected with the help of the network device.

Fig 2: Local Area Network

Types of LAN

In LANs, data can be transferred using techniques like token passing. As per

techniques used for data sharing, LANS are classified into Ethernet, Token Bus, Token

Ring and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).Figure 3.3 shows LAN classification.


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Fig 3: LAN classification

Advantages of LAN

a). Provides communication in smaller networks, easy to install and configure.

b). many users can share data or network elements at the same time which results

in fast work.

Disadvantages of LAN

a). limited number of computers are connected in a LAN.

b). LAN cannot cover large area.

c). Network performance degrades as the number of users exceeds.

3.1.2.2 Campus Area Network (CAN)

Campus Area Network is a computer network made up of two or more LANs

within a limited area. It can cover many buildings in an area. The main feature of

CAN is that all of the computers which are connected together have some

relationship to each other e.g. different buildings in a campus can be connected

using different CAN. It will help to interconnect academic departments, library

and computer laboratories. CAN is larger than LAN but smaller than WAN.

Figure 3.4 shows a CAN network.


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Fig 4: Campus Area Network

Devices used in CAN are : HUB, Switch, Layer-3 switch, Access Point .And the media

used for CAN is Unshielded twisted pair of cables and Fiber Optics Cable.

3.1.2.3 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

MAN is the interconnection of networks in a city. MAN is not owned by a single

organization. It act as a high speed network to allow sharing resources with in a

city. MAN can also be formed by connecting remote LANs through telephone

lines or radio links. MAN supports data and voice transmission. The best example

of MAN is cable T.V network in a city.


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Fig 5 : Metropolitan Area Network

3.1.2.4 Wide Area Network (WAN)

WAN covers a wide geographical area which include multiple computers or

LANs. It connects computer networks through public networks like, telephone system,

microwave, satellite link or leased line.

Most of the WANs use leased lines for internet access as they provide faster data transfer.

WAN helps an organization to establish network between all its departments and offices

located in the same or different cities. It also enables communication between the

organization and rest world.

Devices used in WAN is only Router

3.2 IP ADDRESSES and MAC Addresses

It is also called as logical addresses. IP is a 32 bit long and it is divided into 4

octets and dot (.) is used to separate one octet from another. It is represented in the

form of decimals. There are two versions of IP addresses:

- IPv4

- IPv6

Table 2 Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6

IPv4 IPv6

- It is 32 bit long.

- It is divided into 4 octets.

- Ipv4 performs broadcasting,

multicasting and unicasting.- IPv4 is divided into 5 classes:

A to E.

IPv4 is in decimal form.

- It is 128 bit long.

- It is divided into 16 octets.

- IPv6 doesnt support

broadcasting, it performsmulticasting and unicasting.

- Ipv6 doesnt support classes.

- IPv6 is in hexadecimal form.


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3.2.1 IP Address Classes

IP address is a 32 bit address. It is divided into various classes namely Class A, Class

B, Class C, Class D and Class E. TCP/IP defines Class D for experimental purpose.

TCP /IP address contains two addresses embedded within one IP address; Network

address and host address as shown in figure 3.1

NETWORK

ADDRESS

HOST ADDRESS

0 bits 31 bits

Class A consists of 8-bit network ID and 24-bit host ID. Class B consists of 16-

bit network ID and 16-bit of host ID. And Class C consists of 24-bit of network

ID and 8-bit of host ID.

Address Classes


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Table 3: Address Classes

`

Addres

s

Class

Starting

Bits

(first-byte)

Range of First

Octet

Mask Value Valid Hosts

Class A 0 1to 127 255.0.0.0 256*256*256-2=

16,777,214

Class B 10 128 to 191 255.255.0.0 256*256-2=65,534

Class C 110 192 to 223 255.255.255.0 256-2

Class D 1110 224 to 239 Reserved for multicasting

Class E 1111 240 to 255 Reserved for research and

development


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3.2.1.1 How to Assign IP Address to Computer

An IP address assigned to a computer may either be permanent address or address

that is assigned to a computer on a time lease or for temporary basis. Hence, the address

granted to computers is divided into two categories Dynamic IP addresses and Static

addresses.

Dynamic IP Addresses

Dynamic IP addresses are assigned to the devices that require temporary

connectivity to the network or non-permanent devices such as portable computer. The

most common protocol used for assigning Dynamic IP address is DHCP also called

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. The DHCP grants IP address to the computer on

lease basis.

Static IP Addresses

Static IP addresses are assigned to the device on the network whose existence in

the network remains for a longer duration. These static IP addresses are semi-permanent

IP addresses which remain allocated to a specific device for longer time e.g. Server.


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3.2.1.2 How to Configure IP Address in window 2008

Right click on My Network Places- properties

right click on working LAN card- properties

select internet protocol (TCP/IP) -properties

Tick on- Use the following IP addresses - now fill the IP address e.g

10.0.0.1

Tick on Use the following DNS server address

Fill the preferred DNS server 10.0.0.1

Ok

Close

Now check the connectivity of computer with itself with command

Start-run-cmd-ping 10.0.0.1

3.2.2 MAC Addressing

MAC address is a hardware address that is embedded in the NIC card. It is also known

as hardware address or physical address. Every NIC card has a unique MAC address

assigned by IEEE. MAC address is used to identify the nodes at lower levels of OSI

model. The MAC address operates at the data link layer of the OSI model.

MAC address is a 12 digit hexadecimal number (48 bit address). It is made up of

numbers from 0-9 or a letter from A-F. MAC address can be written in any one of the

formats:

MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS

MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS

T o identify the MAC address in window:

ClickStart Run

Entercmd in the Open text book

Type ipconfig /all


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Press Enter

The 12 digit MAC address will be shown as say 00:11:11:EA:8D:F6

3.3 NETWORKING MEDIA

To do networking we need to use some type of media. There are many types of media.

(i) Coaxial Cable

(ii) Fiber optic cable

(iii) Twisted Pair of Cables

(iv) Micro- wave

(iv) Satellite

Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable consists of an insulated copper conductor surrounded by a tube

shaped copper braid outer copper tune and the inner conductor have the same axis of

curvature hence it called coaxial cable. It is basically of two types:

(i) Base Band Cable (RG 59)

(ii) Broad Band Cable (RG 58)

We used Base Band signal cable in Networking of Computers, It is so called because

it carries single frequency. Its speed is 10 Mbps and impedance is 50 . Where as Broad

Band Cables carries multiple frequencies. Connector used for Coaxial cable is

BNC(British Novel Connector) connector. ARCnet uses RG-62 coaxial cable. It has animpedance of 93 and has a comparatively lesser attenuation, hence yield greater

distances. These cables are expensive and provide high propagation factor.

Fiber Optical Cable


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CAT-1

CAT-2

CAT-3CAT-4

CAT-5

CAT-6

CAT-7

56 Kbps

4 Mbps

10 Mbps

16-20 Mbps

100 Mbps

1Gbps

1Gbps

3.3.1 Ethernet Cabling

There are three types of Ethernet cables:

Straight cable

Crossover cable

Rolled cable

3.3.1.1 Straight cable

It is used when we have to connect

PC TO Switch

PC to Hub

Hub to Router

Switch to Router

Colour Coding for straight Cable

TABLE 5

568A 568B


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(one end) (other end) (one end) (other end)

Green/white

Green

Orange/white

Blue

Blue/white

Orange

Brown/white

Brown

Green/white

Green

Orange/white

Blue

Blue/white

Orange

Brown/white

Brown

Orange/white

Orange

Green/white

Blue

Blue/white

Green

Brown/white

Brown

Orange/white

Orange

Green/white

Blue

Blue/white

Green

Brown/white

Brown

3.3.1.2 Crossover Cable

It is used when we have to connect:

PC to PC

Hub to Hub

Switch to switch Router to Router

PC to Router

Hub to Switch

Colour Coding for Crossover cable

Table 6 Colour Coding for Crossover cable

(one end) (other end)


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Orange/white

Orange

Green/white

Blue

Blue/white

Green

Brown/white

Brown

Green/white

Green

Orange/white

Blue

Blue/white

Green

Brown/white

Brown

3.3.1.3 Rollover CableRollover cable isnt used to connect any Ethernet connections together, but

Rollover cable can be used to connect a host to a router console serial communication

(com) port.

NOTE: Straight cable and Cross cables are used for data transfer but Rollover

cables are not used for data transfer.

There are two methods for manufacturing Rollover cables:

Table 7 Colour Coding for Rollover Cable

568A


568B



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Green/white

Green

Orange/white

Blue

Blue/white

Orange

Brown/white

Brown

Brown

Brown/white

Orange

Blue/white

Blue

Orange/white

Green

Green/white

Orange/white

Orange

Green/white

Blue

Blue/white

Green

Brown/white

Brown

Brown

Brown/white

Green

Blue/white

Blue

Green/white

Orange

Orange/white

3.4 OPERATING SYSTEM

3.4.1 Types of Operating Systems

(i) DOS (Desktop Operating System) (ii) NOS (Network Operating System)

Table 8: Operating Systems

DOS

1. It is a desktop operating system.

2. It is used in small networks.

3. In this OS, there is less security.

4. In this OS, all computers are clients.

5. In this OS, MS-DOS, GUI package

Win

3.1, Win 95, Win 98, Win ME comes.

NOS

1. It is a network operating system.

2. It is used for large networks.

3. In this OS, there is more security.

4. In this OS, there are servers and

clients.

5. In this OS Win NT, Win 2000, Win

2008, LINUX, UNIX, Novell and


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MAC comes.

3.4.1.1 Introduction to Window 2008 Server

Window server 2008 (also referred to as WIN 2k3) is a server operating system produced

by Microsoft. Introduced in 24 th April 2008 as the successor to window 2000 server, it is

considered by Microsoft to be the corner stone of its window server system line of

business server products. An update version Window Server 2008 R2 was released

manufacturing on 6th dec, 2005. its successor window 2008 was released on 4 th feb, 2008.

According to Microsoft, window server 2008 is more scalable and deliver betterperformance than its predecessor window 2000.

Features of Window 2008

(i) A significant improved version of Internet Information Service (IIS)

(ii) Increased default security over previous version due to the built in firewall

and having most services disabled by default.

(iii) Manage your server-a role management administrative tools that allow an

administrator to choose what functionality the server should provide.

(iv) Improvement to Active Directory.

(v) Improvement to Group Policy handling and Administration.

(vi) Provides a Backup system to restore lost files.

(vii) Improved disk management, including the ability to Backup from shadows of

files, allowing the Backup of open files.

(viii) Improved security and command line tools which are part of Microsoft

initiative to bring a complete command shell to the next version of window.

(ix) Support for a hard based Watch Dog Timer, which can restart the server if

the operating system does not suspend with in a certain amount of time.

Removed Features


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The ability of creating server disk automated system recovery (ASR) is used

instead .

Edition of Window 2008

Window server 2008 comes in a number of editions, each targeted towards a

particular size and type of business. In general, all variant of window server 2008

have the ability to share files and printers, act as application server and host

message queue, provide email services, authenticate users, act as an X.509

certificate server, provide LDAP (Light Weight Directory Access Protocol)

services, serve streaming media, and to perform other server-oriented functions.

3.5 DNS SERVER

DNS stands for domain name system. DNS system is a standard technology

for managing the names of websites and other internet domains. DNS techniques allows

you to type names into your web browser like computer networking, about computer and

allow your computer to automatically find that address on internet. DNS is the resolution

mechanism used by Window Server 2008clients to find other computers and services

running on those computers for computers in a window 2008 network infrastructure to

talk to one another, one of the key ingredients is the DNS server .Host name alone do not

communicate globally but communicate locally, but if domain name is added along with

it then the host name can communicate globally. DNS is use for name reservation i.e. to

convert IP address to host name and host name to IP address or the function of DNS is to

resolve host name such as www.yahoo.com to an IP address. User identify only user

friendly name and all computers and technologies identify IP address and MAC address

DNS is use to solve this problem because DNS is used to convert host name FQDN (fullyqualified domain name) to IP address and IP address to host name .
http://www.yahoo.com/http://www.yahoo.com/


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3.5.1 PARTS OF DNS SYSTEM

(i) Host name

(ii) Domain name

(iii) FQDN

(iv) Namespace

(v) DNS server

3.5.1.1 HOST NAME

Host name is a computer name and is also called is NetBIOS (network basic

Input/ output system) name. NetBIOS is actually an application layer protocol that can

use the transport services of TCP/ IP when used in routed network. A NetBIOS name is

16- byte addresses that identify a NetBIOS resource on the network.

3.5.1.2 DOMAIN NAMEDomain name is used to identifies the internet site one can identifies the location

without having to remember the IP address of every location e.g. yahoo.com or

gmail.com

3.5.1.3 FQD

FQDN means fully qualified domain name which represents a hostname appended to the

parent name space in hierarchy. Also in fully qualified domain name different levels of

namespace are visualize as in fig below this hierarchy is visualized the root level

namespace, top level domain, and so on, in use throughout the internet today. Left most

portion of the FQDN is the host portion of the name. A host name is alias we give to an

IP address.


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Fig 6:To find location of a computer using FQDN

FQDN is a unique name in the computer on the network. We can identify host id and

location of a computer as in fig above. Suppose we want to find location of pc1 with

IP address 20.0.0.1, which is in lab2, 2nd floor in the organization center. The FQDN

for this is

Pc1.row3.lab2.floor2.center.com

But this address is very lengthy to locate pc1 so to simplify this we use c name

technique as:

Pc1.center.com=20.0.0 .1

3.5.1.4 Domain Namespace

DNS operates in what is known as DNS namespace. The DNS namespace is an

organized, hierarchical division of DNS names. Domain namespace enable users to easily

locate the network services and resources. The domain namespace include the root

domain, the top level domain of the organization and organize these domain in a

hierarchical tree structure. Namespace works on the hierarchical tree structure of root

domain. There are total 13 root domain working in the internet, they are A, B, C, D, E, F,


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G, H, I, J, K, L and M. There is one root domain, which acts as the starting point of the

fully qualified domain names. This root domain is designated with a dot (.). Fig 6.2

shows the tree structure or domain namespace.

Fig 7: Tree structure or Domain Namespace

3.5.1.5 DNS server

Any computer providing domain namespace is a DNS server. DNS server is used to

convert host name FQDN into IP address and IP address into host name FQDN. To store

the name-to-IP-addresses mappings so crucial to network communication, name server

uses zone files.


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3.5.2 DNS Zone

Zone is the part of DNS database that contain record of domain or multiple domain.

If the domains represents logical division of the DNS namespace, zones represents the

physical separation of the DNS namespace. In other words information about records of

the resources within DNS domain is stored in a zone files, and this zone files exist on

hard drive of server. Zone files are divided into one of two basic types:

Forward lookup zone: Provides host-name-to-IP-address resolution

Reverse lookup zone: Provides IP-address-to-host-name resolution

3.5.2.1 Resource record stored in a zone fileEach record stored in a zone file has a specific purpose. Some of the records set the

behavior of the name server, others have the job of resolving a host name or service into

an IP table.

(i) NS (Name Server):

These specify the name servers that are authoritative for a given portion

of DNS namespace. These records are essential when DNS servers are performing

iterative queries to perform name resolution.

(ii) SOA (Start of Authority):

This resource record indicates the name of origin for the zone contains the name

of the server that is the primary source for information about the zone. The information in

an SOA record affect how often transfer of the zone are done between servers

authoritative for the zone. It is also used to store other properties such as version

information and timings that affect zone renewal or expiration.

(iii) CNAME (Canonical Name):

CNAME can be used to assign multiple names of a single IP address.


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For example, the server hosting the site www.abc.comis probably not named www, but a

CNAME record exist resolution of www to an IP address all the same. The CNAME

record actually points not to an IP address, but to an existing A record in the zone.

3.5.2.2 Steps to Install and configure DNS server

Start control panel add and remove program

Add remove window components

Select networking services and click on detail button

Check box ofDNS server

Okand finish

3.5.2.3 Creating a Forward Lookup Zone

Statically fill the IP address

Start administrator tools

DNS right click on forward lookup zone

New zone next

Select primary zone next

Enterzone name (abc.com) next

Tick Allow both secure and non secure updates and secure dynamic

updated

next next

now click on created zone (abc.com)

new host enter host name for global level (i.e by entering www) fill IP

address of the web server , click on addbutton

enter another host name, a blank host with same IP i.e do not fill its host name

steps to change SOA and NS records

Right click on SOA records properties

Fill primary server e.g (www.abc.com) responsible person
http://www.abc.com/http://www.abc.com/http://www.abc.com/


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host master.abc.com apply ok

right click on NS records

click on add button enter FQDN www.abc.com

resolve ok apply ok

Now go to start menu ping abc.com

On Client Side To access DNS server fill IP address of server then use ping command

e.g ping www.abc.com

3.5.2.3 Creating a Reverse Lookup Zone

Right click on reverse lookup zone

New zone next select primary zone next

fill Network ID next next

Select allow both non secure and non secure dynamic updates

Finish

Right click on created reverse zone new pointer

enterhost IP number e.g (50.0.0.50)

enterFQDN (www.chd.com)

3.5.2.4 Some DNS Commands

(i) c:>tracert www.yahoo.com

command is used to check the path , a data packet follow from one router

to another router.

(ii) c:>nslookup

command display the domain name with IP (works only when reverse lookup

zone is set up).

(iv) c:>ipconfig /all

This command display FQDN, IP address, MAC address.

(iv) c:>ipconfig /flushdns
http://www.abc.com/http://www.abc.com/http://www.yahoo.com/http://www.abc.com/http://www.abc.com/http://www.yahoo.com/


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This command flush or clear all the information in the cache that is retrieved

from DNS server.

(v) c:>ipconfig /displaydns

Display the current contents or entries in the cache.

(vi) c:>ip config /register

register any DNS name

3.6 DHCP SERVER

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol that allocates IP address to

computer on a network. DHCP centralized the management of IP address allocation and

reduces human error associated with manual IP configuration. DHCP server supplies all

the necessary networking param-eters. Two things are always handed out as a part of

DHCP configuration: IP address and subnet mask. Further DHCP will frequently

configure clients with optional values, such as a default gateway, DNS server address,

and the address of a Window Internet Naming Server, if one is present. Scenario showing

DHCP server IP address allocation.

3.6.1 Working of DHCP Server

(i) DHCP Scope

(ii) DHCP Super Scope

(iii) Exclusion IP Range

(iv) DHCP Lease Time

(v) IP Reservation

DHCP Scope

Scope having the range of IP address for providing dynamic IP address to other

computer. A group of IP address within a scope is called as DHCP scope.

DHCP Super Scope

A super scope is used to combine two or more scopes each serving different subnets, and

can make the administration of several scopes on window 2008 DHCP server more

manageable. Using super scope you can group multiple scopes as a single administrative


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entity that allows the client to lease from either one. With this feature, a DHCP server

can:

Support DHCP clients on a single physical network segment where multiple

logical IP networks are used. When more than one logical IP network is used on

each physical subnet or network, such configuration is called multinets.

Support DHCP clients located on the far side of DHCP and BOOTP relay agent.

In multinet configuration, DHCP superscope can be used to group and activate

individual scope ranges of IP addresses used on your network. In this way , a

DHCP server computer can activate and provide leases from more than one scope

to clients on a single physical network.

Exclusion IP range

If you want to reserve some IP for any computer i.e if we want that from the series of

192.168.0.2 to 192.168.0.100 if we want that a series of IP addresses must not be

assigned automatically then at can be done using exclusive IP range.

DHCP Leased Time

DHCP lease time is validity of IP address. By default DHCP lease time is 8 days

minimum,1 day maximum 999 days, 23 hours to53 day.

With in 8 days:-

After 80% of day clients demand new IP some times server refuse the client request.

After 87.5% of days it will retry, and if the server did not give the new IP address then

the client will receive APIPA address (Automatic Private IP Address).

When a DHCP client is unable to locate a DHCP server, the client picks out a random IP

address from the private APIPA address range of 169.254.*.*, with a subnet mask of

255.255.0.0. The 169.254.*.* IP range is private because that network number is not in

use on the internet, it is random because the client generates an arbitrary host number for

that network.

The significance of APIPA is that DHCP client computers that cannot find a

DHCP server can still be assigned an IP address and communicate with other computers

on the same subnet mask that also cannot find DHCP server. It allows communication


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After DHCP server is configured, it is required to be authorized and DHCP scope

should be active. For that select DHCP server and click on authorize in action menu.

Then right click on scope name and click on active.

3.6.2.2 On Client Side

Go to LAN card properties select TCP/IP protocol properties

Select obtain IP address automatically

Go to command prompt (cmd)

Give command

3.6.2.3 Backup of DHCP Server

We can take backup of all the configuration in DHCP server with the help of

administrator. Backup means to export the DHCP database to another system, as it is

helpful in case due to any reason our data is corrupted or deleted, we can take our

database from the place where it is stored. Steps of taking backup :

Stop the DHCP server and disable the DHCP server services

Copy the DHCP server directory to a temporary location, say pen drive or

on a new DHCP server.

3.6.3 DHCP Relay Agent

The DHCP relay agent is a software that listen DHCP discover packet and forward to

DHCP server. In window 2008 server system the DHCP relay agent can be enabled as a

part of Routing and Remote Access (RRAS).

3.6.3.1 Steps To Configure DHCP Relay Agent

Set the network, fill the IP address and select two LAN cards

Open Routing and Remote Access enable Routing and Remote Access

Right click on general new routing protocols

Select DHCP relay agent


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New interface

Select LAN card which is to be connected to the cross cable i.e L1

Ok

Right click on relay agent properties

Enter IP address of DHCP server

add apply ok

3.7 ACTIVE DIRECTORY

With the release of Windows 2000, Microsoft introduced Active Directory, a scalable,

robust directory service. Active Directory is used to create server based networking.

Active Directorys job is to store and make available a Directory database i.e information

about the user, its class, name, address, mails, phone numbers, location.

Active Directory is a technology created by Microsoft that provides a variety of

network services like Directory Services, DNS based naming and other network

information. Active Directory also allows administrator to assign policies, deploy

software and apply critical updates to an organizations. Active Directory was previewed

in 1999, released first with window 2000 server edition and revised to extend functionally

and improve administration in Window 2008. Additional improvements were made inWindow server 2008 and Window server 2008.

The fundamental building block of Microsofts Directory services continues to be a

domain. A domain is logically grouping of network resources, including shares, printers,

groups and users accounts. The user account represents the individual to domain, and

allows for different type of access and different types of tasks. Every users account is

unique. It has uniqueness of the user account that allows administrator to control access

for every member of domain.

There are two types of users accounts: local account and domain account. Local

accounts are maintained in the local database of a computer and cannot be used to grant

access to network resources. Local users are primarily used to administer a computer or

to allow several people to share a single computer that is not a member of a domain.

Whereas domain users accounts are much more widely used in organizations that local


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user accounts because they allow for central administration and user can log onto any

computer in the domain. Domain users accounts are stored in Active Directory.

3.7.1 Active Directory Services

A computer network can be divided logically into two networking models.

Workgroup

Domain

Difference Between Workgroup and Domain

Table 9

Workgroup Domain

1. It is a peer-to-peer networking

model.

2. There is no client and no server.All computers are in equal status.

3.This model is recommended for

small networks (upto 10 pcs).

4. There is no centralized Admin-

istration and each PC is

administrated separately.

5.In this model, low grade operating

system like 2000/xp professional,

win 98 etc can be used.

1. It is a server based networking model.

2.there is a centralized dedicated server

computer called domain controller(DC)which controls all other computers

called clients.

3. This model is recommended for large

networks.

4. There is centralized administration

and each PC can be administrated and

managed from the server.

5.In this model high grade operating

system ,like win2000/2008 server are


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A domain tree is made up when there is a parent child relationship between the domain

in the forest. The child domain includes the complete parent domain name. a tree is a set

of two or more domains sharing common namespace e.g we can create a parent domain

and then child domain like mail.yahoo.com; where mail- child domain, yahoo- parent

domain.

Fig 8: Structure of domain forest and domain tree

Organization Unit (OU)

Organization unit is the smallest unit in a domain network that can contain users,

computer groups, shared folders, printers and group policy object in simple words. OU

means department like sale department, accounts department like sales, accounts in a

company OU can be used to apply different security policies to computer and users in

different department. OU also helps in dividing administration among different

administrator of managing only computer and users of sales department.


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3.7.1.2 Types of Domain Controller

(i) PDC : Primary domain controller

(ii) ADC : Additional domain controller(iii) BDC : Backup domain controller

Primary Domain Controller (PDC)

This is the first domain controller, in this domain all entries are created in it like

users account, group policy, Organization unit etc. All FSMO role are done in PDC.

Additional Domain Controller (ADC)

It is a domain network, it is important to have more than one DC so that if one

DC fails, the other DC will continue serving the client. There is also load balancing of

Active Directory Service if we have more than one DC.

The first DC we create is simply called PDC and if we create an extra DC then

that DC is known as ADC. ADC has same configuration of AD as primary domain

controller.

All domain controllers in a domain networking are masters. We can make a

change in the active directory of any domain controller and that change is replicated to all

other domain controllers. Replication takes place among all the domain controllers and it

is controlled automatically. If we create a user in the first domain controller, it is

automatically created in the ADC because of replication.

All the domain controllers in the domain networking are peers and this model is

called as multi- master model .


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start run ping gmail.com

Backup of Active Director

Active Directory backupcome in use when there is some problem in active directory. Ifthere is any problem in active directory then remove it and restore the backup.

Start runntbackupok

Select advance mode and untick that is already ticked

Select backup

Selsct system state

Change backup path browse keep in your hardware and then send it to the

pen drive

D:\adbackup

3.7.2 CHILD DOMAIN

A domain is created say xyz.com. this domain is known as parent domain or the

root domain. Now chd.xyz.com will be the child domain or the sub domain of xyz.com.


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Now logoff start and then write user name - Tom

Domain name - mcse.com

Again logoff and check the other user

Start-user name- abc

Domain name mail.mcse.com

3.8 INTERNET SHAREING

We can share a single internet connection to multiple computers with the help of

networking or internet sharing. There are four ways to share internet.

(i) Direct sharing

(ii) ICS Internet connection sharing

(iii) Win Proxy

(iv) NAT Network Address Translation

3.8.1 Direct Sharing

Internet sharing can be done between computers directly, just by taking internet

connection directly from ISP (Internet Server provider), then it is provided to ADSL

model, ADSL modem is connected to the ISP through RJ-11 connector. Then it is

connected to the switch with RJ-45 connector. Switch, further connects computers those

have to be provided with internet connection. The scenario for direct sharing is as shown

in figure:


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Fig 13: scenario of win proxy server

In win proxy as shown in the scenario above we can share internet. First of all a ADSL

modem is connected to the ISP (Internet Service Provider) by a RJ-11 connector and

other end of ADSL modem is connected to the PC1 through RJ-45. Assign IP address

192.168.1.1 to the ADSL modem also enable the DHCP server and set the start IP

address of 192.168.1.2 and end IP address of 192.168.1.254. Then after ADSL modem

connect PC1, assign GW 192.168.1.1 and

3.8.4 NAT (Network Address Translation)

If we have to connect many computers with a single IP address then we will use NAT.

NAT exchange IP packet between local network and internet. The routing and remote

access server of window 2K3 server provide us with a component known as NAT. By

enabling NAT on a Server 2008 system, you allow connected users on a private system to

share a single connection to access a public network such as the internet i.e. NAT enable

multiple client computer to connect the internet through a single publicly registered IPaddress. A NAT server translate private IP address to public addresses. NAT eliminates

the need for large number of IP addresses by mapping externally assigned IP addresses.


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Fig 14: NAT server

When deploying NAT, it is needed to configure setting on both the client sideand the server side. On the server side of NAT fill the IP address statically.

3.8.4.1 Steps to enable NAT server

Open internet Tools Internet options

connections LAN settings

untick the IP and port address

ok ok give site name

. On the client side of NAT, client side is configured to obtain IP addresses

automatically and then restart the client system. Assuming NAT is used for address

assignment, the client system will receive TCP/IP information from the NAT server. The

client information includes:

IP address from 192.168.0.0 private addressing range

Subnet mask (255.255.255.0)

DNS server address, which would be the address of the NAT interface

on the server.

With the client side configured, there are few things to do on NAT server:


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Fig 15 : scenario of VPN server

Using VPN server we can connect many private networks to internet services i.e the

remote connection. We can create a private network through public network, we can use

firewall for security and data encryption in VPN server.

3.9.1 VPN components

(i) VPN server

(ii) VPN Clients

(iii) WAN Option

(iv) Security Options

VPN Server

VPN server, serve as the end points of a VPN connection. When configuring a

VPN server, you can allow access to just that server, or pass traffic through VPN server

so that the remote user gain access the resources of the entire network.

VPN ClientVPN clients establish connection to VPN server. They can also be routers that

obtain the router-to-router secure connection. VPN client software is included in all the

modern window operating systems, including Window 2008 server. Router-to router

VPN connection can be made from computers running server2008 and Windows 2000


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between Windows server 2008 implementation of L2TPand it cousin PPTP is that

L2TPis designed to run natively over IP networks only. This implementation of L2TP

does not support native tunneling over X.25, frame relay, or ATM networks. Like PPTP,

L2TPencapsulates Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) frames, which then encapsulate IP or

IPX protocols, allowing users to remotely run programs that are dependent on specific

network protocols . But unlike the PPTP protocol, L2TP does not provide encryption of

the data. For data security L2TPrelies on the services of another standards- based

protocol, IPSec.

3.9.3 How to configure VPN

startadministrative tools

Routing and Remote access

Right click on computer name configure and enable Routing and Remote

access

next select remote access (dial up or VPN)

next VPN next

select LAN card which is connected to internet (172.15.15.50)public IP

disable enable security next

from a specific range of address nextnew

enter the required range

oknext no radius

next finish

3.9.4 Create users in VPN server

open userproperties dial in allow access

apply ok

3.9.5 Working on Client Side

Right click on My Network Places properties

Double click on New Network Wizard next


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Connect to networkat my work place next

Virtual private network connection next

Enter company name (abc) next

Enter public IP address of VPN server next

Any one use next

finish

3.10 ROUTING

It is a process of transferring information through an inter network i.e from one

network to another. Routing connect different networks having ID help in process of

routing. The dial-in properties also allow for specific IP address to be assigned to a user.

This is the only way in Window Server 2008 that you can assign a specific IP to a user.

To assign a specific IP to a user, check the box next to assign A Static IP Address and

enter a valid IP in the space provided. Static routing can also be specified as per user. By

defining static routes, users can be limited to only specific parts of networks.

In an internetwork a router must then about all the networks present in the for

effort websites, there are hardware routers like CISCO. Even win 2008 server computer

configured as router. In simple words Router is a computer with two network cards.

These two network cards, then, are attached to two different logical IP networks. The

routing table helps direct traffic that is passed through the router.

Now when there is a router, also there is a routing table, there is a need to

configure the router in order for that router to pass along traffic to the proper network.

There are two ways the routing table can be built and modified: either manually or

automatically.

3.10.1 Types of Routing(i) Static Routing

(ii) Dynamic Routing


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3.10.1.1 Static Routing

In this routing information required for routing is manually entered into the router

by administrator.How to configure LAN routing

Enter the static IP in the router

Administrator tools

Routing and Remote access

Right click on computer name (pcc1)

Configure and enable routing and remote access

next custom configuration

select LAN routingnext finish

yes and logon to see IP table route

Enable LAN routing enable LAN routingInterface WAN Interface WAN 10.0.0.0IP 172.15.0.0 IP 10.0.0.0SNM 255.255.0.0 SNM 255.0.0.0GW 20.0.0.2 GW 20.0.0.1

Fig 16 : scenario for LAN routing


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How to configure static routing

At Router R1:

enable LAN routing

right click on static route

interface WAN

destination 172.15.0.0

mask 255.255.0.0

GW 20.0.0.2

At Router R2:

Enable LAN routing

Right click on static route

Interface WAN

Destination 10.0.0.0

Mask 255.0.0.0

GW 20.0.0.1


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Fig 17 : static routing

3.10.1.2 Dynamic Routing

The other way to manage a router routing tables is to let the computer do it

for you. Just like DHCP allocate IP addresses, configuring the dynamic routing

protocol usually means less errors due to human error, and less administrative

overhead.

In dynamic routing, routing information is automatically entered in the

router using protocols like RIP AND OSPF. These routing protocols used by

Window Server 2008 use one of two kinds of algorithms to determine the best

possible path for a packet to get to its destination, either distance vector or link

state. RIP is used for small networks where as OSPF is used for large networks.

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

The distance vector protocol in use on Window 2008 is called Routing

Information Protocol (RIP) for IP. This protocol was designed for the exchange of

the routing information within a small to medium size IP network.

When Router is enabled on Window 2008 machine, the routing table includes

entries only for the networks that are physically connected. When RIP is enabled

for an interface, the router will periodically send an announcement of its routing

table to inform other RIP routers of the networks it can reach. RIP version1 uses

broadcast packets for its announcement. RIP version2 offers an improvement and

can be configured to use either multicast or broadcast packets when

communicating with other routers. Also, RIP version2 offers more flexibility in

subnetted and classless inter domain routing (CIDR) environments.

The biggest advantage of RIPis its simplicity. With a few clicks in the Routingand Remote Access Server and MMC console, you can deploy RIP. With the RIP

dynamic routing protocol installed on Windows Server 2008, you get the

following features:


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server with SP1.

Where SP stands for Service Pack. Service Pack are the services which are loaded

externally to remove some bugs that come during installation of server CD.

3.11.3 Requirements for Exchange Server

Protocols Required

POP3 (Post Office Protocol)

This protocol is used for receiving e- mails.

IMAE4 (Internet Messaging Access Protocol)

This protocol is advance version of POP, this is also used to receive mail.

LMTP (Local Mail Transfer Protocol)/SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

This protocol is used to send mails.

NNTP (Network News Transfer protocol)

This protocol is used for transferring messages on internet.

Hardware Requirements

Processor: min. 133MHz Rec. 733MHz

RAM: min. 256MB Rec. 512MB

Other Requirements

OS: 2k or 2k3 Server


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NTFS partition

Static IP address

Active Directory

DNS installation with AD zone

IIS installed with ASP.net, SMTP, NNTP and www service

3.12 Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model

OSI model is the layer approach to design, develop and implement network. OSI

provides following advantages: -

(i) Development of new technology will be faster.(ii) Devices from multiple vendors can communicate with each other.

(iii) Implementation and troubleshooting of network will be easy.

3.12.1 Description of Different Layers

Application Layer

Application layer accepts data and forward into the protocol stack. It creates user

interface between application software and protocol stack.

Presentation Layer

This layer decides presentation format of the data. It also able to performs other

function like compression/decompression and encryption/decryption.

Session Layer

This layer initiate, maintain and terminate sessions between different applications.

Due to this layer multiple application software can be executed at the same time.

Transport Layer

Transport layer is responsible for connection oriented and connection less

communication. Transport layer also performs other functions like

(i) Error checking

(ii) Flow Control


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Buffering

Windowing

Multiplexing

(iii) Sequencing

(iv) Positive Acknowledgement

(v) Response

(vi)

Network Layer

This layer performs function like logical addressing and path

determination. Each networking device has a physical address that is MAC

address. But logical addressing is easier to communicate on large size network.

Logical addressing defines network address and host address. This type of

addressing is used to simplify implementation of large network. Some

examples of logical addressing are: - IP addresses, IPX addresses etc.

Network layer has different routing protocols like RIP, EIGRP, BGP, and

ARP etc. to perform the path determination for different routing protocol.

Network layer also perform other responsibilities like defining quality of service,

fragmentation and protocol identification.

Data Link Layer

The functions of Data Link layer are divided into two sub layers

Logical Link Control

Media Access Control

(i) Logical Link Control defines the encapsulation that will be used by the

NIC to delivered data to destination. Some examples of Logical Link

Control are ARPA (Ethernet), 802.11 wi-fi.

(ii) Media Access Control defines methods to access the shared media and

establish the identity with the help of MAC address. Some examples of

Media Access Control are CSMA/CD, Token Passing.

Physical Layer

Physical Layer is responsible to communicate bits over the media this


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layer deals with the standard defined for media and signals. This layer may also perform

modulation and demodulation as required.

3.13 ROUTERS

13.13.1 Router Architecture and its Key Component

IncompleteIOS

IOS

Startup Configuration

Fig 18 : Architecture of router

Processor

Speed: - 20 MHz to 1GHz

Architecture: - RISC

Processor

MemoryController

BIOSROM

NVRAM

RAM

FlashRAMO/S

I/OController

LAN

WAN

Ports


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AUI Attachment Unit Interface

EPABX Electronic Private Automatic Branch

PSTN Public Services Telephone Network

3.13.2.2 Router Ports

Table 12: Router Ports


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3 3 3 3 3 3 Modes of RouterWhen we access router command prompt the router will display different modes.

According to the modes, privileges and rights are assigned to the user.

User mode

Router>

In this mode, we can display basic parameter and status of the router we can test

connectivity and perform telnet to other devices. In this mode we are not able to change

and save router configuration.

Privileged mode

Router#

In this mode, we can display all information, configuration, perform administration task,

debugging, testing and connectivity with other devices. We are not able to perform here

configuration editing of the router.

The command to enter in this mode is enable. We have to enter enable

password or enable secret password to enter in this mode. Enable secret has more priority

than enable password. If both passwords are configured then only enable secret will

work.

Global configuration

Route(config)#

This mode is used for the configuration of global parameters in the router. Global

parameters applied to the entire router. All the changes are performed in this mode. But

here we cannot see and save the changes.

For e.g: - router hostname or access list of router, password, Banner, Routing, Security.

The command to enter in this mode is configure terminal


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Line configuration mode

In this mode we can set the password of the user mode, i.e to set user mode

password .This mode is used to configure lines like console, vty and auxiliary. There are

main types of line that are configured.

(i) Console

Router(config)#line console 0

(ii) Auxiliary

Router(config)#line aux 0

(iii) Telnet or vty

Router(config)#line vty 0 4

Interface configuration mode

In this mode we can set ip addresses of the interfaces. This mode is used to

configure router interfaces. For e.g:- Ethernet, Serial, BRI etc.

Router(config)#interface

Router(config)#interface serial 1

Routing configuration mode

This mode is used to configure routing protocol like RIP, EIGRP, OSPF etc.

Router(config)#router []

Router(config)#router rip

Router(config)#router eigrp 10

3 3 3 3 3 3 Configuring PasswordThere are five types of password available in a router

Console Passwordrouter#configure terminal

router(config)#line console 0

router(config-line)#password

router(config-line)#login


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router(config-line)#exit

To erase password do all steps with no command.

Vty Password

router>enable

router#configure terminal

router(config)#line vty 0 4




Auxiliary Password


router(config)#line Aux 0




Enable Password

router>enable


router(config)#enable password

router(config)#exit

Enable Secret Password

Enable Password is the clear text password. It is stored as clear text in

configuration where as enable secret password is the encrypted password.

Router>enable

Router#configure terminal

Router(config)#enable secret

Router(config)#exit


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Encryption all passwords

All passwords other than enable secret password are clear text password. The

command to encrypt all password are


Router(config)#service password-encryption

3.13.5 Managing Configuration

There are two types of configuration present in a router

(i) Startup Configuration

(ii) Running Configuration

Startup configuration is stored in the NVRAM. Startup configuration is used to

save settings in a router. Startup configuration is loaded at the time of booting in to the

Primary RAM.

Running Configuration is present in the Primary RAM wherever we run a

command for configuration, this command is written in the running configuration.

To save configuration

Router#copy running-configuration startup-configuration

Or

Router#write

To abort configuration

Router#copy startup-configuration running-configuration

To display running-configuration

Router#show running-configuration

To display startup configuration

Router#show startup-configuration

Configuring Host Name



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Router(config)#hostname

#exit or end or /\z

Router#config terminal

Router(config)#hostname r1

R1(config)#

Configuration Interfaces

Interfaces configuration is one of the most important part of the router

configuration. By default, all interfaces of Cisco router are in disabled mode. We have to

use different commands as our requirement to enable and configure the interface.


Router(config)#interface

Router(config-if)#ip address

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router(config-if)#exit

To display interface status

Router#show interfaces (to show all interfaces)

Router#show interface

This command will display following parameters about an interface

(1) Status

(2) Mac address

(3) IP address

(4) Subnet mask

(5) Hardware type / manufacturer

(6) Bandwidth

(7) Reliability

(8) Delay

(9) Load ( Tx load Rx load)

(10) Encapsulation


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(11) ARP type (if applicable)

(12) Keep alive

Configuring optional parameter on WAN interface


Router(config)#interfac

Router(config-if)#encapsulation

Router(config-if)#clock rate

Router(config-if)#end

Command displaying history of Router

To display commands present in history

Router#show history

To display history size

Router#show terminal

To change history size


Router(config)#line console 0

Router(config-if)#history size

Router(config-if)#exit

Configuring Banners

Banners are just a message that can appear at different prompts according to the type.

Different banners are: -

Message of the day (motd)This banner appear at every access method

Login

Appear before login prompt


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To configure clock from NTP server


Router(config)#ntp server

Router(config)#exit

C:\>ping pool.ntp.org

To get ntp server ip from internet

C:\>route print

3.14 SUBNETTING

Subnetting is a process or a technique to divide large and complex networks into

smaller parts or smaller networks and each network is called as subnet. Subnetting is

done to reduce the wastage of IP addresses ie instead of having a single huge network for

an organization smaller networks are created within a given huge network. Subnetting

allows the user to create multiple logical networks within a single Class A, B or C based

networks.

In subnetting, the IPv4 address is broken into two parts; network id and host id.

This process borrows bits from the host id field. In this process, the network size does not

shrink but the size of hosts per network shrinks in order to include sub-networks within

the network.

3 3 3 3 33 Advantages of subnetting Size of the physical networks is reduced and hence easy to manage.

Reduce network traffic.

Easy to troubleshoot.

Reduce the wastage of IP address.

Subnet Mask

A subnet mask specifies the part ofIP address that is to be used for identifying a

sub network. A subnet mask when logically ANDed with IPaddress provides a 32- bit

network address. This binary address gives the first address in the subnet block specified

in the large network.


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Default Mask

Classfull addresses consists of three classes; Class A, Class B, Class C used for

subnet.Each class has a default subnet mask C lass A consists of eight 1s in the network

address field and 24 0s in remaining field, Class B consists of 16 1s in network address

field and 16 0s in remaining field, and Class C cointains 24 1s in the network address

field and remaining 8 bytes as 0s. the default address mask in binary and dotted-decimal

is shown in the table

To Calculate the Subnet Mask1. Identify the class of address assigned. For this example the class of IP address

is Class B.

2. check the default address mask for the appropriate class and convert it to

binary format .for this example the default address mask is 255.255.0.0 and

the equivalent binary format is; 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

3. check the no. of 1s in the default mask. E.g this address contains 16 1s in class

B, 16 bits 2 octat are for net id and the last 16 bits 2 octates are for host id.

4. now if we need 9 subnets. This no. 9 is not a power of 2. the next no. that is

power of 2 and greater than 2 is 16. So, we require 4 extra 4 extra 1s in the

network field which has to be borrowed from the host id field.


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5. the total no. of 1s is 16+4=20, as 16 1s are from network id and 4 1s are of

additional bits required for subnetwork. The no. of 0s in the n/w is 32-20=12.

which defines whole address.

6. hence address is given as 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 and in

decimal format can be given as 255.255.240.0

Table 14: decimal and binary values of subnet mask

DecimalBinary

0

128

192

224

240

248

252

254

255

00000000

10000000

11000000

11100000

11110000

11111000

11111100

11111110

11111111


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3 3 3 3 33 Types of Subnetting Fixed Length Subnet Mask (FLSM)

Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)

Steps of Subnetting for FLSM

For IP address 192.168.10.0 (Class C)

Step 1:

Identify the total no. of subnets 2^n = no.of subnets

Where n are the no.s and borrowed bytes from host ID portion. Let we are given

that we have to make 4 subnets. Therefore 2^n =4 i.e n=2

Step 2:

To idettify the total no. of the valid hosts for each subnet.

2^m-2= no.of valid hosts. Where m are the remaining no. of bits in host ID 2^6-

2=62

Step 3:

Calculate the subnet mask and range

Subnet mask for n/w 192.168.10.0/26 is

11111111.11111111.11111111.1100000000 ie 255.255.255.192

range=> 256-192=64

step 4:

Identify the total no of subnets, no. of valid hosts and the broadcast address.


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Table 15: showing subnet mask, valid hosts, broadcast address

Subnetwork Valid Host Broadcast Address

192.168.10.0

192.168.10.64

192.168.10.12

8

192.168.10.19

2

192.168.10.1 to

192.168.10.63

192.168.10.65 to

192.168.10.126

192.168.10.129 to

192.168.10.190

192.168.10.193 to

192.168.10.254

192.168.10.63

192.168.10.127

192.168.10.191

192.168.10.255

VLSM

In VLSM to allocate IP addresses to subnets depending upon the no. of hosts. The

network having more no of hosts is given priority and the one having least no of host

comes at last and for each network the subnet is assigned separately. As in the scenario

given:


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Fig 19: variable subnet mask

3.15 TELNET

Telnet stands for terminal network, telephone network, terminal encapsulation on

the network. Purpose of Telnet is to access the remote device in order to configure it. It

provides textual access of the remote device. It uses the services of TCP. Telnet service is

used where small bandwidth is low. It provides textual access of the remote device. Port

number of Telnet is 23.

3.15.1 To Access the Device Remotely

For this purpose we have to assign the IP addresses to the PCs and the interfaces.

For Telnet the Routers are to be configured with RIP version1 , so that the device can

ping each other. Also DCE cable is used to connect the Routers. The serial link should

have the speed of 64K also apply vty password and enable secret password. Set up the

Routers so that they can manage via Telnet.

First of all select the PCs and the routers connect the ports to the router, doubleclick on router, switch off the router if it is on. Then select the serial port according to the

routers, switch on the router. Select the cable to connect the Routers. Router to Router

connections are made by the serial cable, so go on first Router select the serial port as

s0/1/0 in the scenario, then go to the other Router and connect the serial cable at interface

s1/0. Accordingly connect the third Router with interfaces s1/1 and s1/2.


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Now connect the PCs to the routers, to do this first select the console cable, click on the

PC select RS232 option, then connect it on the Router and select console cable. Now

select crossover cable on the PC select Fast Ethernet option and on the Router select

f0/0 option now as the PCs and Routers are connected to each other assign IP addresses

to the PCs and the Routers. According to the fig set the IP addresses of the PCs double

click on the PC choose the option of desktop IP configuration. Now set the IP

address, subnet mask, and the default gateway. Like wise set the IP address of all the

PCs. Now set the IP address of the interfaces of router.

3.15.2 Commands to assign IP addresses to the interfaces:

At Router1:

Router>

Router>enable


Router(config)#interface f0/0

Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0


Fig 20: scenario of Telnet


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Router#


Router(config)#interface s0/1/0



Router(config)#interface s0/1/0

Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000


Now to check the assigned IPaddresses to the interfaces the command used is

Router#show ip interface brief

At router 2:


Router(config)#interface f0/0



Router#


Router(config)#interface s1/0








Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000



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Router#disconnect

To display connected session

Router#show sessions

This command shows those sessions, which are created or connected by us.

If we want anyone can telnet our router without password then on the line vty type

command No Login.

3.16 ROUTING

Routing is a process or technique to identify the path from one network to

another. Routers dont really care about hoststhey only care about networks and the

best path to each network.

To route the packet the router must know the following things:

Destination network

Neighbour device from witch it can learn about remote Networking.

Possible number of routers to reach the destination.

Best route to reach the destination.

How to maintain & verify the routing i

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Final Report of Networking Mcitp & Ccna

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