Final Report on Archaeological Investigation at the ... · investigation be carried out on the site...

Final Report on Archaeological Investigation at the Arrowtown

Emporium, Buckingham St, Arrowtown, under Authority 2008/331

Prepared for Gary Mullings

by

Emma Brooks, Chris Jacomb, Richard Walter and Melanie Mintmier

Southern Pacific Archaeological Research

13 May 2010

Arrowtown Emporium Final Report 13 May 2010

CONTENTS

1. Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 1

2. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3. Research Objectives .................................................................................................................................................... 2

4. Background and Site History .................................................................................................................................. 3

5. Methods ............................................................................................................................................................................ 3

6. Results ............................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Stratigraphy ................................................................................................................................................................ 7

Subsurface Features ............................................................................................................................................... 8

Material Culture Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 10

Results ......................................................................................................................................................................... 11

7. Discussion ..................................................................................................................................................................... 23

8. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................... 24

9. References ..................................................................................................................................................................... 25

Appendix 1. New Zealand Archaeological Association Site Record Form

Appendix 2. Material culture data

Appendix 3. Fauna data


1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

An archaeological authority (HPT 2008/331) was issued to Gary Mullings for the redevelopment of the former Arrowtown Emporium site (NZAA F41/677), at 38 Buckingham St, Arrowtown, Otago. The authority specified archaeological monitoring and mitigation to be carried out during the demolition of the building and excavation of the ground surface. This report presents the archaeological mitigation work associated with this development project. It documents the subsurface archaeological work carried out, and describes and contextualizes the material recovered during the investigation. The recovered materials, such as glass bottles, ceramics, metal, and faunal remains, were typical of similar sites (mixed residential‐commercial, late 1800s and onward) in Central Otago. Recorded features included numerous post‐holes, two buried barrels, and several rubbish pits, which are likewise typical of such sites.

2. INTRODUCTION

An archaeological authority (2008/331) was issued under the Historic Places Act (HPA) 1993 to Gary Mullings by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust (NZHPT) in relation to the demolition of the former Arrowtown Emporium (Figure 1). The authority specified that an archaeological investigation be carried out on the site immediately following the demolition of an existing building and the removal of the concrete floor and foundations. This is a final report on the archaeological investigation which was carried out by Chris Jacomb and Emma Brooks between 20 and 23 August 2008.

Figure 1. Location of 38 Buckingham Street, Arrowtown (north at top).

In preparation for the authority application, an archaeological site assessment had been carried out by P. Petchey (2003). That document contains a detailed site description, location information, history and a legal description of the property. The site has been assigned the


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number F41/677 in the New Zealand Archaeological Association Site Recording Scheme. An NZAA Site Record Form has been prepared and updated, and is attached as Appendix 1.

3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the archaeological research undertaken at the Arrowtown Emporium site were structured, in terms of the potential archaeological evidence, to provide information relating to specific research questions. In this case, “evidence relating to the history of New Zealand,” as specified in the HPA, relates specifically to the known uses of the site, including domestic habitation, commercial enterprise, and possible light industrial activity. Several types of archaeological evidence were anticipated, including structural remains like foundations, post holes, cellars, rubbish pits and long‐drop toilets; trenches associated with drainage and services; and artefacts, both individually and as assemblages in rubbish pits.

As such, the aim of the project was to monitor the site clearance work, and record, investigate and recover any archaeological material or features encountered. To this end, an archaeological Research Strategy was prepared for the NZHPT, as per Condition 6 of the archaeological authority. This document guided the work carried out, which is reported on here, and contained details on the following aspects of the investigation:

• Background • Research Objectives • Implementation • Curation of Archaeological Material • Reporting and Publication of Results • Personnel

The research strategy specified a number of field and analytical methods to be used, of which the following are pertinent to the work carried out at the site.

Fieldwork

• Survey (visual examination of the ground surface and documentation of archaeological features)

• Surface collection • Monitoring of earthworks, with recording of both stratigraphy and any finds • Sampling of the contents of large deposits (e.g., rubbish dumps)

Analyses

• Faunal identification and basic analysis • Artefact analysis • Spatial analysis • Dating (limited dating of historical archaeological deposits is possible through analysis of diagnostic artefact types, such as wax vesta match boxes and tin cans)

Further, several research questions outlined in the Research Strategy served to guide the current mitigation project, as follows:

• What archaeological evidence specific to the various known uses of the site are evident?


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• How did the use of space within the site change through time? • How does the archaeological evidence compare with the documented history of activities at the site?

• How do the activities represented by the artefacts in the site compare with those found in other sites of similar age in Central Otago?

• How does the archaeological evidence from rubbish pits reflect subsistence practice in an early Central Otago town?

• At a more theoretical level, the material discarded in rubbish dumps can provide information that is difficult to obtain from other sources including that relating to concepts such as wealth, status and gender and how these affect consumption?

Therefore, the research objectives were to investigate and sample the site in such a way as to maximise the recovery of information relevant to the above questions. These research questions will be addressed in the Discussion section of this report.

4. BACKGROUND AND SITE HISTORY

Several archaeological investigations of business and residential sites have been carried out in Arrowtown and Queenstown over the past decade or so; for example, by Hamel (2001), Petchey (2002, 2004), and Brooks et al. (2009, 2010). Therefore, the results of the current work have provided comparative material that will assist in building a broader archaeological picture of nineteenth‐century life in the district.

The former Arrowtown Emporium site (NZAA F41/677) is a historic European domestic and commercial site, consisting of built structures and subsurface deposits, such as bottle dumps. It is located at 38 Buckingham Street, Arrowtown (see Figure 1), and opens onto Buckingham Street at the front and Arrow Lane at the back. The site’s documented history is presented in Petchey’s (2003) archaeological assessment and is summarised as follows:

The first documented owner was William Warren who owned the property from 1878 until 1904. During that time it appears to have contained a shop and dwelling, printing office, mining agent’s office and, in 1894, a cottage, office and shop. It was then purchased by William Murphy and Richardson who ran a coach‐building, wheelwright and smithy until Murphy died, in 1939. From then until 1964 the building was owned by the Murphy estate, but its history during this period is unknown. In 1964 it was purchased by George Wilson who operated a motor garage, which required the front of the building to be removed and set back to allow for a forecourt and underground tank.

Petchey’s (2003) review of the site’s history indicated that there was a reasonably high likelihood of archaeological deposits having been preserved in the ground, particularly at the rear, upper part of the section. Investigation of this expectation was a primary aim of the current archaeological project.

5. METHODS

The excavation occurred in accordance with the research strategy approved by the NZHPT, and included survey, surface collection, monitoring of earthworks, and recording and excavation of any archaeological remains encountered, as follows:


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1. Survey

a) The surface of the ground that was exposed after removal of the above ground structure was visually inspected and any visible features or artefacts mapped, photographed and described

b) A map was prepared of the site at this level, showing all visible features and the walls of the neighbouring properties

2. Surface collection

a) All artefacts visible on the surface were examined, documented, photographed as appropriate and retained for later analysis or display if appropriate

3. Monitoring of earthworks

a) The removal of any concrete floors or foundations was carried out using a hydraulic excavator and monitored by the archaeologists

b) The surface of the building site was then carefully scraped off using the hydraulic excavator. Excavation proceeded using natural stratigraphy or in 100 mm spits where the layer exceeded 100 mm

c) Any archaeological features encountered were investigated and recorded, and any artefacts retained for later analysis

d) A new site plan was prepared for each spit and any archaeological features encountered recorded on the site plan

4. Sampling of the contents of large deposits (e.g. of rubbish dumps)

a) Only one rubbish dump was found and all material found there was retained for later analysis

b) As previously notified to the NZHPT we finished the archaeological work at the Arrowtown Emporium site on 23 August 2008.

This archaeological investigation occurred in accordance with the research strategy approved by the NZHPT, and included survey, surface collection, monitoring of earthworks, and recordation and excavation of any archaeological remains encountered. All archaeological features were documented and photographed, plotted on a site plan, and manually excavated. All collected artefacts were bagged and appropriately labelled according to their provenance.

6. RESULTS

The site comprised three levels (Figure 2). The largest was at street level (Buckingham Street), and there were two smaller terraces behind it stepping up to Arrow Lane. The central terrace was scraped down by hand and a trench was cut through it to record the stratigraphy, which included several silt layers, a probable buried A‐horizon, and an alluvial gravel deposit. The upper terrace was scraped down by machine. A concrete pad from the existing building covered the street level part of the site, and, under archaeological supervision, was lifted and removed with a small digger. Petchey’s (2003) assessment suggested that few archaeological materials would be discovered under the concrete pad because of probable modification during the


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construction and operation of the motor garage. However, contrary to Petchey’s expectation, the majority of intact archaeological features was, in fact, found beneath the concrete pad.

A flagstone floor was found near the street frontage along with several timbers that were probably floor joists and floor boards. Immediately below the flagstones was a large bottle dump containing both whole and broken bottles, including champagne, vinegar, Worchestershire sauce, mineral water, and chicory essence bottles, as well as ink jars. Artefact analysis was completed at the Archaeology Laboratories of the University of Otago (see below).

The concrete that formed the floor of the garage was reinforced with metal items that included a vehicle axle and gig springs (Figure 3), which were presumably associated with the smithy that was present on site during the early twentieth century. This section was scraped down to the natural subsoil across the entire surface to ensure that all archaeological remains were recorded.

The middle terrace contained a surface scatter of broken historic glass, ceramic and faunal remains, as well as modern rubbish. A series of upright schist slabs was present along the western edge of this terrace, which we interpret to be the edge of a path (Figure 4). A large pit containing faunal remains was recorded in this terrace, along with several post holes, which most likely relate to the demolished building. A metre‐wide trench was cut across this terrace to record the site’s stratigraphy.

The upper terrace consisted mostly of fill deposits, and no in situ archaeological material was identified.


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Figure 2. Plan view showing archaeological features encountered during excavation.


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Figure 3. Various metal items used to reinforce the concrete floor including horse shoes, a gig spring and a vehicle axle.

Figure 4. Path bounded by schist slabs.

Stratigraphy

Several soil layers were identified from the trench section, including modern topsoil fill, two silt layers, a probable buried A‐horizon, and an alluvial gravel deposit (Figure 5). Additionally, one pit feature was observed, and included a grey‐brown silt deposit with numerous artefacts and faunal remains (Figure 6).


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Figure 5. Site profile (A‐A') and trench section showing stratigraphy (B‐B'). Both views are from the west.

Figure 6. East wall of trench cut through lower terrace (scale 2 m (L) and 1 m (R)). Note pit feature just to the left of the 1‐m scale.

Subsurface Features A number of subsurface features were found, and are described as follows:


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Post holes

Post holes were the most common feature found at the site. There were 15 definite post holes (Table 1; see Figure 2), most of which were circular or elliptical in shape (13 of 15); the remaining two were approximately square.

Table 1. Posthole dimensions. Post Hole Designation Diameter (cm) Depth E 40 50 G 32 20 H 22 10 T 10 50 V 10 50 W 10 50 X 10 40 Y 10 35 AA 10 40 AB 10 40 AC 10 45 AD 10 35 AF 25 50 AG 25 55 AH 25 50

An alignment of five post holes around the sides and lower edge of the bottom part of the site are likely to be the remains of the foundation piles of a building that covered the whole of the street‐level area (see Figure 2). A second alignment, of smaller post holes, was from a smaller, and probably earlier, building. It was directly associated with flagstones, flooring timber and the remains of an L‐shaped section of timber wall.

Bottle Dump

A bottle dump approximately 1.5 m in diameter contained a range of artefact classes, including bottle glass, ceramics, metal, cork, and wood materials. Unfortunately, there are no particular diagnostic elements in this artefact assemblage that would indicate specific site function or chronology. It was situated just to the east of the post‐hole alignment described above, which suggests that it was external to the building indicated by the holes.

Rubbish Pits

Two further rubbish pits were identified, designated Rubbish Pits 1 and 2. Rubbish Pit 1 measured approximately 50 cm in diameter and contained bottle glass, ceramics, leather, metal, and wood materials. None of these artefacts, however, are particularly indicative of a specific functional context or time period, except for three glass bottle fragments with manufacturing dates all of which ranged in the mid‐ to late‐1800s. Rubbish Pit 1 was located approximately 5 m to the south of the post‐hole alignment, which suggests that it was out the back of the building indicated by the post holes.

Rubbish Pit 2, approximately 2 m in diameter, contained a bottle stopper, bottle glass, ceramics, fabric, leather and metal. The artefacts in this rubbish pit are mixed domestic and commercial types; for example, domestic‐use vinegar and Worchestershire sauce glass bottles along with a motor vehicle licence plate and a likely set of metal pliers. While a single licence plate and pair


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of pliers does not necessarily indicate a motor repair shop, when coupled with the historical evidence, this seems a reasonable conclusion.

Barrel Latrines

Two buried, wooden half‐keg barrels were discovered at the site (Figure 7). Each was approximately 50 cm in diameter and 40‐50 cm deep. These are typically found in similar sites in Arrowtown and Queenstown, and are frequently interpreted as “barrel latrines”(e.g., Brooks, Jacomb and Walter 2009: 33). They may have had another function in this site, such as a sump to collect stormwater or similar.

Figure 7. Buried half‐keg found near rear of lower part of site (scale is in 20 cm increments).

Material Culture Analysis

This section outlines the analysis results for each material class recovered from the site. An in‐field discard and sorting strategy was employed by the field archaeologists for glass material only; all other material classes were collected in their entirety. Materials were collected, catalogued, and then transported to the University of Otago Archaeology Laboratories, where most were washed and dried prior to classification and analysis (delicate materials were left unwashed). All classes of material were identified simultaneously due to the small size of the assemblage; and portion, type, decoration, colour, size, manufacturing evidence, etc., were recorded (see Appendix 2).

Glass Bottle Identification

In‐field discard and sorting, which was only applied to glass bottles and fragments, entailed only the recovery of whole bottles or fragments which contained either the base or top of a bottle or any embossed surfaces as these were the parts that contained potentially diagnostic elements. Smith (n.d.a) was used as a reference for identifying bottle attributes, such as bottle form and glass colour. For whole bottles and bases, diameter was measured at the base only; for fragments that consisted of the bottle tops, diameter was measured at the rim. To prevent


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damage, bottles with seal residue or labels were not washed. All available information was recorded, including bottle form, manufacturing evidence, colour, etc. (Appendix 2).

It should be noted that the abbreviations from I. Smith (2004) were used to describe the base profile for the glass bottles, as follows:

FT = Flat DFT = Dished-flat DCC = Dished-curved KDO = Kickup-domed KRC = Kickup-rounded cone KCM = Kickup-conical with mamelon CV = Convex

Ceramics Identification

Ceramic items were analysed with reference to Smith (n.d.) for identifying ceramic body type, vessel form and decoration type. Additionally, an online New Zealand ceramic decoration identification guide (Bickler: http/:bickler.co.nz/china/) was used to identify the Rouen pattern found in the assemblage. All available information on vessel form, colour, pattern, etc., was recorded (Appendix 2).

Metal and miscellaneous items

The metal artefacts are listed in Appendix 2.

Fauna

Faunal remains were identified with the aid of the comparative reference collection housed at the University of Otago. All available information was recorded (Appendix 3), including evidence of butchery marks and, based on the fusion of long bones and vertebrae, relative age at death (e.g., juvenile, adult) (see Table 1).

Results

Glass Bottles

The majority of the artefact assemblage comprised glass bottles, most of which were alcohol and domestic food containers (e.g., Worchestershire sauce, soda and mineral water). A Minimum Number of Vessels (MNV) was calculated for the bottles, based on counts of diagnostic features including colour. The MNV for bottles is 102. The most common colour of bottle glass found at the site was green, followed by aqua green. The most common forms of bottles were rectangular pharmaceutical bottles, ring‐seal beer, and large round‐bottom bottles, commonly known as “Champagne” bottles. Some of the bottles also had label and seal residue (Figure 8; Figure 9) adhering but these were unable to be further used for bottle identification.


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Figure 8. Example of a remnant label on a large dark green bottle.

Figure 9. Example of a label on large clear bottle. The word “LANE” can be read at the top, and what appears to be part of “RASPBERRY” near the centre.

The original contents and the manufacture location of the bottles can sometimes be seen on any embossing present. For example, “ELLIMAN'S ROYAL EMBROCATION FOR HORSES MANUFACTORY SLOUGH””; “SAXLEHNERS BITTERQUELLE HUNYADI JANOS” [Dutch mineral water]; “WAIRONGOA NATURAL MINERAL WATER BOTTLED ONLY AT THE SPRINGS THOMSON & CO” (Figure 10); “PIESSE AND LUBIN LONDON” [perfume] (Figure 11); “CHAMPION’S VINEGAR” (Figure 12); “BARRY’S TRICOPHEROUS FOR THE SKIN AND HAIR NEW YORK”; “BONNINGTON”S IRISH MOSS CHRISTCHURCH” (Figure 13).


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Table 2. Glass items according to provenance. Provenance Bottle Glass Glass Glass

Stopper Window

Glass Grand Total

Bottle Dump 6 3 9 Level "K" 1 1 Level flagstone "Z" 1 1 Path Feature 4 4 Rear terrace 2 2 Rubbish Pit 1 21 21 Rubbish Pit 2 67 1 68 Surface 1 1 Surface Collection 1 1 Surface Collection lower terrace 10 10 Surface R 18 18 Total 140 Trench Eastern Baulk - C on section drawing 1 1

Trench Eastern Baulk - D on section drawing 1 1

Trench fill 2 2 Grand Total 135 1 1 3 140

Figure 10. Representative whole glass bottle, embossed “WAIRONGOA NATURAL MINERAL WATER BOTTLED ONLY AT THE SPRINGS THOMSON & CO”.


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Figure 11. Whole glass bottle, embossed "PIESSE AND LUBIN LONDON" from Rubbish Pit 2.


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Figure 12. Whole glass bottle, embossed "CHAMPION'S VINEGAR" from Rubbish Pit 2.


Figure 13. Whole glass bottle, embossed "BONNINGTON'S IRISH MOSS CHRISTCHURCH" from Rubbish Pit 2.

Other bottle types included two small dark green inkwells (Figure 14) and an aerated water bottle commonly referred to as a “torpedo” bottle (Figure 15).

Figure 14. Dark green bottle, probably used as an ink bottle, from Rubbish Pit 2.


Figure 15. Aerated water bottle commonly known as a "torpedo" bottle.

Figure 16. Representative range of whole bottles.

Ceramics

The ceramic assemblage included fragments of various forms of domestic ware, as well as two clay pipe stem fragments. Clay pipes were imported into New Zealand from the time of first European arrival, and are often a significant component of historical site assemblages.

Ceramic Vessels

Ceramic items were less common than those of glass with only 52 pieces found (e.g., Figure 18). The MNV was 24 earthenware vessels and six stoneware vessels, as well as one porcelain sheep ornament. Unlike glass, the majority of the ceramics were associated with surface features, with


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only a few deriving from the bottle dump or rubbish pits. The fragments primarily came from flat ware and/or storage vessels. A lid from an ointment jar (Figure 21Figure 17) inscribed “Dr L.L. Smith’s Colonial Ointment…” is similar to examples found at the Mountaineer excavation in Queenstown (Brooks et al. 2010). Dr Smith was advertising his services and products in 1873‐74 and as late as 1892 (http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/3753343; http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi‐bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NEM18741214.2.19.5&srpos=6&e=‐‐‐‐‐‐‐10‐‐1‐‐‐‐2%22Dr+L%2eL%2e+Smith%22‐all) but the date of this item is unknown. The only ceramic pattern identified was Rouen, in both black and brown, which appears on 3 of the 24 stoneware vessels. A complete stoneware “ginger beer” bottle embossed “Joseph Bourne & Son….” (Figure 20) was found in Rubbish Pit 2 and a stoneware inkwell (Figure 21) was found in Rubbish Pit 1.

Figure 17. Stoneware lid from a pharmaceutical container found in Rubbish Pit 2 and inscribed "Dr L.L.SMITHS COLONIAL OINTMENT BOURKE STREET EAST MELBOURNE"

Figure 18. Representative ceramic specimens (Rouen pattern to left).


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Figure 19. Fragments of a “flow blue” glazed stoneware bowl or cup found just north of the mechanic’s pit, surface.

Figure 20. Salt‐glazed stoneware bottle impressed "Joseph Bourne & Son * Patentees * Denby Pottery Near Derby" found in Rubbish Pit 2.


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Figure 21. Stoneware inkwell found in Rubbish Pit 1.

Clay Pipe Fragments

No complete clay pipes were recovered, and only two stem fragments were found. Partially legible maker’s marks can be seen on one of the fragments, which reads “W WHITE…” on one side and “GLASGOW” on the other (Figure 22). W White made these pipes beteen 1805 and 1955 and it is very difficult to date them with any greater accuracy than this.

Figure 22. Photo of pipe stem fragment with impressed writing.

Metal

A total of 67 metal objects was identified and they appear to relate to the site’s known activities, namely blacksmithing and motor vehicle repair. Several hooks, chain links, nails, and bolts were identified. Additionally, 12 matchboxes, a forged hoe, and a metal wedge possibly used for splitting wood were recovered (Appendix 2).


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Figure 23. Custom‐designed horseshoe recovered from the surface.

One metal object is of particular anthropological and technological interest, a horseshoe custom‐built for difficult terrain (Figure 23). According to the current landowner, Mr. Mullings, this style of horseshoe was a custom design made by the smithy who formerly owned the property. The specimen recovered demonstrates the shoe’s multi‐purpose function, which was especially useful in icy and schist terrain. It possesses a ledge at the front which would have provided additional grip when travelling uphill on a slippery surface, and the two ends of the shoe have right angled projections, one aligned with the direction of travel and one aligned at a right angle to the direction of travel. This would no doubt provide increased stability and traction on the icy and rocky terrain of the district. The probable adze blade (Figure 24) found in post hole E is consistent with a degree of maintenance of partly timber‐framed vehicles that might be expected at a site where coach building was carried out between 1904 and 1939 (see Table 4). A gate pintle (Figure 25) found in Rubbish Pit 1 is of a type that could easily have been manufactured on site during the operation of the smithy.

Figure 24. Adze or grubber blade found in post hole E.


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Figure 25. Forged gate pintle found in found in Rubbish Pit 1.

Fauna

A total of 146 bones and bone fragments were recovered from the site, all but one unidentifiable specimen were recovered from the bottle dump, rubbish pits, or other pit features. All bone was identified to taxon, element, portion and side where possible. Relative age estimations were recorded where possible, as were any apparent modifications to the bone, such as butchery marks.

The numbers are too low for any major conclusions to be drawn about relative numbers (see Appendix 4). In addition, the proportion of unidentifiable bones and bone fragments was high (53.4%). A conservative Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) count was calculated for each species identified, and the Number of Indentified Specimens (NISP) count was 146 (Figure 26). The faunal remains were associated with five species, including human (a tooth). The material was dominated by cow (Bos taurus) and sheep (Ovis aries). Pig (Sus scrofa) and oyster (Ostreidae) were also represented but in a relatively lower frequency (MNI of 1 in each case).

Table 3. Fauna recovered from site (NISP) according to provenance. Provenance B. taurus H. sapiens O. aries Ostreidae S. scrofa Unid. Total

Trench fill 2 1 4 10 17

Pit feature in trench 41 1 7 46 95

Rubbish pit 1 17 17

Rubbish Pit 2 12 12

Surface (lower terrace) 5 5

Total 41 1 38 1 4 61 146

There is a mixture of both adult and juvenile remains. This does not necessarily indicate that veal or lamb were being eaten but simply that the animals were being butchered after reaching adult size but before their epiphyses had fused (the usual indicator of adulthood). A small proportion (21 out of 146 or 14%) of the remains showing cut marks typical of butchery markings. There was no particular emphasis in any skeletal element.


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Figure 26. NISP (red) counts and calculated MNI (blue) for indentified faunal remains.

Other Artefacts

In addition to the material described above, a range of miscellaneous items was found. Two kinds of fabric were recovered, both of which resembled a woven pattern similar to that of sacking. However, one appeared to have been a greenish colour at some stage, while the other was burnt and the colour could not be determined. One fragment of a window pane, one piece of wood panelling, and a leather shoe heel were also collected.

There is now no in situ archaeological material remaining on site.

All recovered material is currently housed at the University of Otago laboratories, and upon completion of the project they will first be offered to the land owner. Should the land owner not desire to retain part or all of the assemblage, it will be offered to the Lakes District Museum and Gallery in Arrowtown.

7. DISCUSSION

NZAA Site F41/677 was a historic European domestic and commercial site, which included both built structures and subsurface deposits. Like other mixed commercial and residential sites in Arrowtown (and throughout Central Otago), this site was probably associated with the supply and servicing of Otago’s gold mining industry (see Hamel 2001).

Even though the site has been fully destroyed during the course of recent development works (see associated HPT Authority 2008/331), archaeological mitigation yielded enough data to at least partially address the proposed research questions (see associated research strategy). It should be noted that interpretations are necessarily based on the available data, which in this case is relatively limited.

Petchey (2003) noted that the property has had several historically documented functions, as outlined:

051015202530354045

Cow (B. taurus) Sheep (O. aries) Pig (S. scrofa) Oyster (Ostreidae)

Coun

t

Species


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Table 4. Historically documented functions at the Emporium site (after Petchey 2003). Year(s) Function 1878-1904 Residence (cottage); Shops (various); Printing Office; Mining Agents Office 1904-1939 Coach Building, Wheelwright, and Blacksmith Shop 1939-1964 [in Murphy Estate] 1964- 1971 Motor Garage 1971+ Retail Shops (various)

Petchey (2003) further noted that the cottage and shop buildings associated with the site’s 1878‐1904 uses were removed, and that the existing structures were built in 1904 (or shortly thereafter) by Murphy and Richardson, in order to house their coach building, wheelwright, and blacksmith shop. Archaeological evidence appears to generally support this documentary record of function. The identification of a domestic rubbish pit and timber floor joists below flagstones indicate the presence of a much smaller domestic dwelling on the site prior to the construction of the smithy in 1904. They, along with the smaller of the two alignments of post holes, are the remains of the cottage, shops, printing office and mining agents office that occupied the site from 1878 to 1904.

Several of the recovered glass bottle specimens, such as mineral water and Worchestershire sauce bottles, were likely associated with a domestic or general store context (like that recorded for 1878‐1904). However, it is possible that such domestic items could have been used in a later phase, especially if the premises had a domestic space along with the coach building, wheelwright, and blacksmith shop.

Interestingly, two artefacts—the custom‐designed horseshoe and a glass bottle base inscribed with “ELLIMAN'S ROYAL EMBROCATION FOR HORSES”—are consistent with the historic evidence for the site’s 1904‐1939 use as a coach building, wheelwright, and blacksmith business. The horseshoe was an in‐house design specifically associated with this property’s smithy (see above), and therefore directly supports the site’s use as a blacksmith shop. Also, the glass bottle of horse embrocation is not unexpected at a coach building, wheelwright, and blacksmith shop, given its association with horse‐drawn transportation.

Additionally, the concrete that formed the floor of the garage was reinforced with metal items, including a vehicle axle and gig springs that were presumably salvaged from the smithy that was present on site during the early twentieth century. The work also showed that the modification of the building from a smithy into the garage did not cause as much modification to the site as had been anticipated.

Generally, the material culture from the site is typical of nineteenth and early twentieth century sites in Arrowtown (e.g., Petchey 2002, 2004; Brooks et ap. 2009, 2010), so it is difficult to more precisely connect the archaeological evidence with historic documentation. As explained previously, the archaeological evidence recovered only allows limited reconstruction of the history of the site. Combined with historical documentary evidence, however, a picture of the site’s occupation and use has begun to emerge.

8. CONCLUSION

The small artefact sample size and limited range of diagnostic archaeological features has restricted the degree to which this investigation was able to answer the proposed research questions. The majority of the information used to develop the site’s history site has come from


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historical documentation. However, it has been possible to document the extent of the original building on the site, and the horseshoe is a significant discovery in the context of the region’s history.

In terms of the research questions themselves, the material found was all consistent with the use of the site that was known through historical sources. The activities represented in the site were similar to those known at other mixed residential‐commercial sites in Arrowtown and Queenstown.

Due to its fairly small size, the faunal assemblage from the rubbish pits was only partially useful in understanding subsistence practice in a remote gold‐mining and pastoral centre. However, the assemblage was dominated by New Zealand’s three main domestic animals (cows, sheep, and pigs), and so it is typical of that found at similar sites in Central Otago. Interestingly, no food tins were discovered, which may suggest a greater availability of fresh food in this small urban centre (see Brooks et al. 2009: 36). Only limited archaeological evidence of commercial or light‐industrial activity (e.g., custom‐designed horseshoe) was recovered; however, historical sources indicate that several shops and commercial enterprises (e.g., a smithy) were present at one time or another at the site.

9. REFERENCES

Brooks, E, Jacomb, C and R Walter 2009. Final Report on Archaeological Investigations at the Queenstown Post Office South of Horne Creek Carried Out under HPA Authority 2007/166. Archaeological Investigation Report.

Brooks, E, Jacomb, C and R Walter 2010. Final Report on Archaeological Investigation of the Mountaineer, Queenstown, under HPA Authority 2005/145. Archaeological Investigation Report.

Bickler, S n.d. (http/:bickler.co.nz/china/) NZ ceramic decoration guide

Hamel, Jill 2001. The Archaeology of Otago. Department of Conservation, Wellington.

New Zealand Historic Places Trust. Archaeological Authority 2008/331.

Petchey, Peter 2002. Autumn Court Development, Arrowtown. Archaeological Monitoring Report.

Petchey, Peter 2003. Mullings Development “The Emporium”, 38 Buckingham St, Arrowtown. Archaeological Assessment for Maurice Orr Architecture.

Petchey, Peter 2004. Royal Oak Hotel, Arrowtown. Archaeological Excavations, December 2003. Archaeological Excavation Report.

Smith, Ian n.d.a Bottle Glass Identification Guide. Anthropology Department Guidelines Series. University of Otago.

Smith, Ian n.d.b. Historic Period Ceramic Vessels. Anthropology Department Guidelines Series. University of Otago.


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APPENDIX 1

New Zealand Archaeological Association Site Record Form

NEW ZEALAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION SITE RECORD FORM (NZMS260) NZMS 260 map number NZMS 260 map name NZMS 260 map edition

NZAA METRIC SITE NUMBER F41/677 DATE VISITED 20-23 August 2008 SITE TYPE 19th century dwelling SITE NAME: MAORI OTHER

Grid Reference Easting 2.1.8|1|1|3.5. Northing 5.5.7|7|1|6 8 . 1. Aids to relocation of site (attach a sketch map)Site is located at 38 Buckingham Street, Arrowtown. 2. State of site and possible future damageThe site has been completely destroyed.3. Description of site (Supply full details, history, local environment, references, sketches, etc. If extra sheets are attached, include a summary here) The first documented owner was William Warren who owned the property from 1878 until 1904. During that time it appears to have contained a shop and dwelling, printing office, mining agent’s office and, in 1894, a cottage, office and shop. It was then purchased by William Murphy and Richardson who ran a coach-building, wheelwright and smithy until Murphy died, in 1939. From then until 1964 the building was owned by the Murphy estate but its history during this period is unknown. In 1964 it was purchased by George Wilson who operated a motor garage which required the front of the building to be removed and set back to allow for a forecourt and underground tank. The site comprised three levels. A series of flagstones overlying a large bottle dump was identified adjacent to the street frontage of the property in association with timber joists. Two half kegs full of soil and burnt material were located at the rear of this level along with numerous postholes. The middle terrace contained a surface scatter of broken historic glass, ceramic and fauna as well as more modern rubbish. A series of upright schist slabs was present along the western edge of this terrace which we interpret to be the edge of a path. A large pit containing fauna was recorded in this terrace along with several postholes which we believe mostly relate to the demolished building. The upper terrace consisted mostly of fill and no in situ archaeological material was identified. See Brooks, E. And C. Jacomb. 2008. Interim Report on Archaeological Investigation at the Arrowtown Emporium, Buckingham St, Arrowtown. Report to Gary Mullings. 4. Owner Address

Tenant/ManagerAddress

5. Nature of information (hearsay, brief or extended visit, etc.) Photographs (reference numbers and where they are held) Aerial photographs (reference numbers and clarity of site)6. Reported by Emma Brooks Address Southern Pacific Archaeological Research

FilekeeperDate

7. Key words 8. New Zealand Register of Archaeological Sites (for office use) NZHPT Site Field Cod Latitude S | | | Type of site | | | Local environment today | | | Land classification

Longitude E | | | Present condition & future danger of destruction | | | Security code | | | Local body

Figure 27. Buried keg.

Figure 28. Possible path.

APPENDIX 2

Material Culture Data

Glass artefacts

Provenance Artefact Class

Type/ Element Colour Portion Count Other features

Trench fill Bottle Glass

Clear Fragment 1

Trench fill Bottle Glass

Olive light

Fragment 1

Bottle Dump Bottle Glass

Aqua Green

Base 1 P on bottom


Olive black

Base 1


Aqua Green

Fragment 1


Olive black

Fragment 1


Green Fragment 1


Green Top 1

Bottle Dump Window Glass

Clear Fragment 3

Level "K" Bottle Glass

Rectangular bevelled bottle

Aqua Blue

Whole 1 BARRY'S TRICOPHEROUS FOR THE SKIN AND HAIR NEW YORK DIRECTIONS IN THE PAMPHLET

Level flagstone "Z"

Bottle Glass

Olive Black

Base and Neck 1

Surface Bottle Glass

Torpedo Aqua Green

whole 1

Path Feature Bottle Glass

Green Top 1 Seal residue.


Olive Black

Top and neck 1


Green Top fragment 1


Glass stopper, Aqua green

Whole 1

Rear terrace Bottle Glass

Glass stopper Aqua Green

Whole 1 Bottle top,fits with Embocation bottle

Rear terrace Bottle Glass

Aqua Green

Whole 1 ELLIMAN'S ROYAL EMBROCATION FOR HORSES MANUFACTORY SLOUGH, * 8505

Rubbish Pit 1 Bottle Glass

Olive Black

top 1


Olive Black

Top 1


Olive Black

Base 2


Rectangular/ Panelled Sides

Aqua Blue

Base 1 pain killer bottle


Dark Brown

Base 1


Olive Black

Base 1


Aqua Green

Base 1 "P" on bottom


Clear Base 1 Possibly modern


Frosted Clear

Base 1


Brown Base 1


Olive Black

Base 1 Embossing on Base: sunburst/star


Green Base 1


P. Squat black beer bottle

Olive Black

Body and Neck 1


Rectangular/ Panelled sides.

Aqua Blue

Side Panel 1 …AIN KILLER


Aqua green

Side Panel 1


Rectangular/ Panelled sides.

Aqua Blue

Top 1 P…


Olive light

Top 1


Olive Black

Top 1

Rubbish Pit 1 Bottle Olive Top 1



Glass Black Rubbish Pit 1 Bottle

Glass Aqua

Green Top 1


Rectangular/ Panelled front and sides.

Aqua Blue

Whole 1 BONNINGTON'S IRISH MOSS CHRISTCHURCH


Ring seal beer Olive Light

Top and Neck 1 Seal residue


Olive light

Whole 1 * SAXLEHNERS * BITTERQUELLE * HUNYADI JANOS *


Ink bottle Green Whole 1 HOLLIDGE


Essence Bottle Clear Whole 1 PIESSE AND LUBIN LONDON.


Aqua Green

Whole 1 WAIRONGOA NATURAL MINERAL WATER BOTTLED ONLY AT THE SPRINGS THOMSON & CO * TRADE MARK * REGISTERED * 1895?* cross with PURITY written inside. + cork in top.


Worcester sauce Aqua Green

Whole 1 ROYAL WORCESTERSHIRE SAUCE * A.MC.NAUGHTON & CO* DUNEDIN N.Z.* TRADEMARK * On the bottom:BGW


Champion's Vinegar

Aqua Green

Whole 1 CHAMPION'S VINEGAR (ON SIDE) 6 double lined underneath on bottom


Olive Light

Base 1


Green Base 1


Green Base 1


Square sectioned bottle

Aqua Blue

Base 1 …S CLOSS. …WAY'S (ON SIDE) 4+4 (ON BASE)


Olive Light

Base 1 * SAXLEHNERS * BITTERQUELLE * HUNYADI JANOS *


Aqua Green

Base 1 * 2271 * C.S & C.L *


Green Base 1


Green Base 1


Aqua green

Base 1 Remains of red coloured label with circular detailing. BGW on base.


Green Base 1


Ring seal beer Light Green

Base 1


Olive Black

Base 1


Green Base 1


Rectangular bevelled phamaceutical

Aqua Blue

Base 1



Aqua Blue

Base 1 ..RRY'S* ..PHEROUS … HE SKIN.. HAIR . On bottom C-6


Olive Black

Base 1


Green Base 1


Green Base 1


Aqua Green

Base 2 E' on bottom.


Green Base 1 *N&CO*36*


Olive Black

Base 1


olive black

Base 1 Label: blue and red, …REY….INA…." on bottom *REGISTERED 170938*



Aqua Blue

Base 1


Salad oil Aqua Green

Base and middle

1


Ring seal beer Olive Black

Base and middle

1 Seal residue

Rubbish Pit 2 Bottle Green Base and 1



Glass middle Rubbish Pit 2 Bottle

Glass Aqua

Green Base and middle

1 E' on bottom


Olive Black

Neck/shoulders 1 …E STIL?....


Aqua green

Top 1 Came with Cork


Aqua Blue

Top 1


Blue Top 1


Aqua green

Top 1


Green Top 1 seal residue


Green Top 1 Seal residue


Green Top 1 Seal residue


Olive Black

Top 1


Green Top 1


Olive Black

Top 1


Olive Light

Top and Neck 1


Green Top and Neck 1


Green Top and Neck 1


Light Green

Top and Neck 1


Olive Black

Top and Neck 1 Seal residue


Aqua green

Top and Neck 1


Olive Black

Top and Neck 1


Possible Schnapps

Aqua Blue

Whole 1 Label with Cork lodged inside. Label: "LANE" "RA**RE" "V…" "…EDA…" "…OAMA…"orange and green with grapes and a wooden barrel..


Ring seal beer Green Whole 1 XXXI N&C° remains of label and seal.


Ring seal beer Green Whole 1 15 N&C° remains of label and seal. Label: red, possible triangle, "…KL…"


Ring seal beer Olive Light

Whole 1 Seal residue


Ring seal beer Green Whole 1


Ring seal beer Olive light

Whole 1 Label: yellow with writing. Remains of a seal.


Salad Oil Aqua green

Whole 1 136 written on bottom


Ink bottle Green Whole 1 HOLLIDGE


Ring seal beer Green Whole 1 copper wire from stopper around neck


Aqua Green

Whole 1 Label: Red and yellow MO…O..


Ring seal beer Olive Black

Whole 1 seal residue


Aqua Green

Whole 1 Labels red and yellow oval


1

Rubbish Pit 2 Glass Stopper

Aqua Blue

1

Surface Collection

Glass Painted glass Fragment 1 Wheel

Surface Collection lower terrace

Bottle Glass

Green Base 1


Bottle Glass

Green Base fragments

3




Bottle Glass

Olive black

Base Fragments

3


Bottle Glass

Green Body Fragment 2


Bottle Glass

Olive black

Fragment 1

Surface R Bottle Glass

Cobalt blue

whole 1 box with M inside, on bottom. Viles contining 'goo' from inside


Aqua Green

Whole 1 SYMINGTON&C*ESS COFFEE&CHICORY*EDINBURGH* 1487 on base


Olive Black

Base 1


Green Base 1 XXIV N&C° on inside of base


Olive Black

Base 1


Aqua Green

Base 1 Label: red, yellow white.


Aqua Green

Base 1 Label: red


Aqua Green

Base and body 1 3 dots and 33 on base,Label black,white and yellow JO..OWN…*…EN…


Salad oil Aqua Green

Base and body 1 A on base


Aqua blue

Base and sides 1 …YERS on side.C* 48 on bottom


Olive black

Neck fragment 1


Top 1 seal residue


Olive black

Top 1 seal residue


Aqua Green

Top 1


Olive black

Top 1 seal residue


Coffin Flask Aqua Green

Whole 1 5 on base


Ring seal Brandy/Cognac

Green Whole 1


Glass stopper Aqua Green

Whole 1

Trench Eastern Baulk - C on section drawing

Bottle Glass

olive black

Top 1

Trench Eastern Baulk - D on section drawing

Bottle Glass

olive light

Fragment 1

Total 140

Metal and miscellaneous items

Provenance Artefact Class Type/ Element Portion Comments

Dimensions (cm) Count

Barrel feature 1 Fabric Woven, burnt, wood fragments. 1

Barrel feature 1 Metal UMO UMO 2.8 cm width 1

Barrel feature 1 Possible Leather 1

Barrel feature 2 Metal Link - for chain Whole 2 nails bent to form a link Length 8.1 thickness 1 1

Barrel feature 2 Metal Link - for chain Whole 1 nail bent to form a link Length 5 thickness 0.75 1

Barrel feature 2 Metal Small bolts Whole 6 Barrel feature 2 Metal Square metal object 5.45 by 5. 1 Barrel feature 2 Metal UMO 1

Barrel feature 2 Unidentified material. 3

Barrel feature 2 Wood Window frame - mullion Painted 1

Bottle Dump Cork Cork 1

Bottle Dump Metal Hinge Whole 2 cm by 1.35 cm 1

Bottle Dump Wood Wood 5 Immediately north of mechanic's pit Metal

Strip - possible barrrel hoop 1

Path Feature Clay pipe Stem 1

Path Feature Clay pipe Stem 1

Path Feature Metal Button Whole 1

Path Feature Metal Nail 3

Path Feature Metal Sheet 1

Posthole E Metal Forged hoe or grubber Whole

Width 13.5 cm length 21.5 1

Posthole E Metal Copper tubing very thin walled Broken Length 5.1 1

Posthole E Metal Threaded rod Broken 1.6 dia and 19 cm in length 1

Posthole E Metal Iron rod Broken 10.2 length dia 1.8 1

Posthole E Metal

Hook - for wagon for attachment of train Whole 1

Posthole E Metal Square metal object Whole

Thickness 1.35, 5.15 by 5.2 1

Posthole E Metal Hook- possible for end of train 1

Posthole E Metal Wedge? - eg splitting timber 1

Posthole E Metal Piece of tubing 2 cm inside - 1 cm 1

Posthole E Metal

U-shaped square section metal object with tapered ends

1.6 by 1.3 ( ex 1/2 inch square section rod) 1

Posthole E Metal Wire 2

Rubbish Pit 1 Leather Strap Fragment 5

Rubbish Pit 1 Metal UMO 1



Rubbish Pit 1 Metal

Pin section of a gate - forge welded (pintle) Not as rusted

Rod dia 1.5, spike dia 1.6 by 1.6 length 16.5 1

Rubbish Pit 1 Metal

Bolt round headed possible for attachment of leaf spring to cart of dick chassis Browned top and thread visible 1

Rubbish Pit 1 Metal Matchboxes 2

Rubbish Pit 1 Metal Square headed bolt and nut possible for

Length 8.44 dia 1.65 by 1.65 1



attachment of leaf spring to cart of deck chassis

Rubbish Pit 1 Wood Wood Panel - furniture Painted colours orange and light-green

Width 4.8 thickness 1.5 1

Rubbish Pit 2 Fabric

Green or brown in colour woven possible sacking 1

Rubbish Pit 2 Leather Shoe heel with metal heel plate

Length 4.72 by 4.2 1

Rubbish Pit 2 Metal UMO Fragment 1

Rubbish Pit 2 Metal

Tool possible tapered metal projections at each end with possible wooden handles. Length 23 cm 1

Rubbish Pit 2 Metal Paint tin 1

Rubbish Pit 2 Metal

Tin can rectangluar sectioned body with neck 1


Rubbish Pit 2 Metal

Copper/brass part from oil lamp, with holder for chimney 1

Rubbish Pit 2 Metal Licence plate- moter vehicle 1

Rubbish Pit 2 Metal Matchboxes 2


Rubbish Pit 2 Metal UMO - metal ring

4.5 width, thickness .55, oval at longest length 11.7 1

Rubbish Pit 2 Metal 1inch water pipe treaded union 1

Rubbish Pit 2 Metal Unknown 1 Rubbish Pit 2 Metal Shotgun shell 1

Rubbish Pit 2 Metal Nail non-rusted Head 1.3 dia, length 4.2 1

Rubbish Pit 2 Metal Buckle from men's braces

Rubbish Pit 2 Metal UMO

Rubbish Pit 2 Metal Bucket/container of the circular form

Base and sides 1

Surface Collection Paper/card Cigarette packet Whole

Three Castles cigarettes, W.D. & H.O. Wills. Bristol & London. Middle of picture " the Three Castles tobacco" shield with Bristol & London on one side and W.D. & H.O. Wills on the other. "there is no sweeter tabacco comes from Virginian and…… brand than the Thackeray Three Castles Virginians. Prize medal." Registered trade mark. This label is ... British and American Tobacco... to Bristol, London & Liverpool. Successors to W.D. & H.O. Wills. " every genuine package of the Three Castles cigarettes has the signature thus:- W.D. & H.O. Wills" 1

Surface Collection Paper/card Bullet cartridges Whole

22 long rifle r.. Lesmok. 88 hollow point cartridges. 35… bullet. Kem..otom union metal …… oge co. 1

Surface Collection Paper/card Business card

I…O BROS. &CO., LTD. FORD DEALERS. GARAGE: LOWER HIGH ST, DUNEDIN. Signature in middle 1

Surface collection Metal

Horse shoe - all-terrain design Whole 1

Surface Collection lower terrace Metal Bottle cap Whole 1 Surface Collection lower terrace Metal Matchboxes 4.5 by 7.5 cm 3

Surface R Metal Matchboxes Fragment 4

Surface R Metal Rod Fragment 1 Surface R Metal Matchboxes Whole 1 Trench E Baulk - G on section

Copper alloy ? Broken 1



drawing artefact Trench fill Metal bolts Whole 2

APPENDIX 3

Faunal Data

Fauna

Provenance Data Species Type/Element Portion Side Age NISP Evidence of Butchery

Pit Feature in Trench Unid. Unidentifiable Fragments Fragments N/A 26

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus calcaneus Whole L 1

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Femur Distal R Juvenile 1 Yes

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Astragallus Whole L 1

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Scapula lateral L 1 Yes

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Tibia Distal shaft R Juvenile 1

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Metacarpal Distal shaft R 1

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Femur Distal shaft L Juvenile 1

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Metacarpal Distal shaft R 1 Yes

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Tibia Proximal shaft L Juvenile 1

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Thoracic vertebrae Fragment N/A 1 Yes

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Navicular Whole N/A 2

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Thoracic vertebrae Fragment N/A 1 Yes

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Femur Distal shaft L Juvenile 1

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Tarsal Whole N/A 1

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Carpal Whole N/A 1

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Misc vertebrae Fragments N/A 3

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Phalange Whole N/A 6

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Rib Shaft fragment N/A 2 Yes

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Scapula Body and Neck R 1 Yes

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Metatarsal Shaft fragment R 1

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Metatarsal Distal shaft R 1

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Molar Whole N/A 2

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Maxilla Fragments N/A 2

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Mandible Fragments N/A 2

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Rib Fragments N/A 2 Yes

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Radius Proximal shaft L 1

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Metatarsal Shaft fragment N/A Juvenile 1

Pit Feature in Trench B. taurus Calcaneus Whole R 1

Pit Feature in Trench H. sapiens Upper molar 1 Whole L 1

Pit Feature in Trench Unid. Unidentifiable fragments Fragments N/A 20

Pit Feature in Trench O. aries Tibia Proximal shaft R 1 Yes

Pit Feature in Trench O. aries Mandible Anterior R 1

Pit Feature in Trench O. aries Scapula Lateral R 1

Pit Feature in Trench O. aries Mandible L 1

Pit Feature in Trench O. aries Mandible Anterior R 1

Pit Feature in Trench O. aries Vertebrae Epiphsial plate N/A 1

Pit Feature in Trench O. aries Metatarsal Proximal shaft N/A 1

Rubbish Pit 2 O. aries Axis - vertebrae Fragment N/A 2

One has evidence of butchery

Rubbish Pit 2 O. aries Tibia Proximal shaft R 1 Yes

Rubbish Pit 2 O. aries Femur Shaft fragment N/A 1

Rubbish Pit 2 O. aries Pelvic bone fragment Acetabular 1

Rubbish Pit 2 O. aries Mandible Posterior L 1

Rubbish Pit 2 O. aries Pelvic bone fragment Aricular surface L 1

Rubbish Pit 2 O. aries Atlas - vertebrae Whole N/A 1

Rubbish Pit 2 O. aries Incisor Whole N/A 1

Rubbish Pit 2 O. aries Axis - Vertebrae Fragment N/A 1

Rubbish Pit 2 O. aries Calcaneus Whole R 1

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Pelvic bone fragment Actabular R 1

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Humerus Distal shaft R 1

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Radius and Ulna Whole R 1

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Pelvic bone fragment Aricular surface L 1

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Radius Distal shaft R Juvenile 1

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Metatarsal Whole R Juvenile 1

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Long bone shaft Shaft N/A 1

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Radius Shaft fragment N/A 2

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Femur Distal shaft R 1

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Tibia Distal shaft R 1

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Metacarpal Shaft fragment N/A 1

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Calcaneus Whole R 1

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Astragallus Whole R 1

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Molar Whole N/A 1

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Femur Shaft fragment N/A 1

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Tibia Distal shaft R Juvenile 1

Rubbish pit 1 O. aries Metacarpal Whole N/A 1

Trench fill O. aries Scapula Lateral R 1

Trench fill O. aries Metatarsal Whole L 1

Trench fill Ostreidae Oyster shell - flat Whole N/A 1

Trench fill S. scrofa Femur Distal shaft L Juvenile 1

Trench fill S. scrofa Pelvic bone fragment Acetabular L 1

Trench fill S. scrofa Tibia Shaft fragment R 1 Yes

Trench fill S. scrofa Metatarsal Shaft fragment N/A 1

Trench fill Unid. Cranium Fragment N/A 1

Trench fill Unid. Unidentifiable fragments Fragments N/A 9

7 have evidence of butchery

Surface Collection lower terrace Unid.

Unidentifiable fragments Fragments N/A 5

Total 146

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