AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH:

OIL EXTRACTED FROM MALUNGGAY AS AN ALTERNATIVE VEGETABLE

COOKING OIL

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Hotel and Restaurant Management

St. Michael’s College

Iligan City

In partial fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management

KATHLEEN CLAIRE G. EBAOANDRELOU BERNARD C. GEMELONOVA ANDREA B. MONTERONA

October 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Title Page iTable of Contents iiList of Figures iii

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction 1Theoretical Framework 2Conceptual Framework 3-4Statement of the Problem 5Significance of the Study 5-6Scope and Delimitation of the Study 6Definition of Terms 7

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 8-10

3 RESEARCH METHOD

The Research Design 11Locale of the Study 11-12Respondents of the Study 13Sampling Procedure 13Instrument Used 13Data Gathering Procedure 13Statistical Treatment of Data 14

LIST OF APPENDICIES

Appendix A Letter to the Respondents 15Appendix B Questionnaire 16-18

REFERENCE LIST 19

CURRICULUM VITAE 20-22

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

In our country today, we are facing the problem of finding alternatives

on our daily needs in a way that we can save more money but we would not

be risking our health. In this research, we tried to find an alternative to the

cooking oil we use today. As we all know, the oil process weep on increasing

and all the economic problem is worsening every year.

Our intention for this study is for us to be able to find an alternative

vegetable oil in more cheaper way to compare to the other vegetable oil sold

in the market.

Malunggay (moringa oleifera) is a popular plant to known for nutritional

value as well as a herbal medicine. Malunggay is a plant that grows in the

tropical climates such as the Philippines, India, and Africa. Malunggay is

widely used as vegetable ingredient in cooking, as a herbal medicine for a

number of illness and other practical uses. The malunggay plant can grow to

as high as nine leaflets. Malunggay has white fragrant flowers that produces

long pods with three-angled winged seeds.

This study will be expected to be finished at the end of the second

semester Academic Year 2013-2014.

Theoretical Framework

To establish a theory based on the malunggay as an alternative

vegetable cooking oil, the theortical concept of determining the distinction

between malunggay leaves and vegetable cooking oil in making a cheaper

cooking oil is being considered.

According to the Essentials of Moringa Oleifera Theory of Dr. Thurber

states that there are three domains on determining the distinction between

malunggay leaves and vegetable cooking oil in making a cheaper vegetable

oil such as: The price, taste and effectiveness. It states that Malunggay or

Moringa Oleifera had been a source of health and wellness to people from all

walks of life. He defines the three domains in determining the distinction of

malunggay and vegetable cooking oil and these are the following.

Price

Price sometimes refers to the quantity of payment requested by a seller of

goods or services, rather than the eventual payment amount. This requested

amount is often called the asking price orselling price.

Taste

Taste, gustatory perception or gustation is one of the five traditional senses.

Taste is the sensation produced when a substance in the mouth reacts

chemically with receptors of taste buds. Taste, along with smell olfaction and

trigeminal nerve stimulation which also handles touch for texture, also pain

and temperature, determine the flavors, the sensory impressions of food or

other substances. In relation to the malunggay, its tastes is more bitter than

regular vegetable oil.

Effectiveness

Effectiveness is the capability of producing a desired result. When something

is deemed effective, it means it has an intended or expected outcome, or

produces a deep, vivid impression.

Conceptual Framework

This research study deals with Malunggay as an alternative vegetable

cooking oil

This research focus on the independent variables which are the profile of the

respondents in the terms of occupation, gender and frequency of vegetable

oil consumption and the dependent variables of this study is the comparison

between Malunggay as an alternative vegetable cooking oil in terms of price,

taste and effectiveness. Once these dimensions are known, the Researchers

will come up with a proposed Malunggay as alternative to Vegetable oil.

Respondents Profile in Terms of:

Occupation Gender Frequency of vegetable

oil consumption

Figure 1. Research Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem

Oil Exctracted from Malunggay as an Alternative Vegetable Cooking Oil

Price Taste Effectiveness

Oil Extracted from Malunggay as an Alternative Vegetable Oil

1.) What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the following?

1.1 gender

1.2 frequency of vegetable oil consumption

1.3 occupation

2.) What is the respondent’s evaluation with regards to the Moringa Oleifera

as an alternative vegetable cooking oil.

2.1 Price

2.2 Taste

2.3 Effectiveness

3.) Is there a significant difference between Moringa Oleifra as an alternative

vegetable cooking oil in terms of the profle of the respondents?

Null Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant difference between the Moringa Oleifera as an

alternative vegetable cooking oil in terms of Fat, Color, and Texture and the

respondent’s profile.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study will provide some insights and information of

Moringa Oleifera as an alternative vegetable cooking oil.

Community: this study will benefit the community through giving them an

idea to earn a living in a cost-efficient way and will lessen their expenses in

having a cheaper cooking oil.

Costumers/ Buyers: this study will provide the buyer or customer a

cheaper and healthy cooking oil. It also helps lessen their expenses for it

only requires malunggay leaves which can be found or even planted at home

and is easy to repoduce.

Teachers: This study will enable the teachers to generate new ideas and

relay vital information about the possible vegetable alternatives that is

applicable in making cooking oil.

Students: This study will provide students an expertise of reproducing

vegetable cooking oil in a cost efficient way.

Researches: This study will help researchers to gain more knowledge in

their field of study and encourage them to discover and venture new ideas

about vegetable cooking oil and its alternatives.

Future Researchers: This study will support as a continuing references for

the researches who are interested in studying the same field.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on determining the distinction between malunggay

and vegetable cooking oil in making a cheaper oil in terms of Fat, Color,

Texture. It includes 100 buyers from the residents of purok 9, brgy. Buruun.

The Data gathering was done mainly through a self constructed

questionnaire that was handled out to the respondents in brgy. Buruun,

Iligan City. The scope of the study is limited only to the items included and

asked in the questionnaire.

Definition of Terms:

The following terms are hereby defined to help readers aquire better

understanding of terms used in the study. Each is being defined conceptually

and operationally:

Alternatives: This refers to a proposition or situation offering a choice

between two or more things only one of which may be chosen. (Meriam-

Webster Dictionary Online). In this study, alternative means another option

in having a healthier coffee.

Dimensions: The amount or number of things that something affects or

influences. (Meriam-Webster Dictionary Online).

Distinction: The act of distinguishing; differentiation.

(thefreedictionary.com).

Economic: Relating to an economy : relating to the process or system by

which goods and services are produced, sold, and bought. (Meriam-Webster

Dictionaty Online).

Monounsaturated Fats: These are fatty acids that have one double bond

in the fatty acid chain and all of the remainder of the carbon atoms in the

chain are single-bonded. (thefreedictionary.com).

Moringa Oliefera: It is the scientific name of Malunggay. It is one of the

highly nutritious vegetables. (wikipedia.org). In this study, Moringa Oliefera

are used as an alternative to have cheaper and healthier vegetable cooking

oil.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents information, insights and other related literarture

that show relationship to the present study.

Related Literature

The oil extracted from the leaves and seeds of malunggay

contains vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, essential amino acids and

substantial levels of live chlorophyll that help ensure optimum and balanced

health. It has seven times more vitamin C than oranges, four times more

vitamin A than carrots, four times more calcium than milk, three times more

potassium than bananas, three times more iron than spinach, three times

more vitamin E than almonds and two times more protein than yogurt.

(Robbie Pangilinan, March 2013)

Moringa Oil or Ben oil is obtained by pressing the seeds of Moringa

Oilefera Tree. Moringa oil is the most stable oil, which is a good source of

behenic acid and is used as a preservative in food industries. It is an

excellent salad oil. The Moringa oil is odorless to mild nutty flavor. It is also

used as vegetable cooking oil. Due to its high quantities of Oleic Acids

(Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Acid) is good for sautéing and deep frying. The

bright yellow oil with a pleasant taste has been compared in quality with

olive oil. It can also be used in dressings. The Moringa oil is clear, sweet and

odorless, never becoming rancid. (Dr. Lydia M. Marero, Food and Nutrition

Research Institute)

"Malunggay is one of the most useful tropical trees. Its young leaves

are commonly cooked and eaten like spinach or used to make soups and

salads; its dry seed can be ground to a powder and used for seasoning

sauces; its flowers can be eaten after being lightly blanched or raw as a tasty

addition to salad; and the oil content of its kernel is used as lubricant for fine

machinery and also as vegetable cooking oil". (Sen. Legarda, August 2013)

Related Studies

Danny Manayaga, head of Secura International, when we accidentally met last June 12 at the office of People and Advocacy. While waiting for our separate meetings, we got to talk about malunggay. “I just came from giving a briefing on malunggay to the CBCP and PAX, the association of ex-seminarians,” he said.

He had an interesting story about his visit to a three-hectare malunggay farm in Cabugao, Ilocos Sur: “Would you believe, he is making 40,000 pesos a week from his malunggay sales!” How can that be? He said it is because he has a steady market that extends as far as Pangasinan among Ilocanos who eat the malunggay pods in their dinengdeng.

I still couldn’t believe that a three-hectare malunggay farm would earn so much just from local markets. But our conversation turned to the global markets for malunggay.

It was two years ago that I first heard about Danny and Secura International in connection with biotech. I was told that Secura had a patented biotech process for extracting “natural ingredients” of papaya and malunggay, which managed to pass EU standards. The demand was rising, and he was looking for partners who would plant malunggay, and sell him the leaves he needed. His initial projection was that he could absorb the produce of up to 15,000 hectares of malunggay.

“How many hectares do you think are planted to malunggay in the whole Philippines?” I asked. Danny said there are around 30,000 hectares, but only in small family-sized farms, like the one in Cabugao.

“That is not enough. We need 200,000 hectares,” he added. The reason is the new demand for malunggay oil as a biofuel.

Danny said that he has already received a letter of intent from a North American Biofuels Inc. that wants to import oil extracted from the seeds of malunggay, which they call moringa, after its scientific name morigna oleifera.

Malunggay or moringa oil can also be used as cooking oil, but for now the global interest is in its use as biofuel. Since most Filipinos do not eat the seeds, but only the leaves, malunggay can be a source of both food and fuel.

“In addition to the oil, we can use the remaining material as animal feed,” Danny said. “But we need to wash it first to remove the bitter taste. But the substance that causes the bitter taste can also be used as a coagulant.”

I wondered aloud: “With these multiple potential of malunggay, why is there more hype about jathropa?” Danny’s response was a wry smile.

He added a cautionary note on jathropa: “It is supposed to be planted on hilly places. But remember that jathropa is poisonous. When the fruits fall to the ground and are washed by rain into the rivers, they could kill the fish.”

“How long does it take for a malunggay plant to bear fruit?” I asked. Just one year, I was told. I had to double check, since it seemed such a short time.

I thought of asking my relatives to plant malunggay in Naujan, so I asked further: “How far apart do we plant malunggay?” The answer again surprised me. Malunggay can be planted only a meter apart. That’s why a hectare can have 10,000 malunggay trees.

The average seed production is 2 kilos per tree, and Secura’s buying price per kilo can go up to 10 pesos. I did a quick calculation: That’s 200,000 pesos per hectare. Again, I had to double check, since it seems too good to be true.

There was just one downer info: Malunggay is sensitive to too much water. That is the other side of its strength, which is its being drought resistant.

That’s one more reason to push for a more decisive solution to the periodic flooding in Naujan.

Before leaving the office, I picked up the publications of Bionet Pilipinas. One issue had a one-pager on malunggay whose title made me smile:Malunggay, ang Power Gulay. (Edicio Javier, Between Honesty and Hope, 2012)

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter describes the research dsign, locale of the study, the

respondents, sampling procedures, the research instrument used, the data

gathering procedures and statistical treatment of data used in this study.

Research Design

This study made use of the experimental design form of research that

will study the Malunggay or Moringa Oleifera as an alternative to vegetable

cooking oil in terms of price, taste and effectiveness. This will also determine

the profile in terms of occupation, gender and oil consumption. Self-made

questionnaire will be used to gather the data and information.

Locale of the Study

This study will be conducted in Buru-un, Iligan City. Buru-un is one of

the barangay’s in Iligan City, which is part of the Mindanao group of islands.

Buru-un is one of the barangay’s which are in the outlying area of Highly

urbanized city Iligan City. The highly urbanized city Iligan City with a

population of about 308, 046 and its 44 barangays belong to the partly urban

areas in the Philippines. While some of the barangays developed modern

urban structures, some others, especially those which are seated in the

outlying areas, remained rural. By the end of 2007 Buru-un had 12, 041

residents.

Respondents of the Study

This study will be conducted among 100 residents in Purok 9, Barangay

Buru-un. The vegetable oil users will be chosen as the respondents of this

study because they know the quality in determining vegetable oil’s price,

taste and effectiveness.

Sampling Procedure

In this study, the researchers used the Purposive sampling method

where the respondents will be purposely identified as parents from ages 21

and above. The sample population is the residents Barangay Buru-un who

are vegetable oil user and will witness the Malunggay cooking oil as an

alternative to the ordinary vegetable oil. A total of 100 vegetable oil user will

be sampled in this study.

Research Instrument Used

In the process of gathering information, the researchers will use self-

made questionnaire to generate the information about the coffee drinkers in

Barangay Buru-un

The questionnaire will consist of two parts: the first part is the

respondent’s profile in terms of occupation, gender and frequency of

vegetable oil consumption. The second part is the description of price, taste

and effectiveness.

Data Gathering Procedure

In conducting data gathering, a cover letter to the respondents will be

attached to the survey questionnaire after it will be collected. The data will

be thoroughly analyzed, process and tabulated in order to come up with a

realistic results to ensure the validity of the study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical tools were used for the anlaysis of the data are:

Frequency. Is a statistical tool which describe a group of information by

classifying their different categories and then counting the time a particular

observation occurs

Percentage. Is used to measure the percentage of the respondents cover in

the study.

Weighted Mean. Is used to identify the respondents of vegetable oil users

price, taste and effectiveness.

APPENDIX A

St. Michael's College

Iligan City

Higher Education Department

Dear Sir / Madam:

Praise be Jesus and Mary!

We, the undersigned 3rd year students of Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management of St. Michael's College are currently working on our thesis paper entitled: "Oil Extracted From Malunggay as a Alternative Vegetable Cooking Oil" as a requirement of our course.

For this reason, we would like to distribute our questionnaire as our means of attaining the needed information and data. Rest assured that your responses will kept confidential and will be used only for the purpose of this study.

We trust you to support this endeavor.

Thank you.

Respectfully yours,

Kathleen Claire G. Ebao

Andrelou Bernard C. Gemelo

Nova Andrea B. Monterona

Noted by:

Daryl Glenn B. Pamplona Prof. Emmanuel E. On M.B.E Thesis Adviser Dean, CHRM

APPENDIX B

OIL EXTRACTED FROM MALUNGGAY AS AN ALTERATIVE VEGETABLE COOKING OIL

Questionnaire

Part I. Demographic Profile

Direction: Kindly answer the following questions by putting a check mark on the boxes provided:

Name (Optional):

Occupation:

Gender: Male

Female

Oil Consumption/Day:

Once

Twice

Thrice

4 and above

Part II. Price, Taste, and Effectiveness in Malunggay Vegetable Cooking Oil

Direction: Kindly please evaluate what you had observed on the difference between Malunggay Vegetable Cooking Oil and Vegetable Cooking Oil on the rating scale below.

Indicators of Malunggay Vegetable Cooking Oil

2.1 Malunggay Vegetable Cooking Oil

Price SA

A D SD

1. The product is affordable.

2. The product is cheaper.

3. The product can be seen in the market

Taste

1. The taste is bitter.

2. The taste is like medicine.

3. Tasteless

Effectiveness

1. The product cooks it well.

2. The product doesn’t change the color.

3. The product can be use for several times.

2.2 Vegetable Cooking Oil

Price SA

A D SD

1. The product is affordable.

2. The product is cheaper.

3. The product can be seen in the market

Taste

1. The taste is bitter.

2. The taste is like medicine.

3. Tasteless

Effectiveness

1. The product cooks it well.

2. The product doesn’t change the color.

3. The product can be use for several times.

REFERENCE LIST

Books

Javier, E. (2012) Between Honesty and Hope. Makati City, Philippines: Alvinno Publishing House.

Cliffe, Edward (2007) Wonders of Moringa Oleifera. Los Angeles, California: Wayans Publishing Inc.

Tomas, C., Labrado, L., (2008) Malunggay: Health Benefits. Diliman, Quezon City: Asiong Co., Inc.

Internet Sources

Keith Fulla (2012) “Malunggay as Vitamin” retrieved from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Malunggay-As-Vitamin-1382269.html

Edcel Bitec (2008) “Malunggay as cooking oil” retrieved from http://www.healthwonders.com/essays/malunggay-as-cooking-oil-page2.html-09838392292

Arnold Talacaz (2011) “Malunggay Health Benefits” retrieved from http://www.livinghealthy.com/entry/Malunggay-Health-Benefits-092727128.html

J.I Stanley (2006) “How to grow vegetables by organic method” retrieved from http:/automaticonomy.wordpress.com/2006/12/19/from-the-garden-of-vegetables.html//

Curriculum Vitae

Personal Profile

Name: Kathleen Claire G. Ebao

Date of Birth: January 20,1995

Place of Birth: Iligan City

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Parents: Rene L. Ebao

Eleonor G. Ebao

Address: Block 1, Lot 2, Phase II Tipanoy Landless, Iligan City

Educational Background

Primary: Iligan City Central School

Mahayahay, Iligan City

2001-2007

Secondary: Iligan Capitol College

Mahayahay, Iligan City

2007-2011

Collegiate: St. Michael’s College

Quezon Avenue, Iligan City

2011-Present

3rd Year

Curriculum Vitae

Personal Profile

Name: Nova Andrea B. Monterona

Date of Birth: November 30, 1994

Place of Birth: Iligan City

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Parents: Peter Lance S. Monterona

Avelia Victoria B. Monterona

Address: Purok 9 Buru-un, Iligan City

Educational Background

Primary: Sgt. Miguel Canoy Memorial Central School

Buru-un, Iligan City

2001-2007

Secondary: St. Luke’s Academy

Valderrama, Antique

2009-2011

Collegiate: St. Michael’s College

Quezon Avenue, Iligan City

2011-Present

3rd Year

Curriculum Vitae

Personal Profile

Name: Andrelou Bernard C. Gemelo

Date of Birth: August 10, 1994

Place of Birth: Iligan City

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Baptist

Parents: Edwin D. Gemelo

Nina C. Gemelo

Address: 15V Guevarra St. Pag-ibig Cmpd. Tubod, Iligan City

Educational Background

Primary: Living Spring Academy

Villaverde, Iligan City

2005-2006

Secondary: Lourdes College High School

Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City

2006-2009

Collegiate: St. Michael’s College

Quezon Avenue, Iligan City

2011-Present

3rd Year