1

A

HANDBOOK OF GUIDELINES

FOR UNDERGRADUATE

PROJECTS

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING,

SHARDA UNIVERSITY

SESSION : 2012 – 13 & 2013-14

Edited By : Prof. Pervez Ahmed

Prepared &Published By:

B.Tech Project Committee of Department of Computer Science & Engineering

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Program mission statement

To provide an opportunity to gain experience in

implementation of engineering concepts at application level

towards efficient and effective knowledge development

Course Objective:

a. to produce a professional that has ability to apply the

knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering and its

application.

b. to comprehend how to plan, execute and manage a

project

c. to create an ability to design and conduct experiments,

analyze and interpret data

d. to synthesize understanding of professional and ethical

responsibility.

Learning outcomes:

a. an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science

and engineering

b. an ability to design and conduct experiments as well as to

analyze and interpret data

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c. an ability to design a system, component, or process to

meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as

economics, environmental, social, political, ethical, health

and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability

d. an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams

e. an ability to identify, formulate , and solve engineering

problems

f. an understanding of professional and ethical

responsibility

g. an ability to communicate effectively ( g1 orally, g2

written)

h. the broad education necessary to understand the impact of

engineering solutions in a global, economic,

environmental , and societal context

i. a recognition of the need for , and an ability to engage in

life - long learning

j. a knowledge of contemporary issues

k. an ability to use the techniques, skills and modern

engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.

l. an ability to apply knowledge with judgment in critical

situation that the resulting system is efficient and

effective

m. Make a student should be industry ready

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1. The Undergraduate Projects

The B. Tech. project is a partial requirement for successful completion of the B.Tech

degree from Sharda University. The final year project is one of the primary

mechanisms used to provide student with an opportunity to gain experience in

application of what they have been studying for the past several years.

The projects can implementation of any application oriented problem, which will be

more or less experimental in nature

2. Conduction of Project

In order to monitor the overall functioning of the activities related to the B. Tech

projects a Departmental B.Tech Project Committee is formed consisting of five

members from the department and will work under the Faculty Council of the

department.

The responsibilities of the departmental project committee are as follows:

Allocation of Projects to all the students of CSE-VII term of the department.

To assign supervisors to all the Project groups.

To provide information and guidance on the assessment process of the

Projects.

To propose the changes if required in B.Tech regulation in the academic

council of the department for smooth conduction or, improvement of quality

of projects.

In order to perform the responsibilities the B.Tech Project Committee reserves

the following rights

The decisions taken on allotment of projects will be final and could not be

challenged/argued.

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The internal assessment process/evaluation decided by the committee/panel

appointed by the Project committee will be final could not be

challenged/argued.

The guidelines approved from faculty council will be final and could not be

challenged ( the supervisors may argue/discuss in the faculty council ).

The committee may inform the departmental HOD/faculty council for

necessary action, if any guideline is violated by anybody regarding project

work.

The committee may ask for approval of regulations/amendment in current

regulations from the faculty council. The committee can take decisions for

any urgent/unavoidable circumstances by informing the HOD, and the same

will be included in the agenda of next faculty council meeting.

2.1 Allocation of projects to the students

Each B. Tech Project has to be carried by a group of students of Sharda

University. In order to ensure participation of each student, the group size

should be preferably at least 2 but not more than 4 students.

The students will be notified with a list of problems/broad area of interest

along with corresponding supervisors before the end of previous term i.e. for

session 2012-13 the previous term is VIIth term.

The students will be asked to form their own group according to their area of

interest/may consult the supervisors to decide the preferred working area and

should provide the details to the member of project committee within the

time period as specified in the notification, failing which the committee may

decide the group for those students and assign supervisor.

In case the project is on multi-disciplinary nature, the Project group can be

formed consisting of the students from other Departments/Programs. But there

must be at least one student from the Department who is offering the Project.

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Students will be informed about their groups and respective supervisor

before the end of previous term (i.e. for session 2012-13 the previous term is

VIIth term) and can start their work along with their supervisor.

After the allocation of projects is finalised and notified the student group

cannot be changed in any circumstances.

2.2 The assessment process of Projects

To ensure proper conduction of each project, approval of synopsis & progress of

each project should be monitored on continuous basis. In order to do so, the projects

will be evaluated in Four Phases.

During evaluation in Each Phase the following criteria regarding the project

should be Satisfactory, otherwise the DEC may suggest amendments/ remark

Unsatisfactory.

1. Is the Project substantial & complete in nature

2. Originality

3. Degree of Involvement

4. Presentation

5. Usefulness of work

6. Performance in Q & A session

2.2.1 Synopsis Approval (Project Evaluation Phase-1)

The students have to prepare a synopsis in the guidance of the supervisors &

have to present it before a panel ( Departmental Evaluation Committee

abbreviated as DEC ) on specified dates as decided by the Project

Committee. The supervisor will be the one of the members of the DEC. The

format of synopsis is given in Annexure-1.

The synopsis must be duly signed by the supervisor/s and submitted to the

DEC before the presentation.

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In this presentation the project group is required to present a brief power point

presentation describing the main Aim/ Objective of the project, the state of art (

if applicable), the methodology to be used and the references.

The project is considered to be approved only if the criteria mentioned in the

evaluation sheet are remarked as satisfactory. If the presentation is not up to the

mark either the DEC will ask the students along with their supervisor to modify

the project slightly within a week and present again or change the project (in

case the committee finds the project not of sufficient standard or not feasible).

After approval of the project the student should start working in the guidance

of the supervisors and should maintain a diary ( Supervisor-Student Meeting

Record, the format is given in Annexure-2) which will be produced in the

subsequent phase of evaluation.

2.2.2 Progress Review (Project Evaluation Phase-2)

In this phase of evaluation the progress of the projects are reviewed by the

Supervisor.

The progress review presentation dates will be notified to the students by the

project committee which will be scheduled about one month from the first

presentation.

The supervisors are asked to submit the evaluation sheet (already provided

by the project committee) after the presentation to the Project committee.

If the report of progress review is not satisfactory then it warns that the

project may not be completed in time and the students of the group will be

notified the same.

Incomplete projects without recommendation of the Supervisor & DEC

( to the project committee) cannot be submitted for Open

defence/External Examination.

2.2.3 Open Defense (Project Evaluation Phase-3)

All the project groups are expected to complete the project work after about

one month from the progress review evaluation. Then the students should

prepare the project report ( the guidelines of project report is given in

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Annexure-3 ) and the spiral bound copy of the report duly signed by the

supervisor should be submitted to the Project committee before the open

defence.

The supervisor will inform the project committee regarding the completion of

project and schedules the open defence date of the corresponding group.

( the dates will be decided mostly from the second & third week of April )

After scheduling the dates of open defence with the supervisors, the project

committee will notify a compiled schedule of open defence.

This evaluation will be taken by DEC, the supervisor and co-supervisor, a

member from Project Committee, after the satisfactory recommendation of the

panel the project can be submitted for external examination.

Faculties, students & executives of the university should be notified regarding

the presentation & may be present in this presentation.

A Remark book should be kept in the presentation & remarks can be made

by the panel/audiences.

The supervisor will decide the consideration of remarks and may suggest

amendments in the project work.

2.2.4 External Examination (Project Evaluation Phase-4)

After successful evaluation of the three phases a list of project groups will be

prepared and asked for submission of project reports ( hard bound ) both in

soft copy & hard copy form within the last week of April.

The project reports ( both soft & hard copy ) will be categorized according to

broader working area & will be submitted to the Examination department of

University within first week of May.

3. Student’s Responsibilities

The students shall be reminded that they have the sole responsibility during the

duration of the project and should note that they are responsible for their work and

that the role of the supervisor is to provide guidance and advice.

The student’s roles shall include the following:

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To follow the guidelines made by the University & Departmental Project

committee/ supervisor.

To follow the notification made by the Project committee/supervisor.

To agree with the supervisor the type of guidelines and form of comments

found most helpful.

To agree with the supervisor a suitable topic for the Project and to proceed to

work on the topic.

To discuss with the supervisor the type of guidance and comment he or she

finds most helpful and agree on a schedule of meetings and to attend such

meetings.

To produce written work in accordance with the agreed schedule agreed with

the supervisor to allow time for comments and discussion before proceeding

to the next stage of the project.

To take initiative in raising problems or difficulties, however elementary

they may seem.

To complete the consultation/progress report forms and any other documents

when requested to do so.

To discuss with the supervisor the preparation of the project and to decide,

taking due account of the advice from the supervisor, when it is ready for

submission.

Need not confine their requests for advice to their supervisor and they are

encouraged to approach anyone who can help. They should, however, keep

their supervisor informed of any other person they have been discussing the

work with.

To attend any seminars or workshops provided to assist them in carrying out

their research or presenting it appropriately To submit the Project by the

scheduled deadline as stipulated in the regulations.

The student shall not change the supervisor once allocated at will.

4. Guidelines for Synopsis:

A brief outline or general view, as of a subject or written work; an abstract or a

summary.

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contents of Synopsis:

The content should be as brief (preferably 15 – 20 pages in A4 sized paper) as is

sufficient enough to explain the objective and implementation of the project that the

candidate is going to take up.

The write up must adhere to the guidelines and should include the following :

Title

This should be explicitly mentioned at the beginning of the Synopsis. Since

the topic itself gives a peep into the project to be taken up, candidate is

advised to be prudent on naming the project. This being the overall

impression on the future work, the topic should corroborate the work.

Introduction, Objective & Scope

This should give a clear picture of the project. Objective should be clearly

specified. What the project ends up to and in what way this is going to help

the end user has been mentioned..

Process Description including DFDs and ER diagram

The process of the whole software system proposed, to be developed,

should be mentioned in brief. This may be supported by DFD’s /

Flowcharts to explain the flow of the information and ER diagram.

Testing Technologies and Security Mechanisms

Resources and Limitations

The requirement of the resources for designing and developing the

proposed system must be given. The resources might be in form of the

Tools / Platform, hardware / software or the data from the industry. The

limitations of the proposed system in respect of a larger and comprehensive

system must be given.

Future scope and further enhancement

Conclusion

The write-up must end with the concluding remarks-briefly describing

innovations in the approach for implementing the Project, main

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achievements and also any other important feature that makes the system

stand out from the rest.

Bibliography

The references should be numbered serially in the order of their occurrence

in the text and their numbers should be indicated within square brackets for

e.g. [3]. The section on references should list them in serial order in the

format given in Annexure-1.

5. Guidelines and format for Project Report

5.1 Arrangement of contents:

The sequence in which the project report material should be arranged and bound

should be as follows:

1. Cover Page

2. Inside cover page

3. Certificate from external guide (if any)

4. Certificate from the college

5. Acknowledgements

6. Abstracts

7. Table of contents

8. List of tables

9. List of figures

10. Abbreviations (if any)

11. Nomenclature ( if any)

12. Chapters

13. Appendices

14. References

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15. List of papers published, based on the report ( if any)

5.2 Page dimension and binding specifications: The project report should be prepared in A4 size, and should be hard bound with navy

blue colour wrapper.

5.3 Preparation format:

5.3.1 Cover Page & Title Page – A specimen copy of the Cover page & Title page

of the project report are given in Annexure. The fonts and locations of various

items on this page should be exactly as shown in Annexure 1.

5.3.2 Inside cover page Same as cover page

5.3.3 Acknowledgement This should not exceed one page.

5.3.4 Certificate of external guide (if applicable )

5.3.5 Abstract – Abstract should be a one page synopsis of the project work,

typed in double line spacing (about 300 words with max 6 key words). Font

Style Times New Roman and Font Size 12.

5.3.6 Table of Contents – The table of contents should list all headings, sub

headings after the table of contents page, as well as any titles preceding it.

The title page and Bonafide Certificate will not find a place among the items

listed in the Table of Contents. One and a half spacing should be adopted for

typing the matter under this head. A specimen copy of the Table of Contents

of the project report is given in Annexure.

5.3.7 List of Tables – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear

above the tables in the body of the report. One and a half spacing should be

adopted for typing the matter under this head.

5.3.8 List of Figures – The list should use exactly the same captions as they

appear below the figures in the body of the text. One and a half spacing

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should be adopted for typing the matter under this head.

5.3.9 Table and figures - The word Table means tabulated numerical data in the

body of the project report as well as in the appendices. All other non-verbal

materials used in the body of the project work and appendices such as charts,

graphs, maps, photographs and diagrams should be designated as figures.

5.3.10 List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature – One and a half

spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head. Standard

symbols, abbreviations etc. should be used.

5.3.11 Chapters – The chapters may be broadly divided into 3 or 4 parts with

minimum total pages 50, (i) Introductory chapter, (ii) Literature Review (if

any) (iii) Chapters developing the main theme of the project work

(iv) Experimental setup, Analysis of results (if any) and (v) Conclusion &

Future work.

The main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may be

further divided into several divisions and sub-divisions.

• Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.

• Tables and figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of

the reference where they are cited.

Footnotes should be used sparingly. They should be typed single space and

placed directly underneath in the very same page, which refers to the

material they annotate.

5.3.12 Appendices - Same format as Chapters

5.3.12 List of References –The listing of references should be typed 4 spaces

below the heading “REFERENCES” in alphabetical order, in single spacing

and left – justified. The reference material should be listed in the alphabetical

order of the surname of the first author. The name of the author/authors

should be immediately followed by the year and other details.

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5. 3.13 List of papers published based on the report - See Annexure

5.4 Typing Instructions

The impression on the typed copies should be black in colour.

One and a half spacing should be used for typing the general text. The general text

shall be typed in the Font style ‘Times New Roman’ and Font size 12. Use A4 (210

mm X 297 mm) bond un-ruled paper (80 gsm) for all copies submitted. Use one

only side of the paper for all printed/typed matter.

5.4.1. Numbering

Every page in the seminar/project report, except the seminar/project report title page,

must be accounted for and numbered.

The page numbering, starting from acknowledgements and till the beginning of the

introductory chapter, should be printed in small Roman numbers, i.e, i, ii, iii, iv......

The page number of the first page of each chapter should not be printed (but must be

accounted for). All page numbers from the second page of each chapter should be

printed using Arabic numerals, i.e. 2,3,4,5...

All printed page numbers should be located at the bottom centre of the page.

5.4.2 Chapters

Use only Arabic numerals. Chapter numbering should be centered on the top of the

page using large bold print. < size 15> <Times new Roman>

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5.4.3 Sections

Use only Arabic numerals with decimals. Section numbering should be left justified

using bold print. Example: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc.

5.4.3.1 Subsections

Use only Arabic numerals with two decimals. Subsection numbering should be left

Justified using bold print. Example: 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, etc.

5.4.4 Equation(S)/Formula

Use only Arabic numerals with single decimal. Equation numbers should be right

justified using normal print.

Format: (<Chapter number>.<Equation serial number>).

Example (1.1)

5.4.5 References

Follow Annexure-2.12

5.4.6

TEXT COLOR - Black

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FONT - Times New Roman 12pts and normal

5.4.7 REGULAR TEXT

5.4.7.1 CHAPTER HEADING - Times Roman 15 pts., bold print and all capitals.

5.4.7.2 SECTION HEADINGS - Times Roman 12 pts., bold print and all capitals

5.4.7.3 SUBSECTION HEADINGS - Times Roman 12 pts., bold print and leading

capitals. ie. Only first letter in each word should be in capital -

Italics/Superscript /Subscript/Special symbols, etc., as per necessity.

5.4.7.4 SPECIAL TEXT- Special text may include footnotes, endnotes, physical or

chemical symbols, mathematical notations, etc.

5.4.7.5 REFERENCES Same font as regular text. Serial number and all authors'

names to be in bold print. Journal names and book titles should be in italics.

5.4.8 PARAGRAPH SPACING

Use 6 pts before & 6 pts after paragraphs.

All paragraphs in the seminar/project report should be left justified completely,

from the first line to the last line.

Use 1.5 spacing between the regular text and quotations.

5.4.8.1 Provide double spaces between:

(a) Chapter title and first sentence of a chapter, Use single spacing

(b) in footnotes and endnotes for text.

(c) in explanatory notes for tables and figures.

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(d) in text corresponding to bullets, listings, and quotations in the main body

of seminar/project report .

Use single space in references and double space between references.

5.4.8.2 Justification

The text should be fully justified

5.4.8.3 Margins

The margins for the regular text are as

follows:

LEFT = 1.50"

RIGHT = 1.00"

TOP = 1.00" |

BOTTOM = 1.00"

5.4.9 TABLES

All tables should have sharp lines, drawn in black ink, to separate rows/columns as

and when necessary. Tables should follow immediately after they are referred to for

the first time in the text. Splitting of paragraphs, for including tables on a page,

should be avoided. Provide double spaces on the top and the bottom of all tables to

separate them from the regular text, wherever applicable.

The title of the table etc. should be placed on the top of the table

The title should be centered with respect to the table. The titles must be in the same

font as the regular text and should be single spaced. The title format is given below:

Table<blank><chapter number>.<serial number><left indent><table title>.

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5.4.10 FIGURES

All figures, drawings, and graphs should be drawn in black ink with sharp

lines and adequate contrast between different plots if more than one plot is

present in the same graph.

The title of the figure etc. should be placed on the bottom of the figure.

Figures should follow immediately after they are referred to for the first time in the

text. Splitting of paragraphs, for including figures on a page, should be avoided.

Provide double spaces on the top and the bottom of all figures to separate them from

the regular text, wherever applicable. Figures should be centered with respect to the

figure. The titles must be in the same font as the regular text and should be single

spaced. The title format is given below:

Fig. <blank><chapter number>.<serial number> <left indent><figure title.

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Annexure-1.1

PROJECT SYNOPSIS

(16 Pt Bold)

TOPIC (18 Pt Bold)

Submitted to Sharda University

(14pt Bold)

B. Tech Degree

(16pt Bold)

in

Computer Science & Engineering

(14pt)

(14pt Bold) (14pt Bold)

Name & Signature: Name & Signature:

Address: Address:

Email: Email:

Mob. Mob. (14pt)

(14pt Bold) (14pt Bold)

Name & Signature: Name & Signature:

Address: Address:

Email: Email:

Mob. Mob

Signature of supervisor

(Name of Supervisor)

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Annexure-1.2

SYNOPSIS

(16pt Bold)

1 Motivation & Introduction of the question / research problem (All headings 12 pt, text in 11pt)

2 Project objectives defining flow of work in details

3 Literature on recent research at conceptual level related to the problem

4 Status / literature of recent research at application level related to the problem

5 Methodology with design / development

6 Evaluation criterion of hypothesis

7 Expected outcomes / Results & Analysis (in terms of prototype, patent, research papers,

etc.)

8 List no less than 10 recent (with in last 3 years) research publications related to the

proposed topic

REFERENCES:

Follow the Annexure-2.12

Note:

All the references must be given at the end in the following form in Times New Roman 12

Pt. (single spacing)

Document should not exceed more than 2500 words

Relevant diagrams should be provided as per the need

Plagiarism will be dealt seriously and may leading to document withdrawal

Type Set:

Paper Size - A4

Font size - Times New Roman 12 pt

Footer: Page number and Name of Candidate

Header: Title of Project &

Leave:

Top Margin- 1.9”

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Bottom Margin - 1.9”

Left Margin – 1.9”

Right Margin – 1.5”

All the flow matter will be in double spacing

Signature of supervisor

(Times New Roman 14pt Bold)

Name:

Address:

Email:

Mob.

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Annexure 2.

PROJECT TITLE

A PROJECT REPORT

submitted to

SHARDA UNIVERSITY

by

NAME OF STUDENT

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

School of Engineering and Technology

Sharda University, Greater Noida, U.P

<Month,year>

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Annexure 2.2

PROJECT TITLE

<Font Size 16><1.5 line spacing>

A PROJECT REPORT <Font Size 14><Italic>

submitted to

SHARDA UNIVERSITY

<Font Size 14><Bold

by <Font Size 14><Italic>

NAME OF STUDENT <Font Size 14>Bold

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

<Font Size 14><1.5 line spacing><Italic>

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY <Font Size 16><Bold

IN COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

<Font Size 14><Bold

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING <Font Size 12><Bold

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

<Font Size 16><Bold SHARDA UNIVERSITY

GREATER NOIDA, U.P.

<Font Size 12><Bold

<Month,year> <Font Size 14><Bold

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Annexure 2.3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

One page maximum. Times New Roman and Font Size 12

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Annexure 2.4

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “TITLE OF PROJECT WORK”

submitted by NAME OF STUDENT to the Sharda University Greater Noida, U.P in

partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer

Science and Engineering is a bonafide record of the project work carried out by him

under my supervision in the year 2013.

<Name of HOD> Name

(Project Guide)

Professor and Head

Department of Computer Science & Engineering Designation

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

School of Engineering and Technology

Sharda University, Greater Noida, U.P

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Annexure 2.5.

ABSTRACT

In-cylinder fluid dynamics exert significant influence on the performance and emission

characteristics of Direct Injection (DI) diesel engines. Detailed simulation of the various

features of the in-cylinder fluid motion including heat transfer and combustion processes

has now become an achievable goal using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

methodology, an area which is developing for more than a decade. In the present work, computational fluid dynamics investigation on in-cylinder flow for

non-reacting as well as firing condition in a DI diesel engine using different types of

inlet manifolds has been carried out. The employed three-dimensional computational

domains, constitute of the intake manifold, combustion chamber and the exhaust

manifold so that a complete engine cycle can be simulated. To start with, a study on the effect of manifold configurations on in-cylinder flow and

combustion has been carried out on an engine geometry, for which experimental

measurements are available. Validation of simulated results with experimental data

available in the literature is presented.

KEYWORDS: DI Diesel Engine, Spiral Manifold, Helical Manifold, Helical-

Spiral Combined Manifold, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

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Annexure 2.6

CONTENTS

Title Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ i ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................iv ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................v NOMENCLATURE ..................................................................................................vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Flow Through Inlet Manifold ..........................................................................3 1.2 Simulation Using Computational Fluid Dynamics ............................................5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................8 2.2 Diesel Engine Flow Modeling .........................................................................9 2.2.1 Effect on Engine Configurations .....................................................................9 2.3 Diesel Combustion Model ............................................................................25 ........................................................................................................................................... …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… REFERENCE ..........................................................................................................50 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ......................................................................................55

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Annexure 2.7.

List of Tables Table Title Page

3.1 Values Assigned to Standard k-ε Turbulence Model Coefficients .................... 55

3.2 Values Assigned to RNG k-ε Turbulence Model Coefficients ......................... 57 4.1 Engine Specifications................................................................................... 90 4.2 Geometrical Details of the Injector ............................................................... 90 4.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions ................................................................... 94 4.4 Grid Independence Study ............................................................................. 99

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Annexure 2.8

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

3.1 Lagrangian Droplet Motion ............................................................................... 70

4.1 Vertical Manifold............................................................................................... 95

4.2 20O Bend Manifold............................................................................................. 95

4.3 90O Bend Manifold.................................................................................................. 95

4.4 Spiral Manifold .................................................................................................. 95

O

4.5

Spiral Manifold Configuration ( θ = 225 )

96

........................................................

4.6 Spiral Manifold with Different Flow Entry Angles (20O, 32.5O and 45O).......... 96

4.7 Helical Manifold (Helical Angles 30O, 35O, 40O, 45O and 50O) .......................... 97

4.8 Spiral Manifold .................................................................................................. 97

4.9 Helical Manifold ................................................................................................ 97

4.10 Helical-Spiral Manifold................................................................................................... .............. 97

4.11 Grid Independent SR for Validation Model....................................................... 98

4.12 Grid Independent TKE for Validation Model................................................... 99

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Annexure 2.9

NOMENCLATURE English Symbols

A

Ad

As

A0

Cp C

am c

cd

c0

p

c p

c

p,d

Dd

Dm

Pre-exponential constant

Droplet cross-sectional area, m2

Droplet surface area, m2

Nozzle cross sectional area. m2

Specific heat,J/kg-K Virtual mass coefficient

Reaction progress variable Coefficient of discharge of nozzle

Reference specific heat at temperature T0

Mean constant – pressure specific heat at temperature

T Droplet specific heat

Instantaneous droplet diameter,

m Vapour diffusivity

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Annexure 2.10

ABBREVIATIONS

ATDC After Top Dead Center

BDC Bottom Dead Center

BTDC Before Top Dead Center

CA Crank Angle

CAD Computer Aided Design

CCS Combined Charging System

CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics

CO Carbon Monoxide

CTC Characteristic–Time Combustion

DI Direct Injection

DME Dimethyl Ether

DNS Direct Numerical Simulations

EGR Exhaust Gas Re- Circulation

FIE Fuel Injection Equipments

HC Hydrocarbon

HWA Hot Wire Anemometer

IC Internal Combustion

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Annexure2.11

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Fuel economy demands and pollution threats have posed serious challenges to the design

and development of new generation diesel engines. The performances of the diesel

engines are enhanced by proper design of inlet and exhaust manifolds. In this, inlet

manifold is mainly responsible for inducting appropriate amount of air into the cylinder.

It should be the endeavor of the designer to see that maximum volumetric efficiency is

obtained. At the same time, the design should be in such a way that it creates larger

turbulence and swirl. Direct Injection (DI) diesel engine with new intake system,

turbocharger and after treatment arrangement to meet latest emission regulations and fuel

economy is found to be very attractive for automotive applications.

Simulation of IC engine using CFD is comparatively quite difficult since it involves

complex

……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………

33

Annexure2.12

REFERENCES The following format should be followed for different reference materials:

Book with one author

Adair, J. (1988) Effective time management: How to save time and spend it wisely,

London: Pan Books.

Book with two authors

McCarthy, P. and Hatcher, C. (1996) Speaking persuasively: Making the most of

your presentations, Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

Book with three or more authors

Fisher, R., Ury, W. and Patton, B. (1991) Getting to yes: Negotiating an agreement

without giving in, 2nd

edition, London: Century Business.

Book – second or later edition

Barnes, R. (1995) Successful study for degrees, 2nd

edition, London: Routledge.

Book by same author in the same year

Napier, A. (1993a) Fatal storm, Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

Napier, A. (1993b) Survival at sea, Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

Book with an editor

Danaher, P. (ed.) (1998) Beyond the ferris wheel, Rockhampton: CQU Press.

If you have used a chapter in a book written by someone other than the editor

Byrne, J. (1995) ‘Disabilities in tertiary education’, in Rowan, L. and McNamee, J.

(ed.) Voices of a Margin, Rockhampton: CQU Press.

34

Books with an anonymous or unknown author

The University Encyclopedia (1985) London: Roydon.

Written course material, for example distance learning unit material

Dhann, S. (2001) CAE0001LWR Unit 5: Note taking skills from lectures and

readings, Exeter: Department of Lifelong Learning.

OR, IF THE AUTHOR IS UNKNOWN

Department of Lifelong Learning (2001), CAE0001LWR Unit 5: Note taking skills

from lectures and readings, Exeter: Author.

(NB – ‘Author’ at the end means that the publisher is the same as the author)

Government publications

Department for Education and Employment (DfEE), (2001) Skills for life: The

national strategy for improving adult literacy and numeracy skills, Nottingham:

DfEE Publications.

Conference papers

Hart, G., Albrecht, M., Bull, R. and Marshall, L. (1992) ‘Peer consultation: A

professional development opportunity for nurses employed in rural settings’, Infront

Outback – Conference Proceedings, Australian Rural Health Conference,

Toowoomba, pp. 143 – 148.

Newspaper articles

Cumming, F. (1999) ‘Tax-free savings push’, Sunday Mail, 4 April, p. 1.

OR, IF THE AUTHOR IS UNKNOWN

‘Tax-free savings push’, Sunday Mail (4 April 1999), p. 3.

35

Journal article

Muller, V. (1994) ‘Trapped in the body: Transsexualism, the law, sexual identity’,

The Australian Feminist Law Journal, vol. 3, August, pp. 103-107.

Journal article with both volume and issue number

Muller, V. (1994) ‘Trapped in the body: Transsexualism, the law, sexual identity’,

The Australian Feminist Law Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, August, pp. 103-107.

Journal article from CD-ROM, electronic database, or journal

Skargren, E.I. & Oberg, B. (1998) ‘Predictive factors for 1-year outcome of low-back

and neck pain in patients treated in primary care: Comparison between the treatment

strategies chiropractic and physiotherapy’, Pain [Electronic], vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 201-

208, Available: Elsevier/ScienceDirect/ O304-3959(98)00101-8, [8 Feb 1999].

Electronic mail (e-mail)

Johnston, R. (2001) Access courses for women, e-mail to NIACE Lifelong Learning

Mailing List (lifelong-learning@niace.org.uk), 22 Aug. [24 Aug 2001].

OR

Robinson, T. (2001) Re: Information on course structure, e-mail to S. Dhann

(s.dhann@exeter.ac.uk), 12 Jul. [13 Jul 2001].

Discussion list

Berkowitz, P. (1995) April 3, ‘Sussy’s gravestone’, Mark Twain Forum [Online], 3

Apr, Available e-mail: TWAIN-L@yorkvm2.bitnet [3 Apr 1995].

World Wide Web page

Young, C. (2001) English Heritage position statement on the Valletta Convention,

[Online], Available: http://www.archaeol.freeuk.com/EHPostionStatement.htm [24

Aug 2001].

36

Annexure 2.13

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

I

I REFEREED JOURNALS 1. Paul,B and V. Ganesan (2008) Effect of spiral manifold configuration on in-cylinder air

motion and turbulence in DI Diesel engine. Journal of Engineering Application of

Computational Fluid Mechanics. (Communicated).

II PRESENTATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES

1. Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2005) Study of air motion inside the cylinder of a DI

diesel engine with spiral intake port. 14th

International Conference of Indian Society of

Mechanical Engineers in the Knowledge Age, New Delhi, December 2005.

2. Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2006) Effect of manifold configuration in turbulence inside the

cylinder of a direct injection diesel Engine by CFD Simulation. Third

BSME-ASME International Conference on Thermal Engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh,

December 2006. 4 Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2007) Effect of spiral manifold configuration on swirl and

emissions in a DI diesel engine - A CFD study. Third International Conference on Thermal

Engineering. Jordan, May 2007. 5 Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2007) Effect of helical-spiral combined manifold configuration

on swirl and emissions in a DI diesel engine A CFD study.

International Conference on Computer Aided Engineering, IIT Madras, India, December

2007. II PRESENTATIONS IN NATIONAL CONFERENCES 1. Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2005) CFD Analysis of the effect of port configurations

on air motion inside the cylinder of a DI diesel engine. 19th

National Conference on IC

Engine Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Chidambaram, India, December 2005.