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Life by the waterLife by the waterExamining our waterExamining our water

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ThisThis experienceexperience isis aa firstfirstapproachapproach toto thethe laboratorylaboratory

workwork

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Water is an essential resourceWater is an essential resource

for living systems, industrialfor living systems, industrialprocesses, agriculturalprocesses, agriculturalproduction and domestic use.production and domestic use.

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LabLab activityactivity

EachEach country hascountry has takentaken

samplessamples ofof waterwater andand analyzedanalyzedthemthem aa numbernumber ofof parametersparametersusingusing severalseveral easyeasy methodsmethods..

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The principalThe principalfactors that arefactors that are

taken intotaken intoconsideration whenconsideration whendetermining waterdetermining water

quality are:quality are:

TemperatureTemperature pHpH

DensityDensity trace elements suchtrace elements such

as chloride ionas chloride ion ClCl-- ,,calcium ion Cacalcium ion Ca2+2+

turbidityturbidity

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Our waterOur water

Bulgaria:Bulgaria:LakeLake MandraMandra:: LakeLake MandrenskoMandrensko oror LakeLakeMandraMandra isis thethe southernmostsouthernmost ofof thethe BurgasBurgasLakesLakes,, locatedlocated inin thethe immediateimmediate proximityproximity

ofof thethe Black SeaBlack Sea andand closeclose toto BurgasBurgas..

AheloyAheloy riverriver:: TheThe AheloyAheloy RiverRiver oror

AchelousAchelous isis aa riverriver inin easterneastern BulgariaBulgaria.. ItItoriginatesoriginates inin thetheAytosAytos--KarnobatKarnobat mountainmountain,,1.5 kilometres1.5 kilometres fromfrom DryankovetsDryankovets, and, and flowsflowsdirectlydirectly intointo thethe Black SeaBlack Sea southsouth ofof thethe

villagevillage ofofAheloyAheloy..

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgas_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgas_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aytoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aytoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnobathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnobathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryankovetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryankovetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aheloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aheloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aheloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryankovetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnobathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aytoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgas_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgas_Lakes

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SlaveevaSlaveeva riverriver

Black seaBlack sea

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Germany:Germany: Dssel river:Dssel river: River that flows through TheRiver that flows through The

Neandertal valleyNeandertal valley. This small valley belongs to the. This small valley belongs to thearea of the townsarea of the towns Erkrath and MettmannErkrath and Mettmann

Romania:Romania: Coastal Tasaul Lake (area 23.35 kmCoastal Tasaul Lake (area 23.35 km22, max. depth, max. depth

3.75 m) near3.75 m) near Constanta on the Romanian BlackConstanta on the Romanian BlackSeaSea is an important ecosystem changed by ais an important ecosystem changed by acomplex mancomplex man--made canal system from saline intomade canal system from saline intofreshwater and threatened by various pollutersfreshwater and threatened by various polluters

(eutrophication) and fishing over(eutrophication) and fishing over--exploitation.exploitation.

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SiutghiolSiutghiol lakelake ::SiutghiolSiutghiol is ais a lagoonlagoon (a(abody of shallowbody of shallow sea watersea water oror brackishbrackishwaterwater separated from theseparated from the seasea by someby someform of barrier) inform of barrier) in NorthernNorthern DobrujaDobruja,,RomaniaRomania. It extends over 20. It extends over 20 km and haskm and hasa maximum depth of 18 m.a maximum depth of 18 m.

In winter, up to 90% of its surface may beIn winter, up to 90% of its surface may becovered by ice. The name of the lakecovered by ice. The name of the lakecomes from thecomes from the TurkishTurkish StglStgl, meaning, meaning"the milk lake"."the milk lake".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dobrujahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dobrujahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dobrujahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dobrujahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dobrujahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon

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LakeLake TabacarieTabacarie

Black seaBlack seaWhiteWhite GateGate CanalCanal MidiaMidiaNavodariNavodari

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SpainSpain::GuadalquivirGuadalquivir RiverRiver:: TheThe GuadalquivirGuadalquivir isis

the fifth longest river in thethe fifth longest river in the IberianIberian

peninsulapeninsula and the second widest.and the second widest.

It bordersIt borders DoanaDoana National ParkNational Parkreserve.Thereserve.The Guadalquivir river is the onlyGuadalquivir river is the only

great navigable river in Spain. Currently itgreat navigable river in Spain. Currently itis navigable to Seville, but in Roman timesis navigable to Seville, but in Roman timesit was navigable to Crdoba.it was navigable to Crdoba.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsula

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TurkeyTurkey::KizilirmakKizilirmak riverriver ::

Turkish: Kzlrmak, "Red River"), also

known as the Halys River(Ancient Greek: ), is the longestriver in Turkey. It is a source ofhydroelectric power and is not used fornavigation.

YesilirmakYesilirmak riverriver::

TurkishTurkish:: YeilrmakYeilrmak 'Green'Green RiverRiver';';classicalclassical GreekGreek:: ,, IrisIris)) isis aa riverriver ininnorthernnorthern TurkeyTurkey.. FromFrom itsits sourcesource northnorth--easteast ofofSivasSivas,, itit flowsflows pastpast TokatTokat andand

AmasyaAmasya, and, and reachesreaches thethe Black SeaBlack Sea atat

SamsunSamsun afterafter 418 km (260 miles).418 km (260 miles).

http://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%C2%A0Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%C2%A0Greekhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Hydroelectric_powerhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkish_languagehttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkish_languagehttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Greek_languagehttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Greek_languagehttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkeyhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkeyhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkeyhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkeyhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Sivashttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Sivashttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Sivashttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkeyhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Sivashttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkeyhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Tokathttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Tokathttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Amasyahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Amasyahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Amasyahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Sivashttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Sivashttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Black_Seahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Black_Seahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Black_Seahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Black_Seahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Samsunhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Samsunhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Black_Seahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Black_Seahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Samsunhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Samsunhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Samsunhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Black_Seahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Amasyahttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Tokathttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Sivashttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkeyhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Greek_languagehttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkish_languagehttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Hydroelectric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%C2%A0Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%C2%A0Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%C2%A0Greekhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Turkish_language

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Black sea:Black sea:

AnAn inlandinland seasea boundedbounded byby EuropeEurope,,

AnatoliaAnatolia andand thethe CaucasusCaucasus andand isisultimatelyultimately connectedconnected toto thethe AtlanticAtlanticOceanOcean viavia thethe MediterraneanMediterranean andand

AegeanAegean Seas andSeas and variousvarious straitsstraits..TheThe BosphorusBosphorus straitstrait connectsconnects itit totothethe Sea ofSea of MarmaraMarmara, and, and thethe straitstrait

ofof thethe DardanellesDardanelles connectsconnects thatthatseasea toto thethe AegeanAegean SeaSea regionregion ofofthethe MediterraneanMediterranean..

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_sea_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_sea_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_sea_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_sea_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_sea_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_sea_(geology)

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TheseThese waterswaters separateseparate easterneastern

EuropeEurope andand western Asiawestern Asia.. TheTheBlack SeaBlack Sea alsoalso connectsconnects toto thetheSea ofSea of AzovAzov byby thethe StraitStrait ofof

KerchKerchSpringSpring waterwater

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe

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WeWe areare goinggoing toto comparecompare

thethe datadata obtainedobtained.. FurtherFurtherresearchresearch couldcould bebe donedone withwith

thesethese datadata butbut itit wouldwouldrequirerequire muchmuch longerlonger..

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Black seaBlack sea

Studying:Studying:

TemperatureTemperaturepHpH

DensityDensity

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TemperatureTemperature

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Bulgaria Rumania Turkey

TC 12 16 15

TC

TC

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Temperature influences theTemperature influences theamount of dissolved oxygen inamount of dissolved oxygen inwater which in turn influences thewater which in turn influences thesurvival of aquatic organismssurvival of aquatic organisms(raising the temperature of a(raising the temperature of a

freshwater stream from 20 tofreshwater stream from 20 to3030ooC will decrease the dissolvedC will decrease the dissolvedoxygen )oxygen )

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pHpH In chemistry ,In chemistry , pHpH is a measure of theis a measure of the

acidity oracidity or basicitybasicity of an aqueous solution.of an aqueous solution.

Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pHPure water is said to be neutral, with a pHclose to 7.0 at 25close to 7.0 at 25 C. Solutions with a pHC. Solutions with a pHless than 7 are said to be acidic andless than 7 are said to be acidic and

solutions with a pH greater than 7 aresolutions with a pH greater than 7 arebasic or alkaline.basic or alkaline.

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The acceptable pH rangeThe acceptable pH rangefor most fish species isfor most fish species is

6.86.8--8.58.5

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pp

7,4 7,6 7,8 8 8,2 8,4

Turkey

Romania

Bulgary

Black sea

pH

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DensityDensity

The density of waterThe density of wateris approximately oneis approximately onethousand kilogramthousand kilogramper cubicper cubic meter.meter.MoreMoreprecisely, it isprecisely, it isdependent on itsdependent on its

temperaturetemperature but thebut therelation is not linearrelation is not linear

Temp (C)Density(kg/m3)

+100 958.4

+80 971.8

+60 983.2

+40 992.2

+30 995.6502

+25 997.0479

+22 997.7735

+20 998.2071

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ens yens y

990

995

1000

1005

1010

1015

1020

Bulgaria Rumania Turkey

Density (S.I)

Density (S.I)

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Black seaBlack sea

PresencePresence of:of:

OrganicOrganic mattermatter --MudMudOilOil --WeedWeed

LatherLather --OdourOdour

DeadDead fishfish --GasGas oiloil

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SampleSample OrganicOrganicmattermatter

MuddyMuddy OilOil WeedWeed LatherLather UrbanUrbanrubbishrubbish

OdourOdour DeadDeadfishesfishes

GasGasoiloil

BlackBlackseaseaBulgariaBulgaria nono yesyes nono yesyes nono nono nono nono nono

RomaniaRomania

yesyes nono nono yesyes yesyes nono yesyes nono nonoTurkeyTurkey yesyes yesyes nono yesyes nono nono nono nono nono

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WhyWhy areare thesethese ionsions studiedstudied??

PbPb2+2+

Lead is known toLead is known to be toxicbe toxic,,

mutagenicmutagenic andandcarcinogeniccarcinogenic in humanin humanbeingsbeings

CaCa2+2+

Hard water has highHard water has highconcentrations ofconcentrations ofCaCa2+2+

andand MgMg2+2+ ions. It isntions. It isnt

unhealthyunhealthy

CuCu 2+2+small amountssmall amountsare required forare required forhealth, buthealth, butexcessexcesscopper can generatecopper can generatefree radicals andfree radicals andcause inflammation orcause inflammation or

toxicitytoxicity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium

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ClCl --

Ion presents in seaIon presents in sea waterwater.. ItsIts oneone ofof thethe

componentscomponents ofof HaliteHalite oror cookingcooking saltsalt NaClNaCl Many aquatic organisms can only surviveMany aquatic organisms can only survive

in a narrow range of salt concentrationsin a narrow range of salt concentrations

since salt controls their osmotic pressuresince salt controls their osmotic pressure

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HCOHCO33--

ThisThis factorfactor isis aa characteristic ofcharacteristic ofthe source of water and thethe source of water and thenatural processes taking place atnatural processes taking place at

any given time.any given time.

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PresencePresence ofof ionsions::PbPb2+2+ NONO

ClCl-- YESYES

HCOHCO33-- NO/NO/LowLow

CuCu 2+2+ NONOCaCa2+2+ YESYES

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RiversRivers

AheloyAheloy riverriver (Bulgaria)(Bulgaria) SlaveevaSlaveeva riverriver (Bulgaria)(Bulgaria) DsselDssel riverriver ((GermanyGermany)) GuadalquivirGuadalquivir riverriver ((SpainSpain))

KizilirmakKizilirmak riverriver ((TurkeyTurkey))YesilirmakYesilirmak riverriver ((TurkeyTurkey))

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AheloyAheloy riverriver (Bulgaria)(Bulgaria)

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SlaveevaSlaveeva riverriver (Bulgaria)(Bulgaria)

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DsselDssel riverriver ((GermanyGermany))

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GuadalquivirGuadalquivir riverriver ((SpainSpain))

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Kizilirmak river (Turkey)Kizilirmak river (Turkey)

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Yesilirmak river (Turkey)Yesilirmak river (Turkey)

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Our riversOur rivers

StudyingStudying::

TemperatureTemperaturepHpH

DensityDensity

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empera ureempera ure

0

5

10

15

20

25

Aheloy Slaveeva Guadalquivir Kizilirmak Yesilirmak

TC 16 18 25 17 16

TC

TC

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pHpH

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Aheloy

Slaveeva

Guadalquivir

Kizilirmak

Yesilirmak

Dssel

pH

pH

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ens yens y

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Aheloy Slaveeva Guadalquivir Kizilirmak Yesilirmak Dssel

Density (S.I)

Density (S.I)

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PresencePresence of:of:

OrganicOrganic mattermatter --MudMudOilOil --WeedWeed

LatherLather --OdourOdour

DeadDead fishfish --GasGas oiloil

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SampleSample OrganicOrganicmattermatter

MuddyMuddy OilOil WeedWeed LatherLather UrbanUrbanrubbishrubbish

OdourOdour DeadDeadfishesfishes

GasGasoiloil

BulgariaBulgaria

AheloyAheloy

Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No

BulgariaBulgariaSlaveevaSlaveeva

Yes No No Yes No No No No No

GermanyGermanyDsselDssel

Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No

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SampleSample OrganicOrganicmattermatter

MuddyMuddy OilOil WeedWeed LatherLather UrbanUrbanrubbishrubbish

OdourOdour DeadDeadfishesfishes

GasGasoiloil

SpainSpain

GuadalquiGuadalquivirvir

nono yesyes nono yesyes nono yesyes nono nono nono

TurkeyTurkeyKizilirmakKizilirmak yesyes nono nono nono nono nono nono nono nono

TurkeyTurkey

YesilirmaYesilirmakk yesyes nono nono NoNo nono nono nono nono nono

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PresencePresence ofof ionsions::Pb2+Pb2+ NONO

ClCl-- NO /YES (NO /YES (Spain,TurkeySpain,Turkey))

HCOHCO33-- LowLow

CuCu 2+2+ NONOCaCa2+2+ YESYES

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LakesLakes

MandraMandra lakelake ((BulgaryBulgary)) TasaulTasaul lakelake ( Romania)( Romania)

SiutghiolSiutghiol lakelake (Romania)(Romania) TabacarieTabacarie lakelake ( Romania)( Romania)

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MandraMandra lakelake

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TasaulTasaul lakelake

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SiutghiolSiutghiol lakelake

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TabacarieTabacarie lakelake

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OurOur lakeslakes

StudyingStudying::

TemperatureTemperaturepHpH

DensityDensity

empera ureempera ure

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empera ureempera ure

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1618

20

Mandra Tasaul Siutghiol Tabacarie

TC 20 14 14 15

TC

TC

pp

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pp

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Mandra

Tasaul

Siutghiol

Tabacarie

pH

pH

ens yens y

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ens yens y

Density (S.I)

984

986

988

990

992994

996

998

1000

MandraTasaul

SiutghiolTabacarie

Density (S.I)

Density (S.I)

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PresencePresence of:of:OrganicOrganic mattermatter --MudMud

OilOil --WeedWeed

LatherLather --OdourOdour

DeadDead fishfish --GasGas oiloil

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SampleSample OrganicOrganicmattermatter

MuddyMuddy OilOil WeedWeed LatherLather UrbanUrbanrubbishrubbish

OdourOdour DeadDeadfishesfishes

GasGasoiloil

Bulgaria

Mandra

Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No

RomaniaTassaul

Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No

RomaniaSiutghiol

Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No

RomaniaTabacarie

Yes No No No Yes No No No No

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PresencePresence ofof ionsions::PbPb2+2+ NONO

ClCl-- NO /YES (Romania)NO /YES (Romania)

HCOHCO33-- NoNo

CuCu 2+2+ NONOCaCa2+2+ YESYES

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