Final Terms

Judaism:Persians – A peoples from what is now Iran. At on point there was a Persian Empire (The Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE) , also called "First Persian Empire") established by Cyrus the Great (600 or 576 –530 BCE) who conquered Babylon, allowed the Diaspora to reunite ( 538 BCE) and rebuild the temple. This is the Second Temple (515 BCE)Pesach – This is Passover the spring Jewish festival commemorating deliverance from Egypt. The Jewish people celebrate Passover as a commemoration of their liberation over 3,300 years ago by God from slavery in ancient Egypt. Passover commences on the 15th of the Hebrew month of Nisan and lasts for either seven days (in Israel) or eight days (in the diaspora). In the narrative of the Bible God helped the Children of Israel escape from their slavery in Egypt by inflicting ten plagues upon the Egyptians before the Pharaoh would release his Israelite slaves; the tenth and worst of the plagues was the death of the Egyptian first-born. The Israelites were instructed to mark the doorposts of their homes with the blood of a slaughtered spring lamb and, upon seeing this, the spirit of the Lord knew to pass over the first-born in these homesPharisees – (140BCE – 70 CE) political party in ancient Judaism teaching the oral Torah along with the written Torah, resurrection of the body and application of the law in everyday life. Were powerless, populous, and not rebellious.Rabbi - “My Master” Title for the teacher of the law, the spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation.Reform Judaism - Modern movement to conform tradition to the conditions of modern life and allow changes to the HalakhahSaadia - Sa adiah ben Yosef (882-942)ʻ Head of the Sura academy in Babylonia. Translated the Hebrew bible into Arabic. Challenged the Karaites. Sabbath – Seventh day of the week. Sacred day of rest for Jews.Sadducees - (140BCE – 70 CE) Conservative party of temple priests and sympathizers who rejected the oral Torah and the idea of resurrection. David’s Reign as King

- 1000-960 BCE- most famous and most loved king- the model king: consolidation of the kingdom; peace and prosperity- Jerusalem a Israel’s capital. - Under his rule, Israel had become powerful, and went into its golden age; wisely

governed tribes, forged them into a unified nation. Dead Sea

- Also known as Bahr Lut, Eastern Sea, Lake of Asphalt, Salt Sea, “Sea of Sodom and Gomorrah”, Sea of the Devil, Sea of the Plain, Stinking Lake.

- Bible refers to it as Salt Sea, or “Sea of the Arabah”. - In Biblical narratives, its most important role was as a barrier, blocking traffic to

Judah from the east. Diaspora (Judaism)

- The dispersion of Jews among the Gentiles after the Babylonian Exile; or the aggregate of Jews or Jewish communities scattered “in exile” outside Palestine or present-day Israel.

Divided Monarchy

- All through reigns of David and Solomon, the whole of Palestine had been known as Israel.

- Upon death of Solomon and succession of his son Rehoboam, uneasy truce between north and south ended.

- Essentially, a divided nation. United Monarchy: is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel & Judah during the reins of Saul, David and Solomon; known primarily from the Hebrew bible.Ur: A village that existed close to modern day Basrah. Found on Biblical legend slide Zealots: Jewish religious party in the Roman period that advocated resistance to Roman occupation.Zionism: (Nationalism) Modern movement to secure a Jewish homeland in Palestine which led to the formation of the state of IsraelAbraham:

- 20Th Century BCE Genesis 12- He was one of the three patriarchs (God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob)

Acculturation: Was a response to Persecution Modern Sectarianism: Reform18th CenturyAshkenazi:  Jews from Europe and RussiaAssyrians: Were Jewish, they rose to power in 721 BCE and they sacked northern Kingdom8th century BCEAntiochus Epiphanes IV:

- (The Manifest [God])- Tried to Hellenize the Jews - make them accept Greek culture and religion- and

thus breaking the Jewish religion. 167 BCE Jewish Christianity:

- Were the original members of the Jewish movement that later became Christianity. 

- Characterized by combining the confession of Jesus as Christ with continued adherence to Jewish practices

Jacob/Israel- Isaac’s younger son, one of the three clans- These clans were semi nomadic herders on the fringes of the Arabian desert- Jacob is noted as not a saint: There is a story about how he cheated his brother,

and cunningly established himself as a wealthy man with 12 sons- A key story also tells us about a night wherein Jacob wrestled with god all night,

refusing to let go until he received gods blessing. With the blessing Jacob also received a new name – “Israel” – which translates to “He strives with god”

- Story ends by describing how Jacob (Now Israel), and his family found their way down into Egypt during a drastic famine and how Joseph (one of the sons who had been sold into slavery by his brothers), rose to great power in Egypt

Jordan River- In The Tanakh, the Jordan River is mentioned several times as a source of

fertility for Israel- In the Christian tradition: The Jordan is the scene of the baptism of Jesus by John

the Baptist.

Joshua: Reached the land of Canaan and Yahweh fulfilled his promise by giving them victory and possession under the leadership of Joshua (They had to battle for the land of Canaan).

Judah (place)- King David and his son Solomon were so obsessed with women; Yahweh stripped

the kingdom from Solomon’s son’s hand, leaving only the tribe of Judah as the kingdom of David, the other tribes breaking away to form the kingdom of Northern Israel.

- Judgement was passed by Yahweh on both the kings of Judah and the kings of Northern Israel (Many of which turned to other gods, neglected the poor, etc)

- Babylonians destroyed the Kingdom of Judah in 587 B.C.E.Kabbalah

- Jewish Mysticism that developed together with the Talmud, in the form of popular oral traditions, and it held an important place in Judaism from the twelfth to the seventeenth centuries.

- The Kabbalah was an esoteric (inner) form of biblical interpretation that looked for the inner, secretive meaning of the text.

- Central work of the Kabbalah was called the Zohar, written as a mystical commentary on the Torah. It portrays a grand vision of God’s relation to the world.

Judah Halevi- He was a Spanish poet, philosopher, and proto-Zionist. - His Songs of Zion, giving expression to the poets yearning for the land of Israel, are

still used in synagogues during the Ninth of Av service to introduce a note of consolation after the recital of the dirges on this day of mourning for the destruction of the Temple and for other calamities of the Jewish past.

Maccabees: the leaders of a Jewish rebel group that drove out the Seleucids in 167 B.C.E and created an independent state that lasted for the next century.Samson Raphael Hirsch: He was a German rabbi and was the intellectual founder of Torah im Derech Eretz school of contemporary Orthodox Judaism.Second Temple: This was an important Jewish Holy Temple that stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the Second Temple period between 516 BCE and 70CE. It replaced the First Temple that was destroyed in 586 BCE when the Jews of the Kingdom of Judah went to exile known as the Babylonian captivity.Septuagint: This is a translation of the Hebrew Bible and some related texts in the Koine Greek.Sephardic: This is a group of Jews whose emergence as  a distinct community of Jews coalesced in the Liberian Peninsula around the start of the 2nd millenniums.Sicarii: This is an extremist splinter group of Jewish Zealots who attempted to expel the Romans and their partisans from the Roman province of Judea decades immediately before the destruction of Jerusalem in 70CE. The Sicarri carried small daggers concealed in their cloak and the daggers were only brought out in public gatherings to attack Romans or Roman sympathizers.Shabbatai Zvi:    He was a Sephardic Rabbi and kabbalist who claimed to be the long awaited Jewish Messiah. He was the founder of the Jewish Sabbatean movement.Shema: These are the first two words of a section of the Torah, and is the title of a prayer that serves as a counterpiece of the morning and evening Jewish prayer services.Shoah: In Judaism, Shoah means catastrophe in Hebrew. This became the standard term for the 20th century Holocaust.Solomon Schechter: He was  a Moldavian born Romanian Rabbi. He was most famous for his roles as founder and President of the United Synagogue of America, President of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America and architect of the American Conservative Jewish movement.

Exodus - The second book of the Old Testament; it tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt, made possible by the ten plagues of egypt and the parting of the Red Sea. Exodus is a Greek word meaning “departure.”Ezra - According to the Hebrew Bible he returned from the Babylonian exile and reintroduced the Torah in Jerusalem (Ezra 7-10 and Neh 8). According to First Esdras, a non-canonical Greek translation of the Book of Ezra, he was also a high priest.First Temple - According to the Hebrew Bible, Solomon's Temple, also known as the First Temple, was the Holy Temple in ancient Jerusalem, on the Temple Mount (also known as Mount Zion), before its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar II after the Siege of Jerusalem of 587 BCE. There is no direct archaeological evidence for the existence of Solomon's Temple, and no mention of it in the surviving contemporary extra-biblical literature.Founding of Israel - officially the State of Israel, is a country in Western Asia, situated at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip on the east and southwest, respectively, and Egypt and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial center is Tel Aviv, while Jerusalem is the country's most populous city and its designated capital, although Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is not recognized internationally.On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly recommended the adoption and implementation of the Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine. The end of the British Mandate for Palestine was set for midnight on 14 May 1948. That day, David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared "the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel," which would start to function from the termination of the mandate.[11][12][13] The borders of the new state were not specified. Neighboring Arab armies invaded the former Palestinian mandate on the next day and fought the Israeli forces.[14][15] Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states,[16] in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula (1956–1957, 1967–1982), part of South Lebanon (1982–2000), Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. It annexed portions of these territories, including East Jerusalem, but the border with the West Bank is disputed.[17][18][19][20] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and with Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.Galilee - northernmost region of ancient Palestine, corresponding to modern northern Israel. Its biblical boundaries are indistinct; conflicting readings leave clear only that it was part of the territory of the northern tribe of Naphtali.The Galilee region was presumably the home of Jesus during at least 30 years of his life. Jesus was brought to Galilee by his parents Joseph and Mary after learning of the death of Herod while residing in Egypt (Matthew 2:19-23). Much of the first three Gospels of the New Testament is devoted to an account of Jesus' public ministry in this province, particularly in the towns of Nazareth and Capernaum. Galilee is also cited as the place where Jesus performed many public miracles, including curing a blind man. After the death of Jesus, some accounts suggest his disciples returned to Galilee and their experience of his resurrection took place there.Gemarrah - the component of the Talmud comprising rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah. After the Mishnah was published by Judah HaNasi (c. 200 CE), the work was studied exhaustively by generation after generation of rabbis in Babylonia and the Land of Israel. Their discussions were written down in a series of books that became the Gemarrah, which when combined with the Mishnah constituted the Talmud.

There are two versions of the Gemarrah. The Yerushalmi, also known as the Palestinian, was compiled by scholars of Israel, primarily of the academies of Tiberias and Caesarea, which was published between about 350–400 CE. The Bavli was published about 500 CE by scholars of Babylonia, primarily of the academies of Sura, Pumbedita, and Mata Mehasia. By convention, a reference to the "Gemarrah" or "Talmud," without further qualification, refers to the Babylonian version- the component of the Talmud comprising rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah. After the Mishnah was published by Judah HaNasi (c. 200 CE), the work was studied exhaustively by generation after generation of rabbis in Babylonia and the Land of Israel. Their discussions were written down in a series of books that became the Gemarrah, which when combined with the Mishnah constituted the Talmud.There are two versions of the Gemarrah. The Yerushalmi, also known as the Palestinian, was compiled by scholars of Israel, primarily of the academies of Tiberias and Caesarea, which was published between about 350–400 CE. The Bavli was published about 500 CE by scholars of Babylonia, primarily of the academies of Sura, Pumbedita, and Mata Mehasia. By convention, a reference to the "Gemarrah" or "Talmud," without further qualification, refers to the Babylonian versionGreeks - The rise and spread of Greek civilization affected the course of the non-Jewish world as perhaps no other historical force. Greek culture and philosophy formed the foundation for much of what today is known as Western civilization. The arrival of the Greeks as a prominent power in the Mediterranean basin greatly affected the Jewish settlement in Israel as well.More overwhelming than the political or military threat which the Greeks posed was the spiritual threat. Jewish allegiance to the Torah was challenged as at no other time. Greek values often clashed with the Jewish ideal, and, therefore, the infiltration of Greek culture and ideas set the stage for one of the most intriguing chapters in Jewish history.Synagogue-it stemmed from the meeting the Jews had on sabbath. The word synagogue came to mean a building but the Greek word originally referred to a religious meeting.Talmud-The religion of Judaism, grown from the Israelite religion, reached its final form in the teachings of the rabbis as set down in the talmud.Tanakh- The religion of Israel is that known from the pages of the Hebrew bible, the Tanakh.Theodore Herzl- (1860-1904) of Vienna provided an impetus for Zionism by writing an influential book, the Jewish state, and organizing the world Zionist congress. He and others felt that only in a state with Jewish sovereignty could Jews finally end their homelessness and shape their own destiny.Torah-means laws or instructions. It was given to Moses on Mt Sinai by God. It contains the first five parts of the Jewish bible; Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and DeutronomyThree Patriarchs-Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, known as the Patriarchs, are both the physical and spiritual ancestors of Judaism. They founded the religion now known as Judaism, and their descendants are theJewish people.Holocaust - Ancient Israelite ritual meaning “all consuming sacrificial fire” used in modern times to denote the destruction of Jews and others under the Nazi’sIsaac - Isaac as described in the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an, was the only son Abraham had with his wife Sarah, and was the father of Jacob and Esau. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham was 100 years old when Isaac was born, and Sarah was past 90.Ishmael - Ishmael, from the Hebrew word meaning God hears, was the son of Abraham and Hagar, the Egyptian maid of his wife Sarah. When Sarah had found herself not having children, she arranged to have a child with Abraham by Hagar acting as a surrogate mother (Genesis 16:1-4), even though God had specifically stated that a child would be born to

Sarah in due time (see Isaac). The result was bitter conflict between Ishmael and Isaac, and their descendants, that has gone on right to the present day. Ishmaelites - Recorded as descendants of Ishmael in the bible.Israel/Israelites - Israel: means “he strives with God” it became the name of Jacob’s descendants in a very expressive way :They are God’s people who always struggle with God. Name of modern Jewish state.Israelite: a member of the ancient Hebrew nation, especially in the period from the Exodus to the Babylonian CaptivityNebuchadnezzar: King Nebuchadnezzar, sack Judah 587 BC, destroying the temple, levels JerusalemOrthodox Judaism: take a stricter interpretation of Torah, they allow cultural changes, but not changes in Torah.Marranos: Spanish Jews who were outwardly Christianized but many whom secretly continued Jewish tradition. This term arose during the Spanish Inquisition, circa 1391Masada: Mountain fortress near the Dead Sea where Jewish Zealots made a last stand against the Romans. They committed mass suicide. This was during the First Jewish-Roman War. Circa 73-74 CEMessiah: End-time king, the anointed one, descendant from King David, expected to redeem Israel; Christians identified the Messiah with Jesus.Mt.Zion: Where the City of David was. 2nd century CE. It is where the first temple was built as well.  Mt.GerazimMordecai Kaplan: Rabbi who founded re-constructionist Judaism.Moses: Leader of Israel in the Exodus from Egypt and the founding of the covenant on Mt. Sinai. He was born during the time when Egyptians were killing Hebrew infant boys. His mother placed him in a basket and put it on the river in hopes of saving him. The daughter of the King found him and adopted him. However when he saw a slaver beating a Jewish slave, he killed him and then became a fugitive. He was told by God to bring the Jews out of Egypt. He did, and led them to Mt. Sinai for commandments. Moses Mendelssohn: 18th Century CE, played an important part in acculturation between Jews and Germans. Tried to help Jews understand and accept German culture. Translated the Hebrew bible into German with added commentary and interpretation. MosesMaimonides: 12 century Wrote the Guide for the Perplexed, to help Jews understand the Torah. Midrash: When there is a passage from the Tanakh which needs to be analyzed/interpreted. The interpreted text lies around the passage, with space to add more interpretation as time goes on. 

Mishnah: Code of Jewish oral law compiled circa 200 c.e. by Judah the Prince. The oral

torah. It was given to Moses on Mt. Sinai verbally by God, so it was never written down, but verbally passed along. Mitzvah: Commandments given by God through the Torah.

Christianity:Pope - Head of the Catholic Church, and the Bishop of Rome. The importance of the Roman bishop is largely derived from his role as the traditional successor to Saint Peter, to whom Jesus gave the keys of Heaven and the powers of "binding and loosing," naming him as the "rock" upon which the church would be built. The word pope derives from a Greek word meaning "Father".Priest - Is a person authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in particular, rites of sacrifice to, and propitiation of, a deity or deities.Protestant - The form of Christian faith and practice that originated with the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation was a movement against what Protestants considered to be the errors of the Roman Catholic Church. The Protestant movement has its origins in present-day Germany and is popularly considered to have begun in 1517 when Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses as a reaction against perceived abuses in the sale of indulgences, which offered remission of sin to purchasers. The various Protestant denominations share a rejection of the universal authority of the PopeRome - Location of the Vatican. Is in Italy.Roman Catholicism - The historic Western Christian church as it has continued under the leadership of the pope Constantine -

- Known as the First Christian Emperor; Born 280AD, died 377AD- First Roman Emperor to profess Christianity. - Prompted the progression of the Roman Empire into a Christian state and

provided impulse for a distinctively Christian culture.- Issued the Edict of Milan in 313, declaring Christianity a legal religion, drawing a

three-century-long persecution of the Christian religion to an end. Constantinople -

- Built seventh century BCE, previously was city of Byzantium.- Understanding its strategic importance and after reuniting the empire, Emperor

Constantine built his new capital – Constantinople – in 324 AD. - Would become economic and cultural hub of the east and the center of both

Greek classics and Christian ideals. Covenant:

- formal promise that were made under oath. - The continuous promises made to humanity by God, as revealed in Scripture;- The agreement between God and the ancient Israelites in which Gob promised

to protect them if they kept His law and were faithful to Him. Crucifixion -

- historically, a form of slow and painful execution in which the victim is nailed/tied to a large wooden cross and left until dead.

- The Crucifixion of Jesus Christ is a central event in Christianity. Crusade -

- military campaigns sanctioned by the Latin Roman Catholic Church during the High Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages.

- 1095 – Pope Urban II proclaimed First Crusade with the goal of restoring Christianity to holy places in and near Jerusalem.

- Holy wars, essentially. - First Crusade most successful from military standpoint; waged ‘against infidels’- There were 7 major crusades. - First – 1095-1099, called by pope urban II, and led by Peter the Hermit, Walter

the Penniless, Ogdfrey the Bouillon, Baldwin and Eustace of Flanders. - Second, 1147-49: headed by King Louis VII; a disastrous failure, including the

loss of one of the 4 Latin Kingdom, the Duchy of Edessa.- Third, 1188-92: by Pope Gregory VIII after the catastrophic 2nd. Emperor

Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip Augustus of France, and King Richard “Coeur-de-Lion” of England.

- Fourth, 1202-04: during which Constantinople was sacked.- Fifth, 1217-1221: conquest of Damietta- Sixth, 1228028: Frederick II took part; also Richard of Cornwall. - Seventh, 1248-50: led by King Louis iX of France (Saint Louis)

Cyrus -- Cyrus the Great – 600-530 BCE- “father of the Iranian nation”, was the first world leader to be refered to as

“Great”- founded first empire – second Iranian dynastic empire – after defeating the

Median dynasty and uniting the Medes with the other major Iranian tribe, the Persians.

Cyril -- one of the apostles of the Slavs;- Saint Cyril, one of the two 9th century Byzantine Greek brothers in Macedonia. - One of the principle Christian missionaries among the Slavic people of the Great

Moravia and Pannonia, introducing Orthodox Christianity. Diet of Worms -

- 1521 an imperial diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms, Germany at the Heylshof Gardens.

- A diet was a formal deliberate assembly. - Most memorable was the Edict of Worms addressing Martin Luther and the

effects of Protestant Reformation, conducted 28 jan to 25th may 1521. Docetics -

- docetism is the belief that Jesus’ physical body was an illusion as was his crucifixion: that is, Jesus only seemed to have a physical boy to physically die, but in reality he was incorporeal, a pure spirit, and hence could not physically die.

- Treats the sentence “the World was made Flesh” (John 1:14) as merely figurative.

Dome of the Rock Ecumenism- ??????

Edict of Milan - - done by Emperor Constantine- -313 AD agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire.

Western Roman Emperor Constanine I and Licinius, who controlled the Balkans, met in Milan and among other things, agreed to change policy towards Christian, making it a legal religion.

Episcopalians - - also known as the Protestant Episcopal Church in the USA- US based member church of the worldwide Anglican communion. - “protestant, yet catholic”; so, it means to say it’s universal. - Founded 1789

Vatican II: The second Vatican Council, most modern council, brings Catholicism in to modern practices Wittenburg: Invited to debate. 95 Theses of Luther (1517 CE) re: Direct Challenge and refutation of many Catholic ideasAnglicans:Developed by Henry VIII King of England. He developed this religion because he wants a divorce, so he regrets the authority of the pope and establishes his own church called Anglicanism. 1534 CEApostle to the Gentiles:1st CenturyHappened during stage two- PaulAthanasius:Bishop Athanasius, from Alexandria. Him and other Christian thinkers recognized a danger to the Christian faith in this popular Arian view. They debated the Arius, from Alexandria.He believed that the co-eternity between God the Father and Jesus the Son and that Jesus was homo-ousion.In the end Constantine brought both (Arius and Athanasius) to Nicea (325 CE) and choose Athanasius as the winner of the debate.4th CenturyArius:Arius, from Alexandria believed that Jesus was not eternal but created and that Jesus was homoiousion. "There was a time when Jesus didn't exist." -AriusHe lost the debate, between him and Anthanasius.4th CenturyArchbishop of Canterbury:The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and leader of the Church of England and the symbolic head of the Anglican Communion.Jesus- Was a jew, was born into a jewish family, lived life practicing jewish way; died and was buried as a jew. - Born roughly 4 B.C.E- Grew up in Nazareth and Galilee.- Father was a carpenter, and he became a wandering preacher and healer and teacher, and claimed to present a new message about God and God’s kingdom.- Because of this he presented a threat to the authorities, and was executed by crucifixion by the Romans at roughly 35 years of age.- The Christians however, see his life as the presence of the messiah, the son of god, the savior of the world.- Christians understand the Torah and all Hebrew scriptures differently than the Jews, the main difference being that they believe everything points towards Jesus being the messiah.- According to the Christian story then, god, the loving parent created humans to live in fellowship and happiness with their creator, but they fell into sin (as us humans do lol),

rebelling against god, and because of this, humans live in evil and suffering. - Christians see this story narrated in the Hebrew scriptures, but they see it as the preliminary stage of God’s plan of salvation. So, they speak of these scriptures as the old testament.Life and teachings of Jesus: - Focal point of Jesus’ story is his death on the cross and his resurrection.- His resurrection is understood by Christians as the climax and fulfillment of God’s plan of salvation.Labarum- An image of the labarum, with the Greek letters Alpha and Omega inscribed. Labarum refers to a military standard used in the Roman Empire that was adapted by the Emperor Constantine I as a symbol of Christianity.LXX (The Septuagint) An important text in Judaism and Christianity, the Septuagint is a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible (i.e. the Christian “Old Testament”), which was written approximately 200 to 300 years before Jesus Christ in Egypt.Many scholars believe that there is an abundance of legend that has grown up around the story of how the Septuagint originated. The often-told story is that the Egyptian king Ptolemy II subsidized the translation the Torah (i.e. the five books of Moses) for Jews in Egypt who were more familiar with the Greek language than the Hebrew one.Some legends say 70 scholars worked on the translation, others say it was 72. Philo of Alexandria reported that six scholars were chosen from each of the 12 tribes of Israel, which is also believed to be mythological. Ptolemy II is said to have put each scholar in his own private chamber and instructed each to translate the Torah, which they each did with identical results.After the Torah was translated, the rest of the Hebrew Bible was completed in future generations. It is believed that the Septuagint was completed in 132 BC.The Septuagint in JudaismThe use of the Septuagint in Judaism was short-lived. Many Jews at the time came to disregard the translation by the first few centuries after Christ. In part this was because of the Septuagint’s popularity with early Christians, who relied on it because it was written in Greek, not unfamiliar Hebrew.Yet even if the early Christians hadn’t relied upon it, it was unlikely the Septuagint would have become a primary document for Jews because it wasn’t written in their cherished tongue.The Septuagint in ChristianityThe use of the Septuagint in early Christianity was extensive. Not only was Greek the primary language of the Roman Empire, which provided the political and culture background of the early church, it was the tongue of Gentiles who the Apostle Paul, among others, reached out to as a key part of their evangelistic ministry.For example when writers of the New Testament quote the Hebrew Bible, or quote Jesus quoting the Hebrew Bible, they often reference the Septuagint, not the original Hebrew. This suggests that the writers of the New Testament believed the Septuagint accurately reflected the Torah and the rest of the Hebrew Bible and even considered it as authoritative as the original.The Septuagint TodayToday the Septuagint is used in different ways and mostly by Christians. Catholics and Protestants used the translation for New Testament studies since it’s quoted or alluded to so frequently by Paul and other writers. It’s also utilized for language studies since the Septuagint and the New Testament were both written in Koine Greek.

In Eastern Orthodox Christianity, the Septuagint is the text used to translate the Hebrew Bible into other languages. They also use it liturgically, that is, in corporate worship settingsLuther- Pope Julius 2 wanted to make a new Basilica in Rome, and to offset the cost the church was selling indulgences (which are basically forgiveness for your sins)- Martin Luther’s so called “Tower experience” changed his life.- Preparing for lectures on the Psalms, he was bothered by the references to God’s righteousness.- Raging at god over the impossibility of living up to the righteousness of God, Luther suddenly saw a totally different meaning: The righteousness of God is a forgiving righteousness, by which God makes us righteous through Christ. - The theology of “Justification through faith by grace” henceforth became the heart of Luthers theology. - He opposed the sale of these indulgences, he composed 95 theses for discussion setting forth a variety of arguments against the practice of indulgences. - His protests circulated rapidly amongst the people.- Before long he was condemned for heresy.- The pope finally excommunicated Luther.- Luthers doctrine of Justification by faith through God’s grace meant that humans can do nothing to merit salvation – thus undercutting the ecclesiastical penitential system. It also called into question the monastic idea – and thousands of men and women in Germany left the monasteries for secular life. Marcion - A leading Christian thinker with Gnostic tendencies- He taught that love is the central element in Christianity, and that Christ’s salvation is of the spirit, not the body.- Since the old testament is based on law and justice, Marcion concluded that the God of the old testament was an evil creator who had made physical sex the means of reproduction.- Marcion rejected the old testament completely, and he carefully edited Christian writings to exclude anything contrary to his Gnostic ideas.- He rejected marriage, wine, and anything to do with the body.- Only celibates could be baptized.Samaria: This was an ancient city in the land of Israel. It was the capital  of the Kingdom of Israel in the 9th century BC and 8th century B. The ruins of the city are located in the Samaria mountain.Saul: He was the first king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah. He was anointed by the Prophet Samuel and reigned from Gibeah. He fell o his sword to avoid capture in the battle against the Philistines at Mount Gilbea, during which three of his sons were also killed.Solagratia: This is one of the five Solae made to summarize the Reformers' basic beliefs during the Protestant Reformation. It is a Latin term meaning grace only.Solafides: This is the doctrine of Justification by faith alone and is a Christian doctrine that distinguishes most Protestant denominations from Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity and some in the Restoration movement.Solascriptura: This is the doctrine that the Bible contains all knowledge necessary for salvation and holiness. It demands that only those doctrines admitted or confessed be found directly within the Scriptures or are drawn indirectly from it by valid reasoning.Excommunication - institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or (as in the present discipline of the Catholic Church) to restrict certain rights within it, such as the reception to Holy Communion.

Filioque - Latin for "and (from) the Son", is a phrase included in some forms of the Nicene Creed but not others, and which has been the subject of great controversy between Eastern and Western churches.Whether one includes that phrase, and exactly how the phrase is translated and understood, can have important implications for how one understands the central Christian doctrine of the Holy Trinity. To some, the phrase implies a serious underestimation of the Father's role in the Trinity; to others, denial of what it expresses implies a serious underestimation of the role of the Son in the Trinity.Four Gospels - By the turn of the 5th century, the Catholic Church in the west, under Pope Innocent I, recognized a biblical canon including the four gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, which had been previously established at a number of regional Synods, namely the Council of Rome (382), the Synod of Hippo (393), and two Synods of Carthage (397 and 419).[19] This canon, which corresponds to the modern Catholic canon, was used in the Vulgate, an early 5th-century translation of the Bible made by Jerome[20] under the commission of Pope Damasus I in 382.Gospel of MatthewGospel of MarkGospel of LukeGospel of JohnHagar - is a biblical person in the Book of Genesis Chapter 16. She was an Egyptian handmaid of Sarai (Sarah), who gave her to Abram (Abraham) to bear a child. Thus came the firstborn, Ishmael, the patriarch of the Ishmaelites.The name Hagar originates from the Book of Genesis, is mentioned in Hadith, and alluded to in the Qur'an. She is revered in the Islamic faith and acknowledged in all Abrahamic faiths. In mainstream Christianity, she is considered a concubine toSumma theologica- This is Thomas Aquinas's magnum opus, written during the last two years of his life,it is a massive systematized statement of the Christian faith.  it was left incomplete .Tertullian- Argued that God's revelation was found in scriptures and apostolic testimony not in philosophical speculation. He began to devise a theological system explaining the Triune God-The trinity as father, son and spirit.Trent- Was a church council during the protestant reformation. It met in 3 sessions between 1545 and 1563 and carefully spelled out the catholic teaching on great number of questions.Trinity-The belief that God is one God in three persons, God the father, God the son and God the Holy spirit.Ten commandments-These are commandments singled out from the many commandments in the torah by Christians as an indication of how God's love works in action.Tarsus-Is a city in present day turkey. St Paul, who was formerly Saul was born there.Theotokos- The Greek title of the Virgin Mary as the Mother of the incarnate Son of God.Homoousion - In Christianity, the key term of the Christological doctrine formulated at the first ecumenical council, at Nicaea in 325, to affirm that God the Son and God the Father are of the same substance.Homoiousion - In the fourth-century Arian controversy, a person who held that God the Father and God the Son are of like but not identical substanceImmaculate Conception - The Immaculate Conception, according to the teaching of the Catholic Church, was the conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in her mother's womb free from original sin.Interior Castle(book) - El Castillo Interior (The Interior Castle) or Las Moradas (The

Mansions) was written by St. Teresa of Avila in 1577. According to contemporary accounts, St. Teresa had a revelation from God of a crystal globe in the shape of a castle containing seven mansions. This is St. Teresa's interpretation of that vision, describing the journey of faith through seven stages, ending with union with God in the inner most mansion.Irenaeus - was bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul, which is now Lyons, France. Irenaeus was born in Smyrna in Asia Minor, where he studied under bishop Polycarp, who in turn had been a disciple of the Apostle John. Leaving Asia Minor for Rome he joined the school of Justin Martyr before being made bishop of Lyons in Southern Gaul in about 178 AD.Irenaeus is primarily noted for his refutation of early Gnosticism. To this end he wrote his major work Against Heresies, in which also sought to expound and defend the orthodox Christian faith. A shorter later work is his Proof of the Apostolic Preaching, a brief summary of Christian teaching, largely concerned with Christ as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy.Nestorius:5th century Nestorius argues Christ had two persons human, and divine, and only the human part was born humanly.Nicea: Nicea(325AD) was where the creed that Athanasius was right by Constantine, creed was established the trinity. Question raised by Nicea, how is Jesus 100% human and divine?Nicene Creed: a formal creed summarizing Christian beliefs; first adopted in 32595 Theses: Martin Luther, He triggers a debate by posting 95 thesis on a church door in Wittenberg, the theses undermined the authority the Roman Catholic church imposes.Orthodox Christianity:: A sect of Christianity. Eastern Orthodoxy has theological debate, Iconoclasts (smash icons) vs Iconodules (like icons), since orthodoxists sort of pray to or worship art or icons. Iconodules win but clarify their position that the art is to help direct the prayer, but God is truly the recipient of prayer.Passion: : suffering and death of Jesus..celebrated on easter.Monophysites: Jesus is completely divine, there is no part of him which is human. 5th century Martin Luther King Jr: Christian African American civil rights activist 1929-1968

Islam:Abu Bakr:Was Muhammad's friend.Abu Bakr was the first Caliph during 632-34 CE. He brought stability to the religion and established Islam throughout Arabia. Abu Bakr died of natural causes but before he died he appointed the next Caliph, which was Umar. Abu Talib:Abu Talib was Muhammad's uncle, he was the head of the Hashim clan. Abu Talib brought Muhammad up.Abu Talib's clan stood by its obligation to protect Muhammad as a member of the clan, even though Abu Talib and most of the Hashim refused to become Muslim. Died in 619 CE when the support/protection system collapsesal-Baqir:5th Imam: Zayad vs. al-BaqirZaydis were the Shi'a sect that followed Zayad as 5th Imam and the rest of Shi'a followed al-Baqir as 5th Imamal-Ghazali:Theological mystic (1058-1111), one of the greatest thinkers in the history of Islam, blasted such dependence on reason with his book, The Confusion of the Philosophers. 

synthesized orthodox  Islamic thought and Sufism11th CenturyAsia Minor:The 3rd Caliph- Uthman (644-56CE)Takes Islam into Asia Minor (Turkey) and North Africa Abbasid Empire: Happened between 750-1258CEAbbasids were a group from Khurasan in the northeast that rallied the opposition to the Umayyads.Abbasids were a competing clan. They massacred Umattads in 750, taking controlThe also established Baghdad as capital.They brought Islam to its golden age, it came to an end with the difficulties in the Abbasid realm in the 11th and 12th centuriesmAli:Muhammad's cousin and son in-law, Abu Talib is his fatherAli was the 4th Caliph from 656-61 CEHe battles with Mu'awiyah at Siffin (657 CE)Ali was assassinated in 661 CE by Kharijite He was also considered to be the first imam or successor to Muhammad by  Shi'ites Aisha:Her father was Abu BakrShe was married to Muhammad at the age of 6.She played an important rol in early Islamic history, during Muhammads life and after his death. She helped spread Muhammad's message and served the Muslim community.She participated in the Battle of Camel, by giving speeches and leading troops on the back of her camel.Kabah- Also known as Kaaba.- Small shrine located near the centre of the Great mosque in Mecca, and considered by Muslims to be the most sacred spot on Earth.- Muslims orient themselves towards this shrine during the five daily prayers, bury their dead facing its meridian, and cherish the ambition of visiting it on pilgrimage, or hajj, in accord with the command set out in the Quaran.- It’s four corners are constructed so they correspond with the points of the compass. - The early history of it is not well known, however, it is certain that in the period before the rise of Islam it was a polytheist sanctuary and was a site of pilgrimage for people throughout the Arabian peninsula.- The Quran says that Abraham and Ishmael ‘raised the foundations’ of the Ka’bah – the exact translation is ambiguous, but many Muslims have interpreted that the phrase meant that they rebuilt a shrine first erected by Adam.Khadija- Khadijah or Khadīja bint Khuwaylid or Khadīja al-Kubra was the first wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. She is commonly regarded by Muslims as the "mother of Islam".- She was the first person to convert to Islam.Kharijites King JamesQur’an - “recitation” the revelation sent to Muhammed. His Holy Book . is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel (Jibril), gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609 CE , when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632 CE , the year of his death. Quranic chapters are called suras and verses are called ayahs.

Quraysh - A powerful merchant tribe that controlled Mecca and its Ka'aba and that according to tradition descended from Ishmael. Muhammad was a member of this tribe. Some clan leaders did not appreciate Muhammad's claim of prophethood and tried to silence him by putting pressure on his uncle, Abu Talib. They rejected Islam's conception of monotheism. After Muhammad died, clan rivalries reignited, playing central roles in the conflicts over the caliphate and contributing to the Shia-Sunni divide.Rumi - Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī was a 13th-century Persian poet, jurist, theologian, and Sufi mystic. “Muslim Shakespeare”. Famous around the world. The story of the man getting beat by a stranger for no reason until he pukes up a snake (a metaphor for the path of the mystic) and the story of the court jester riding for days just to tell the king that he can't fulfill his request (Mocking people who brag about being on the mystic path) are by him. Sacking of Baghdad - The Siege of Baghdad, which lasted from January 29 until February 10, 1258 CE , entailed the investment, capture, and sacking of Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, by the Mongols . Damascus ; Islamic

- one of the oldest cities in the Middle east.- In the middle ages, centre of a flourishing craft industry; - 8th century Great Mosque of the Umayyads, built on the site of an Assyrian

sanctuary. - Influences of Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Islamic civilizations that created

it. - Islam’s prevailing influence, also shows traces of earlier cultures, particularly

Roman and Byzantine.- 635 AD city was conquered by Islamic Arab forces.

Dar al-Harb - - “house of war”; Islamic term used for countries which are not under Islamic rule.

Dhikr -- also spelled Zikr- ritual prayer or litany practiced by Muslim mystics for the purpose of glorifying

God and achieving spiritual perfection. - Essentially a ‘remembering of god by the frequent repetition of his names.

Elijah Muhammad -- 1897-1975 religious figure. - Rose from poverty to become leader of the black nationalist group Nation of

Islam and mentor of Malcolm X- Followed by teachings of W Fard, who preached a new form of Islam tailored to

the needs and problems of the black Americans. Ummah: A community having a common religion; especially the Muslim community.Uthman: The third Caliph (Ruler) in Islamic historyWahhabis: Strict reform movement founded in Arabia in the 18th century and influential throughout Islam.Warith Deen: ?? Have not finished watching Muslim History, if I find info., will forward..Yazid: Second Caliph (Ruler) of the Umayyad Dynasty Yathrib: (Life of Muhammad) 622 CE invitation from Yathrib was later renamed MedinaZaydi Shia: Sect who followed Zayad a 5th Iman.Safavid Empire: This was one of the most important ruling dynasties of Persia which is Iran today. They ruled one of the greatest Persian empires after the Muslim conquest of

Persia and established the twelver school of Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire marking one of the most important turning points in Muslim history.Seveners: These were a branch of Ismaili Shia. They became known as the Seveners because they belive that Ismail ibn Ja'far was the seventh and the last Imam (hereditary leader of the Muslim community in the direct line of Ali ibn Abi Talib)Shah Wali Allah: He was an Islamic scholar reformer and founder of modern Islamic thought who attempted to reassess Islamic theology in the light of modern changes.Shia't Ali: They are a grop of people that represent the Second largest denomination of Islam.Fana - the Sufi term for "passing away" or "annihilation" (of the self).[1] Fana represents a breaking down of the individual ego and a recognition of the fundamental unity of God, creation, and the individual self.[1] Persons having entered this enlightened state obtain awareness of the intrinsic unity (Tawhid) between Allah and all that exists, including the individual's mind. It is coupled conceptually with baqaa, subsistence, which is the state of pure consciousness of and abidance in God.Fatima – “Mother of the Imams” - The Prophet (ص) taught Fatima (ع) divine knowledge and endowed her with special intellectual brilliance, so much so that she realized the true meaning of faith, piety, and the reality of Islam. Fatima (ع) is famous and acknowledged as the "Sayyidatu nisa '1-`alamin" (Leader of all the women of the world for all times) because the Prophethood of Muhammad would not have been everlasting without her. The Prophet is the perfect example for men, but could not be so for women. For all the verses revealed in the Holy Qur'an for women, Fatima is the perfect model, who translated every verse into action. In her lifetime, she was a complete woman, being Daughter, Wife and Mother at the same time.Hasan – the second Imam. First four Shi’a Imams – The first four Shi’a Imams are

1. Abu al-Hassan - Ali ibn Abu Talib - The first Imam and successor of Muhammad in Shia Islam; however, the Sunnis acknowledge him as the fourth Caliph as well. He holds a high position in almost all Sufi Muslim orders (Turuq); the members of these orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.

2. Abu Muhammad – Hasan ibn Ali - He was the eldest surviving grandson of Muhammad through Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah. Hasan succeeded his father as the caliph in Kufa, and on the basis of peace treaty with Muawiyah I, he relinquished control of Iraq following a reign of seven months.

3. Abu Abdillah – Husayn ibn Ali - He was a grandson of Muhammad. Husayn opposed the validity of Caliph Yazid I. As a result, he and his family were later martyred in the Battle of Karbala by Yazid's forces. After this incident, the commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali has become a central ritual in Shia identity.

4. Abu Muhammad – Ali ibn al-Hussein - Author of prayers in Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya, which is known as "The Psalm of the Household of the Prophet" and Risalah al-Huquq which is a charter of rights.

Fivers - Zaidiyya, Zaidism or Zaydi is the second largest branch of Shia Islam. It is a Shia school named after Zayd ibn Ali. Followers of the Zaidi fiqh are called Zaidis or Fivers. Zaidis constitute roughly 40–45% of the population of Yemen. Zaidis recognise Zayd ibn Ali as the fifth Imam.Golden Age of Islam - started with the rise of Islam and establishment of the first Islamic state in 622. The end of the age is variously given as 1258 with the Mongolian Sack of Baghdad, or 1492 with the completion of the Christian Reconquista of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus, Iberian Peninsula. During the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun ar-

Rashid (786 to 809), the House of Wisdom was inaugurated in Baghdad where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic. During the Fatimid era (909–1171) Egypt became the center of an empire that included at its peak North Africa, Sicily, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the Red Sea coast of Africa, Tihamah, Hejaz, and Yemen. During the age, the major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, trade, and educationGenghis Khan - was the founder and Great Khan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his demise. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan," he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.Beyond his military accomplishments, Genghis Khan also advanced the Mongol Empire in other ways. He decreed the adoption of the Uyghur script as the Mongol Empire's writing system. He also practiced meritocracy and encouraged religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire while unifying the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. Present-day Mongolians regard him as the founding father of Mongolia.Vilified throughout most of history for the brutality of his campaigns, Genghis Khan is also credited with bringing the Silk Road under one cohesive political environment. This increased communication and trade from Northeast Asia to Muslim Southwest Asia and Christian Europe, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areasHanif - refers to one who maintained the pure monotheistic beliefs of the patriarch Ibrahim. More specifically, in Islamic thought, they are the people who, during the period known as the Pre-Islamic period or Age of Ignorance, were seen to have rejected idolatry and retained some or all of the tenets of the religion of Abraham (Ibrāhīm) which was "submission to God (Allah)” in its purest form.Sufis- They are ascetics. They punish the body by rejecting the comforts of the world. It is not a group in Islam, it is a way of being Muslim that focuses on being one with God.Twelvers- A group of Muslims from the Shi'ites that believed that the twelfth Imam disappeared and went into a state of hiding or occultation from which he would return one day to destroy evil and establish a new perfect age of Islam. They became dominant in Iran during the sixteenth century and still make up today the vast majority of Muslims in Iran.Umar- 2nd Caliph, he expanded the empire to the Byzantine empire(edges of Christianity)Umayyads- members of a Muslim dynasty that ruled the Islamic world from AD 660 (or 661) to 750 and Moorish Spain from 756 to 1031. The dynasty claimed descent from Umayya, a distant relative of Muhammad.Umayyad Empire-The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty, hailing from Mecca.Hasayn - One of the son’s of ‘Ali and Muhammad’s daughter Fatima, a surviving male heir of Muhammad. Killed at Karbalah considered by Shi’ites as an Imam (successor to the Prophet Muhammad) and a great martyr.Hijra - The immigration of Mohammad and his followers (including Abu Bakr) from Mecca to Medina and the Founding of the Ummah. The year 622 C.E. is Hijra year 1 in the Islamic calendar.

Imam - Islamic scholar and leader, especially in ritual prayer, of Shi’ites the proper successors to the Prophet are called Imams.Ismaili Shia - One of the sub-groups within Islamic faith. The Shia Muslims believe that following the Prophet Muhammad's death, leadership should have passed directly to his cousin/son-in-law, Ali bin Abu Talib. Throughout history, Shia Muslims have not recognized the authority of elected Muslim leaders, choosing instead to follow a line of Imams which they believe have been appointed by the Prophet Muhammad or God Himself. The word "Shia" in Arabic means a group or supportive party of people.Mu’awiyah:

- Mu’awiyah is Uthman’s cousin who believed he should be the next Caliph- Battle with Mu’awiyah at Siffin (657CE) where he fights against Ali for this – Ali

was winning – so Mu’awiyah gets his soldiers to put the Quran on their swords, so Ali was unsure what to do – so he steps back and agrees to send the dispute to arbitration – he allowed Mu’awyiah to get stronger because of this o By 660, Mu’awiyah was a self-appointed caliph

- Ali’s supporters believed that for this, he was an enemy of God so they kill him in 661 – killed by Kharijites

Mughal empire: -- Mongols converted: three empires (1500’s)

o Mughal Empire in India and east (Doesn’t exist anymore) o Safavid Empire in Iran (Doesn’t exist anymore) o Ottoman Empire in Turkey and Eastern Europe

Muhajirun: were the early, initial Muslims who followed the Islamic prophet Muhammad on his Hijra (withdrawal from Mecca to Medina).Muhammad: Life of Muhammed: c. 570, 575, he is born into the Qurayshi tribe Father dies before born, mother dies when is 5, he is raised by Abu Talib. He marries a 40 year old woman, Khadijah at25. Muhammed was a trader. This marriage gives him the time to participate in religious things. Cave on Mt. Hira where Muhammed often visited. In the month of Ramadan, Muhammed receives a vision, night of power. He receives the command “recite” (Qu’ran = recitation). He receives messages from Allah and others will write them down. He was very sceptical at this. After a long break, muhammed has another revelation, and after this one, they come more often, ie Qu’ran is not the result of one revelation. These revelations are often about unjust social practices. He begins his teaching in Mecca and teaches mainly social justice. He condemned usury (interest rates) as it made the poor poorer. Also criticized idol worship and polytheism.  Mu ammad 'Abduhḥ : He was considered as an Egyptian Islamic scholar during his time and to be one of the main callers to Islamic Monderism, also known as Neo-Mu'tazilism.Muhammad Iqbal : considered to be philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is generally viewed as having motivated the Pakistan MovementMustafa Kemal: Turkish army officer, also he was the first President of Turkey. He is recognized with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey.Nation Of islam: The Nation of Islam is considered to be a modified religious movement that has been founded in Detroit, Michigan by Wallace D. Fard Muhammad during July 4, 1930Occultation: Mehdi hiding. This era is referred to Occultation (darkness).Ottoman Empire: Ottoman Empire in turkey and Eastern Europe. Mughal Empire built the Taj Mahal, but all but Ottoman fall quicklyMecca: Capital of Arabia, a sacred city which contains the Ka'bah. Pilgrimages to Mecca have much significance. Political center for the Quraysh Tribe, and central for trade routes

and markets. Mongols: Destroyed Baghdad Genghis Khan pushes Mongolian envasion, killing caliph.Mongolians were happy to convert to islam. Out of this destroyed empire arises 3 branches, Mughal Empire in India, Safavid Empire in Iran, Ottoman Empire in Turkey. 1500s Mt.Hira: The location where Muhammad received the first revelation from God. c.610 CEJahiliyyaJahiliyyah is an Islamic concept of "ignorance of divine guidance" or "the state of ignorance of the guidance from God" or "Days of Ignorance" referring to the condition in which Arabs found themselves in pre-Islamic Arabia, i.e. prior to the revelation of the Quran to Muhammad.

Multiple Denominations: Prophet - People inspired to speak gods word, sometimes their words became part of scripture, culmination in Muhammed as the Seal of Prophets. An individual who is claimed to have been contacted by the supernatural or the divine, and to speak for them, serving as an intermediary with humanity, delivering this newfound knowledge from the supernatural entity to other people. The message that the prophet conveys is called a prophecy.Prophecy - a process in which one or more messages that have been communicated to a prophet are then communicated to others. Such messages typically involve divine inspiration, interpretation, or revelation of conditioned events to comeHenotheism - The belief in and worship of a single God while accepting the existence or possible existence of other deities that may also be worshipped.Heresy - A belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs, customs, etc.Hellenism - The imitation or adoption of ancient Greek language, thought, customs, art, etc; the characteristics of Greek culture, especially after the time of Alexander the Great; civilization of the Hellenistic period.Iconoclast - A destroyer of images used in religious worship, in particular.Iconodule - One who supports or is in favour of using religious images, specifically icons.Myth: Narrative -Often with fantastic elements -Foundational to a community -Transmitting values -Relevant to that communityMonotheism: Believing that there is only one God, without acknowledging the existence of other gods.