Final Year Project Report- BE Mechanical Engineering

8/20/2019 Final Year Project Report- BE Mechanical Engineering

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A[V@E@L@[] R@B@VCM ZDKKIMDACR

Autd`rs

AIC ALLAR EAQWC 1?-E[]V-BK-LK-13

N@LAI X[IGCQAR 1?-E[]V-BK-LK-1?1

L[DALLAF AQKKI A]DRAG 1?-E[]V-BK-LK-;?

]upkrvcs`r

Fr.SA]AR ASAX

D`F, R`b`tcms & Artcgcmcai Cetkiicjkemk

FK_ARVLKEV @G LKMDAECMAI KEJCEKKRCEJ

]MD@@I @G LKMDAECMAI& LAE[GAMV[RCEJ KEJCEKKRCEJ

EAVC@EAI [ECWKR]CVS @G ]MCKEMK] AEF VKMDE@I@JS

C]IALABAF

H[EK, 2?16


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Aut`e`l`us R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr

Autd`rs

AIC ALLAR EAQWC 1?-E[]V-BK-LK-13

N@LAI X[IGCQAR 1?-E[]V-BK-LK-1?1

L[DALLAF AQKKI A]DRAG 1?-E[]V-BK-LK-;?

A tdkscs sublcttkf ce partcai guigciilket `g tdk rkqucrklkets g`r tdk fkjrkk `g

B] Lkmdaecmai Kejcekkrcej

Vdkscs ]upkrvcs`r8

Fr. SA]AR ASAX

Vdkscs ]upkrvcs`r –s ]cjeaturk8 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

FK_ARVLKEV @G LKMDAECMAI KEJCEKKRCEJ

]MD@@I @G LKMDAECMAI & LAE[GAMV[RCEJ

KEJCEKKRCEJ,

EAVC@EAI [ECWKR]CVS @G ]MCKEMK] AEF VKMDE@I@JS,

C]IALABAF

H[EK, 2?16


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Fkmiaratcè

Zk mkrtcgy tdat tdcs rkskarmd w`rn tctikf ’ Autè`lùs R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr “ cs ùr `we w`rn. Vdk

w`rn das e`t bkke prksketkf kiskwdkrk g`r assksslket. Vdk latkrcai tdat das bkke uskf gr`l `tdkr

sùrmks das bkke pr`pkriy amne`wikfjkf / rkgkrrkf.

]cjeaturk `g ]tufkets

AIC ALLAR EAQWC

1?-E[]V-BK-LK-13

N@LAI X[IGCQAR

1?-E[]V-BK-LK-1?1

L[DALLAF AQKKI A]DRAG

1?-E[]V-BK-LK-;?


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cc

Iaejuajk M`rrkmtekss Mkrtcgcmatk

Vdcs tdkscs das bkke rkaf by ae Kejicsd kxpkrt aef cs grkk `g typcej, syetax, sklaetcm, jrallatcmai

aef spkiicej lcstanks. Vdkscs cs ais` amm`rfcej t` tdk g`rlat jcvke by tdk uecvkrscty.

]cjeaturk `g ]tufkets

AIC ALLAR EAQWC

1?-E[]V-BK-LK-13

N@LAI X[IGCQAR

1?-E[]V-BK-LK-1?1

L[DALLAF AQKKI A]DRAG

1?-E[]V-BK-LK-;?

]cjeaturk `g ]upkrvcs`r

Fr.SA]AR ASAX

D`F, R`b`tcms & Artcgcmcai Cetkiicjkemk


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M`pyrcjdt ]tatklket

M`pyrcjdt ce tdk tkxt `g tdcs tdkscs rksts wctd tdk stufket autd`rs. M`pcks (by aey pr`mkss)

kctdkr ce guii, `r `g kxtramts, lay bk lafk èiy ce amm`rfaemk wctd cestrumtcès jcvke by tdkautd`rs aef i`fjkf ce tdk Icbrary `g E[]V, ]LLK. Fktacis lay bk `btacekf by tdk

Icbrarcae. Vdcs pajk lust g`rl part `g aey sumd m`pcks lafk. Gurtdkr m`pcks (by aey

pr`mkss) lay e`t bk lafk wctdùt tdk pkrlcsscè (ce wrctcej) `g tdk autd`rs.

Vdk `wekrsdcp `g aey cetkiikmtuai pr`pkrty rcjdts wdcmd lay bk fksmrcbkf ce tdcs tdkscs ark

vkstkf ce E[]V, ]LLK, subhkmt t` aey prc`r ajrkklket t` tdk mètrary, aef lay e`t bk

lafk avaciabik g`r usk by tdcrf partcks wctdùt tdk wrcttke pkrlcsscè `g tdk ]md`ì `g

Lkmdaecmai & Laeugamturcej Kejcekkrcej (]LLK), wdcmd wcii prksmrcbk tdk tkrls aef

mèfctcès `g aey sumd ajrkklket.

Gurtdkr ceg`rlatcè è tdk mèfctcès uefkr wdcmd fcsmi`surks aef kxpi`ctatcè lay tank

piamk cs avaciabik gr`l tdk Icbrary `g E[]V ]LLK, D-12, Csialabaf.


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Amne`wikfjklkets

Zk ark tdaengui t` ̀ ur Mrkat`r Aiiad ]ubdaea-Zataia g`r davcej jucfkf us tdrùjdùt tdcs pr`hkmt

at kvkry stkp aef g`r kvkry ekw tdùjdt tdat Dk sktup ce ùr lcefs t` clpr`vk ct. Cefkkf wk mùifdavk fèk e`tdcej wctdùt Dcs prcmkikss dkip aef jucfaemk. Zd`s`kvkr dkipkf us tdrùjd tdk

mùrsk `g ùr tdkscs, wdktdkr ùr parkets `r aey `tdkr cefcvcfuais was Dcs wcii, s` cefkkf eèk bk

w`rtdy `g pracsk but Dcl.

Zk ark pr`guskiy tdaengui t` ùr bki`vkf parkets wd` racskf us wdke wk wkrk e`t mapabik `g

waincej aef mètceukf t` supp`rt us tdrùjdùt ce kvkry fkpartlket `g ùr icvks.

Zk wùif ais` icnk t` kxprkss spkmcai tdaens t` ùr supkrvcs`r Fr. SA]AR ASAX g`r dcs dkip

tdrùjdùt ùr tdkscs aef ais` g`r Cetr` t` Lkmdatrècms & R`b`tcms mùrsk wdcmd dk das taujdt

us. Zk mae sagkiy say tdat wk davke't ikarekf aey `tdkr kejcekkrcej subhkmt ce sumd fkptd tdae tdk

èk wdcmd dk das taujdt.

Zk wùif ais` icnk t` pay spkmcai tdaens t` Iab Kejcekkr Ndawaha Gadaf Cqbai g`r dcs trklkefùs

supp`rt aef m``pkratcè. Kamd tclk wk j`t stumn ce s`lktdcej, dk malk up wctd tdk sìutcè.

Zctdùt dcs dkip wk wùife–t davk bkke abik t` m`lpiktk ùr tdkscs. Zk apprkmcatk dcs patckemk

aef jucfaemk tdrùjdùt tdk wdìk tdkscs.

Zk wùif ais` icnk t` tdaen Fr. @lkr Jciiaec aef Fr. L`dsce Halci, g`r bkcej è ùr tdkscs

jucfaemk aef kvaiuatcè m`llcttkk aef kxprkss ùr spkmcai Vdaens t` Iab Kejcekkr Adlkf

Dussace Qurksdc g`r dcs dkip. Zk ark ais` tdaengui t` Aic Bce Zadcf, [sala ]crah aef Ludallaf

Aggae g`r tdkcr supp`rt aef m``pkratcè.

Gceaiiy, wk wùif icnk t` kxprkss ùr jratctufk t` aii tdk cefcvcfuais wd` davk rkefkrkf vaiuabik

asscstaemk t` ùr stufy.


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Fkfcmatkf t` ùr kxmkptcèai parkets aef af`rkf scbicejs wd`sk

trklkefùs supp`rt aef m``pkratcè ikf us t` tdcs wèfkrgui

amm`lpicsdlket


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Abstramt

Vdk Autè`lùs R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr cs bkcej fkscjekf t` kedaemk tdk mapabcictcks `g tdk

h`ystcmn-mètrìikf ]AN[RA Zdkkimdacr lafk avaciabik tdr̀ ujd ]AN[RA–s mìiab`ratcè wctd

RC]K Iab, ]LLK. Zdcik ae kikmtrcm wdkkimdacr mae bk summkssguiiy eavcjatkf by l`st pkrsès,

pk`pik wctd _arncesè–s, Luitcpik ]mikr`scs `r `tdkr skvkrk lketai fcggcmuitcks rklace ueabik t`

eavcjatk a staefarf aut`latkf wdkkimdacr ce tdk salk way. Zk davk kefkav`rkf t` fkscje tdk

Autè`lùs R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr s` tdat tdksk pk`pik mae rkiy è ùr slart wdkkimdacr t` f` tdk

eavcjatcè g`r tdkl. @ur Gceai Skar _r`hkmt cs a slaii stkp t`warfs tdcs albctcùs aef clp`rtaet

jài bkcej pursukf by a varckty `g stufket tkals w`rncej uefkr tdk ulbrkiia `g tdk L`bcik

R`b`tcms Jrùp at RC]K Iab, ]LLK. @ur pr`hkmt jàis rkqucrkf tdat tdk wdkkimdacr sdùif bk

abik t` pkrmkcvk tdk iayùt `g cts surrùefcejs, i`maiczk ctskig wctdce tdat iayùt, aef jcvke

partcmuiar start aef kefp`cets, ct sdùif bk abik t` stkkr ctskig gr`l èk t` tdk `tdkr gìi`wcej a

rkasèabik mìicscè-grkk patd. V` tdcs kef, wk aeaiyzkf tdk darfwark mègcjuratcès `g varcùs

`tdkr autè`lùs wdkkimdacrs aef af`ptkf tdk darfwark mègcjuratcès wdcmd appkaikf t` us tdk

l`st. Zk l`fcgckf tdk kxcstcej wdkkimdacr darfwark t` cem`rp`ratk ae IRG skes`r aef a tabik-

uect g`r ae è-bàrf iapt`p aef kikmtrècms dùscej. Gìi`wcej tdat, wk fkvki`pkf ùr `bstamik

av`cfaemk aef eavcjatcè m`fks baskf è M++ aef _iaykrY]tajk. @ur `bstamik av`cfaemk m`fks ark

lancej usk `g rkai-tclk iaskr skescej by tdk IRG aef ùr eavcjatcè m`fks ark bkcej mètrìikf

kctdkr by tdk p`tketcai gckif eavcjatcè aij`rctdl `r by tdk cectcai p`sctcè aef dkafcejs pr`vcfkf

by tdk _iaykrY]tajk —mgj– gciks. @ur `bstamik av`cfaemk aij`rctdls ark bkcej lèct`rkf by

_iaykrY]tajk rueecej è tdk [buetu `pke-sùrmk piatg`rl wdcmd mèvkys IRG ceputs t` ùr M++

m`fk aef ùr M++ m`fk, ce ture, skefs tdk g`rwarf aef turecej vki`mctcks t` ùr wcef`ws-baskf

IABWCKZ pr`jral `vkr a skmurk V_-Icen Zcrkikss Ektw`rn. @emk ùr Zdkkimdacr bkm`lks

guiiy guemtcèai, pr`babiy agtkr a skrcks `g m`fcej l`fcgcmatcès, cetkjratcè `g gurtdkr typks `g

skes`rs, rcj`rùs iab-tkstcej aef `ptclczatcè g`r kevcrèlkets bcjjkr tdae tdk RC]K Iab tkst

spamk, wk wcii tdke kefkav`r t` pr`t`typk aef larnkt tdcs wdkkimdacr as a dkaitdmark pr`fumt lkaet

t` pr`vcfk l`bcicty aef kedaemkf cefkpkefkemk t` tdk fcsabikf aef lketaiiy mdaiikejkf pk`pik

wk d`pk t` asscst.

Nky Z`rfs8 Autè`lùs Zdkkimdacr, @bstamik Av`cfaemk, Eavcjatcè, _iaykrY]tajk


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Vabik `g Mètkets

Fkmiaratcè ....................................................................................................................................................................c

Iaejuajk M`rrkmtekss Mkrtcgcmatk ............................................................................................................................. cc

M`pyrcjdt ]tatklket ................................................................................................................................................. ccc

Amne`wikfjklkets .....................................................................................................................................................cv

Abstramt .......................................................................................................................................................................vc

Vabik ̀ g Mètkets ................................................................................................................................................ vcc,vccc

Icst ̀ g Gcjurks ............................................................................................................................................................ xx

Icst ̀ g Vabiks ...............................................................................................................................................................xc

MDA_VKR 18 CEVR@F[MVC@E............................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 Bamnjrùef, ]m`pk aef L`tcvatcè ............................................................................................................. 2

1.2 Darfwark ..................................................................................................................................................... 2

1.2.1 Zdkkimdacr LM-2??? .......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........ 6

1.2.2 Iaskr Raejk Gcefkr ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... ........... ......... ;

1.2.= EC-FAQ .............................................................................................................................................. 7

1.= ]`gtwark ....................................................................................................................................................... 7

1.=.1 [buetu ................................................................................................................................................ 7

1.=.2 _iaykr/]tajk ........................................................................................................................................ 7

1.=.= EktBkaes ............................................................................................................................................. 7

1.=.6 IabWckw ............................................................................................................................................. 7

MDA_VKR 28 FK]CJE & GABRCMAVC@E................................................................................................................

2.1 Zdkkimdacr Fkscje .........................................................................................................................................

2.1.1 L`tcvatcè........................................................................................................................................... 6

2.1.2 _r`p`skf L`fki ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .... ;

2.2 Gabrcmatcè ................................................................................................................................................... ;

2.2.1 Latkrcais aef _r`mkssks ........... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .. ;

2.2.2 IRG Lùet ......................................................................................................................................... 7

2.2.= Iapt`p Vabik ....................................................................................................................................... ;

MDA_VKR =8 ZDKKIMDACR M@EVR@I ...............................................................................................................

=.1 H`ystcmn Mètr ì .............................................................................................................................................

=.2 ]dcgtcej Mètr ì ........................................................................................................................................... ;=.= IabWckw Mètrì ......................................................................................................................................... 7

=.6 Mètrì Jrapd Aeaiyscs ......... ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... ........... .. ;

MDA_VKR 68 @B]VAMIK AW@CFAEMK .................................................................................................................

6.1 Ictkraturk Rkvckw ..........................................................................................................................................

6.2 _skuf` M`fk ............................................................................................................................................... 6

6.= Cetkjratcej IRG aef _iaykr/]tajk ......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........ ;


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6.6 ]cluiatcès ................................................................................................................................................. ;

MDA_VKR ;8 EAWCJAVC@E ......................................................................................................................................

;.1 Ictkraturk Rkvckw ..........................................................................................................................................

;.2 _`tketcai Gckif Aij`rctdl ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........ 6

;.= BrusdGcrk _skuf` m`fk ......... ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... ........... .. ;

;.6 BrusdGcrk ]cluiatcès .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... ........... .. ;

;.; Ruetclk Eavcjatcè ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... ...... ;

MDA_VKR 78 EKVZ@RNCEJ ....................................................................................................................................

7.1 Cetr`fumtcè ...................................................................................................................................................

7.1.1 Zcrkikss Ektw`rncej .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... ........... ......... 6

7.1.2 Afvaetajks ̀ g wcrkikss Ektw`rncej .......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... ....... ;

7.2 ]m`pk .......................................................................................................................................................... 6

7.= Ictkraturk Rkvckw ....................................................................................................................................... ;

7.6 ]krvkr/Micket ............................................................................................................................................... ;

7.6.1 ]`mnkts ................................................................................................................................................. ;

7.6.2 C_ Afrkssks .......................................................................................................................................... ;

7.6.= Bytk @rfkr ........................................................................................................................................... :

7.; Appicmatcès .................................................................................................................................................. 6

MDA_VKR :8 VK]VCEJ & @_VCLCXAVC@E .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ...

:.1 Vkstcej Iclctatcès .......................................................................................................................................

:.2 @bstamik Av`cfaemk Vkstcej .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .... ;

:.2.1 ]cejik @bstamik Av`cfaemk .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... ......... 7

:.2.2 3?◧ Av`cfaemk ..................................................................................................................................... 6

:.2.2 Warcabik Aejik Av`cfaemk ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... ......... ;

:.= Fyealcm @bstamik Av`cfaemk........ ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .... ;

:.6 Eavcjatcè Vkstcej ...................................................................................................................................... ;

MDA_VKR 48 M@EMI[]C@E] & RKM@LLKEFAVC@E] ...................................................................................

4.1 Mèmiuscè ....................................................................................................................................................

4.2 Ikarecej @utm`lks ......... ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........... ........... .. 6

4.2 Guturk Rkm`llkefatcès ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ........ ;

A__KEFCT A ............................................................................................................................................................. 6;

RKGKRKEMK] .......................................................................................................................................................... 63


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cx


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Icst `g Gcjurks

Gcj 1.18 ]AN[RA Kikmtrcm Zdkkimdacr LM 2???……………………………………………………………………1

Gcj 1.28 IRG ]kes`r…………………………………………………………………………………………………...=

Gcj 1.=8 EC 7??3 []B…………………………………………………………………………………………………= Gcj 1.68 _iaykrY]tajk [skr Cetkrgamk…………………………………………………………………………………..;

Gcj 1.;8 IabWCKZ Jrapdcmai Cetkrgamk ……………………………………………………………………………....7

Gcj 2.18 Zdkkimdacr Lkmdaecmai Fkscje Gkaturks…………………………………………………………………….:

Gcj 2.28 _R@YK L`fki g`r tdk Zdkkimdacr ……………………………………………………………………………4

Gcj 2.=8 Gceai Darfwark Rkprksketatcè `g tdk Zdkkimdacr…………………………………………………………..3

Gcj 2.68 Zdkkimdacr Gabrcmatcè Latkrcais………………………………………………………………………… 1?

Gcj 2.;8 Zdkkimdacr Gabrcmatcè _r`mkssks………………………………………………………………………… 11

Gcj 2.78 IRG ]kes`r Lùet…………………………………………………………………………………………..1=


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Icst `g Vabiks

Vabik 2-18 Jk`lktrcmai Fata `g C]V Vurbcek ^3?\ ......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... . 7


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MDA_VKR 18 CEVR@F[MVC@E

1.1 Bamnjrùef, ]m`pk aef L`tcvatcè

Vdk Autè`lùs R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr cs èk `g tdk giajsdcp rkskarmd pr`hkmts `g tdk L`fuiar

R`b`tcms Jrùp at RC]K Iab, ]LLK. Zk ark w`rncej è tdk ]AN[RA aut`latkf wdkkimdacr

LM-2??? aef cem`rp`ratcej skes`rs èt` tdk wdkkimdacr ce `rfkr t` keabik cetkiicjket l`tcè.

G`r tdk purp`sk `g ùr Gceai Skar _r`hkmt, wk davk w`rnkf wctd ae IRG skes`r aef uskf ct t`

keabik tdk wdkkimdacr t` pkrmkcvk tdk `bstamiks ce cts kevcrèlket aef t` eavcjatk cts patd arùef

td`sk `bstamiks. @tdkr uefkrjrafuatk aef jrafuatk jrùps w`rncej è tdk Autè`lùs R`b`tcm

Zdkkimdacr ark w`rncej wctd a iarjk varckty `g skes`rs sumd as tdk wkbmals aef dkafskts ktm.

G`r us, tdk l`tcvatcè g`r w`rncej è tdk Autè`lùs Zdkkimdacr pr`hkmt was tdk `pp`rtuecty

t` w`rn è s`lktdcej tdat cs at tdk muttcej kfjk `g r`b`tcms rkskarmd aef scluitaekùsiy a

m`lprkdkescvk kejcekkrcej mdaiikejk ce ctskig. E`t èiy tdat tdk autè`lùs wdkkimdacr cs ais` a

fkkpiy dulaectarcae pr`hkmt as wkii g`r ct skkns t` klp`wkr aef l`bciczk fcsabikf pk`pik

suggkrcej gr`l _arncesè–s, Luitcpik ]mikr`scs aef Vktrapikjca ktm.

Vdk sm`pk `g ùr pr`hkmt cs t` kedaemk tdk mapabcictcks `g tdk ]AN[RA wdkkimdacr ce `rfkr t`

stcluiatk dcjd laekuvkrabcicty aef eavcjatcèai cetkiicjkemk g`r tdk wdkkimdacr. Ct cs fkscrkf tdat

tdk wdkkimdacr sdùif bk abik t` pkrmkcvk tdk iayùt `g cts surrùefs, i`maiczk ctskig wctdce tdat

iayùt aef jcvke partcmuiar start aef kef p`cets, tdk wdkkimdacr sdùif bk abik t` stkkr a

rkasèabik mìicscè-grkk patdway.

Gcj 1.18 ]anura Kikmtrcm Zdkkimdacr LM 2???


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1.2 Darfwark

1.2.1 ]AN[RA ZDKKIMDACR LM-2???

Zk davk uskf tdk ]AN[RA Zdkkimdacr L]-2???. Vdk wdkkimdacr cs murrketiy h`ystcmn

mètrìikf wctd tw` è-bàrf battkrcks mèekmtkf ce skrcks pr`vcfcej ekt 26W t` tdk wdkkimdacr.Vdk grèt tw` wdkkis `g tdk wdkkimdacr ark passcvk wdkkis aef tdk bamn tw` wdkkis ark p`wkrkf

wctd a fcggkrketcai frcvk. Vdk h`ystcmn pr`vcfks vki`mcty vaiuks t` tdk wdkkimdacr ce tdk g`rl `g

g`rwarf `r aejuiar vki`mctcks. Vdk wdkkimdacr ais` das ae kggcmcket miutmd systkl aef a sagkty

brkancej lkmdaecsl wdcmd m`lks cet` amtcè cg tdk wdkkimdacr cs e`t startkf pr`pkriy.


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1.2.2 IRG ]KE]@R

Zk davk uskf tdk ]CMN IL]-2?? ICFAR Iaskr smaeekr aef cetkrgamkf ct wctd [B[EV[ aef

_iaykrY]tajk. Vdk mèk aejik g`r IL]-2?? cs 14?˘ aef ct das a lkasurklket raejk `g 4?l wctd

1?ll rksìutcè aef +/-1;ll systklatcm krr`r. Vdk IRG wkcjds appr`xclatkiy 6.;nj aef cs

21?ll Ú 1;7ll Ú 1;;ll ce sczk. Ce `rfkr t` w`rn, tdk IRG skes`r rkqucrks 26W suppiy

vìtajk aef arùef ?.7:Alps murrket. Vdk IRG wk davk uskf was pr`vcfkf t` us by tdk RC]K

Iab. Zk davk tkstkf aef cestaiikf èt` tdk wdkkimdacr tdk IRG skes`r wdcmd sd`wkf tdk l`st

mèscstket IRG smae rksuits.

Gcj 1.28 IRG

]kes`r

1.2.= EC-FAQ

Vdk EC []B-7??3 pr`vcfks bascm FAQ guemtcèaicty g`r appicmatcès

sumd as sclpik fata amqucsctcè, p`rtabik lkasurklkets aef amafklcm

kxpkrclkets. Vdk EC []B 7??3 pr`vcfks mèekmtcès t` kcjdt scejik-

kefkf aeai`j ceput (AC) mdaeekis, tw` aeai`j ùtput (A@) mdaeekis,

12 fcjctai ceput/ùtput (C@) mdaeekis, aef a =2 bct mùetkr wctd a guii

spkkf []B cetkrgamk. Ce `rfkr t` usk tdk EC []B-7??3 wk mae usk tdk

FAQ Asscstaet uscej IabWCKZ ce `rfkr t` mègcjurk tdk vcrtuai aef

lkasurklket mdaeekis wdcmd wcii frcvk ùr wdkkimdacr.


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Gcj 1.=8 EC 7??3 []B

1.= ]`gtwark

1.=.1 [B[EV[

[buetu cs ae @pke-]ùrmk Iceux `pkratcej systkl. Zk davk `ptkf t`

usk tdcs g`r tdk Autè`lùs R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr pr`hkmt scemk ct cs

aetcmcpatkf tdat tdk pr`hkmt wcii ikaf t` èj`cej dcjd ikvki rkskarmd

aef fkvki`plket ce tdk gckif `g autè`lùs l`tcè piaeecej aef

eavcjatcè at tdk RC]K Iab. Vdk Wkrscè `g [buetu wk davk w`rnkf

è g`r tdk purp`sk `g ùr pr`hkmt cs8 [buetu 12.?6. Ct `ggkrkf rkjuiar

upjrafks, s`gtwark patmdks aef f`weiàfabik appicmatcès wdcmd wk

avacikf at varcùs tclks furcej ùr pr`hkmt.


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1.=.2 _IASKRY]VAJK

Vdk _iaykr _r`hkmt mrkatks @pke-]ùrmk s`gtwark uefkr tdk JE[ _ubicm Icmkesk tdat keabiks

afvaemkf rkskarmd ce r`b`tcms. Ct cs tdk l`st wcfkiy uskf r`b`t mètrì cetkrgamk ce tdk w`rif.

Vdk _iaykr r`b`t fkvcmk cetkrgamk pr`vcfks a ektw`rn skrvkr g`r r`b`t mètrì. _iaykr das a micket-

skrvkr armdctkmturk wdcmd aii`ws r`b`t mètrì pr`jrals t` bk wrcttke ce aey pr`jrallcej

iaejuajk aef t` rue è aey m`lputkr tdat das a ektw`rn mèekmtcè t` tdk r`b`t. Sùr _iaykr

mickets mae tain t` _iaykr `vkr a VM_ s`mnkt, rkafcej fata gr`l skes`rs, wrctcej m`llaefs t`

amtuat`rs, aef mègcjurcej fkvcmks è tdk giy.

Vdk ]tajk cs _iaykr–s bamnkef scluiat`r. Ct scluiatks luitcpik

r`b`ts l`vcej arùef mèmurrketiy aef skescej a tw` fclkescèaibctlap kevcrèlket. Vdk skes`r l`fkis pr`vcfkf cemiufk sèar, IRG,

wkbmal aef `f`lktkry. But _iaykr–s l`fuiar armdctkmturk lanks ct

kasy t` aff supp`rt g`r ekw darfwark aef m`llèiy tdk mètrì

pr`jrals wrcttke g`r ]tajk–s scluiatkf r`b`ts w`rn hust as wkii è

rkai darfwark as wkii.

Bkg`rk clpiklketcej ùr aij`rctdls è tdk wdkkimdacr g`r traci-rues,

wk tkstkf tdkl ce _iaykrY]tajk scluiatcès è a _=AV r`b`t l`fki.

_iaykr das a varckty `g r`b`t l`fkis avaciabik g`r scluiatcès, a

fkmket alùet `g èicek ikarecej latkrcais aef pr`jrallcej

kxalpiks, aef ae amtcvk uskr/fkvki`pkr m`lluecty wdcmd mètceuaiiy

mètrcbutks ekw frcvkrs. Vdk gìi`wcej cs a i``n at tdk _iaykr [skr

Cetkrgamk.


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21/63

4

Gcj 1.68 _iaykrY]tajk [skr Cetkrgamk

1.=.= EKVBKAE]

EktBkaes cs ae @pke-]ùrmk cetkjratkf fkvki`plket kevcrèlket g`r

fkvki`pcej pr`jrals ce Hava, _D_, M/M++, aef DVLI;. Vdk

EktBkaes piatg`rl aii`ws appicmatcès t` bk fkvki`pkf gr`l a skt `g

l`fuiar s`gtwark m`lpèkets maiikf l`fuiks. EktBkaes ais` `ggkrs

mr`ss-piatg`rl supp`rt g`r b`td Zcef`ws aef Iceux-baskf @] aef

das eulkrùs piujces aef A_Cs avaciabik.

1.=.6 IABWCKZ

IabWCKZ cs a vcsuai fkscje aef fkvki`plket kevcrèlket gr`l Eatcèai

Cestrulkets. Cts pr`jrallcej iaejuajk —J– cs a fatagi`w pr`jrallcej

iaejuajk uscej wdcmd wk mae fkvki`p pr`jrals `r subrùtceks maiikf

—vcrtuai cestrulkets– `r WCs. IabWCKZ das tdrkk lace m`lpèkets8 tdk

grèt paeki, tdk bi`mn fcajral, aef tdk cmè mèekmt`r paek.

Ce IabWCKZ, wk mae bucif tdk grèt paeki uskr-cetkrgamk uscej mètrìsaef cefcmat`rs. Mètrìs ark ne`bs `r fcais ktm. wdcik cefcmat`rs ark jrapds,

IKFs `r `tdkr fcspiays. Agtkr wk davk bucit tdk uskr cetkrgamk, wk mae

ceskrt ùr m`fk cet` tdk bi`mn fcajral uscej WCs aef strumturks t` mètrì

ùr grèt paeki `bhkmts. Gurtdkrl`rk, IabWCKZ m`lluecmatks wctd

darfwark g`r fata amqucsctcè, vcscè aef l`tcè mètrì uscej fkvcmks


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3

sumd as tdk EC 7??3 []B wdcmd wk davk uskf, aef IabWCKZ das cebucit

gkaturks g`r mèekmtcej ùr pr`jrals t` tdk wkb uscej tdk IabWCKZ wkb

skrvkr aef s`gtwark staefarfs sumd as VM_/C_ ektw`rncej.

G`r ùr pr`hkmt, wk davk uskf IabWCKZ ce `rfkr t` rkmkcvk ùr

vki`mcty vaiuks gr`l amr`ss tdk V_-Icen wcrkikss ektw`rn. Zk gkkf ce ùr

iapt`p–s C_ affr kss t` keabik a Zcef`ws-baskf m`lputkr aef [buetu-

baskf m`lputkr t` ektw`rn. Zk usk EktBkaes aef VM_ bràfmastcej t`

rkpkatkfiy upfatk ùr g`rwarf aef aejuiar vki`mcty vaiuks g`r tdk

wdkkimdacr. IabWCKZ traesiatks tdksk cet` p`wkr vaiuks g`r tdk

wdkkimdacr –s fcggkrketcai frcvk aef tdksk varcabik p`wkr scjeais ark tdke

sket t` tdk wdkkimdacr mètrì uscej tdk EC FAQ []B. Vdk gìi`wcej cs aseapsd`t `g IabWCKZ–s

cetkrgamk.

Gcj 1.;8 IabWCKZ Jrapdcmai

Cetkrgamk


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1?

MDA_VKR 28 FK]CJE & GABRCMAVC@E

Vdk wdkkimdacr jcvke t` us was pr`vcfkf by ]N[RA (Hapae) aef ct was h`ystcmn mètrìikf. Ce

`rfkr t` lank tdcs wdkkimdacr autè`lùs/cetkiicjket, mkrtace aitkratcè ce cts fkscje was ekkfkf.

]` ùr gceai ykar pr`hkmt w`rn fcstrcbutcè cemiufks a lah`r tasn wdcmd wk ealkf Fkscje & Gabrcmatcè.

2.1 Fkscje

Zk wkrk rkqucrkf t` lank a fkscje wdcmd was t`taiiy fktamdabik aef mùif amm`ll`fatk IRG

(Iaskr Raejk Gcefkr) è ct. Gurtdkrl`rk wk wkrk ais` rkqucrkf t` fkscje a iapt`p tabik ce grèt `g

tdk wdkkimdacr uskr wdcmd mùif scluitaekùsiy skrvk as a lùetcej g`r sèar skes`rs `r

wkbmals as wkii. Vdcs tabik ais` was ais` lkaet t` davk a sdkig wdkrk fcggkrket kikmtrècm

mcrmuctry mùif bk piamkf.

]` wk fkscjekf tdk gìi`wcej ekw gkaturks ce ùr wdkkimdacr8

c. IRG skes`r lùet>

cc. Iapt`p tabik (cemiufcej sèar lùet & kikmtrècm dùscej )

@ur fkscje das gìi`wcej tdrkk mdaramtkrcstcms8

Gcj 2.18 Zdkkimdacr Lkmdaecmai Fkscje Gkaturks

FktamdabikLkmdaecmaiiy

]tabik

IcjdtZkcjdt


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2.1.1 L`tcvatcè

Zk stufckf varcùs fkscjes `g tdk autè`lùs wdkkimdacrs tdat ark bkcej fkvki`pkf arùef tdk

w`rif ce fcggkrket uecvkrsctcks icnk8

• Vdk Cetkiicjket Zdkkimdacr _r`hkmt O LCV M]ACI

• Vdk ]lartZdkkikr R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr _r`hkmt O LmJcii

• Vdk Zdkkimdacr _r`hkmt O Marekjck Lkiiè

• —Rìiaef– Brklke Autè`lùs Zdkkimdacr - [ecvkrsctæt Brklke

Gcj 2.28 _R@YK L`fki g`r tdk Zdkkimdacr Darfwark


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12

2.1.2 _r`p`skf L`fki

Vdk ab`vk fcajral cs tdk assklbiy `g tdk wdkkimdacr mèscstcej `g fcggkrket skparatkiy lafk

m`lpèkets. Zk fkscjekf ùr pr`p`skf wdkkimdacr l`fki ce _r`-K s`gtwark. Ce tdk pcmturk ab`vk,

tdk f`ttkf rkjcè sd`ws tdk ekwiy fkscjekf p`rtcè `g tdk wdkkimdacr. Vdk ab`vk frawe l`fki

das kxamtiy tdk salk fclkescès as `g tdk ̀ rcjceai wdkkimdacr. Furcej l`fkicej fcggkrket m`lpikx

h`cets wkrk sclpicgckf. Vdcs l`fkicej javk us a rùjd cfka abùt d`w ct wcii i``n agtkr gabrcmatcè

aef tdcs ais` dkipkf us ce rkvckwcej ùr fkscje ajace aef ajace t` lank ct l`rk ammuratk. Agtkr

tdcs aii ùr fktacikf fcajrals, wk uskf g`r tdk ekxt stajk c.k. Gabrcmatcè.

2.2 Gabrcmatc̀ e

G`r gabrcmatcè purp`sks, wk uskf tdk

w`rnspamk `g Laeugamturcej

Rksùrmk Mketkr- ]LLK.

Vdrkk tdcejs wkrk gabrcmatkf ealkiy8

c. IRG Lùet

cc. Iapt`p Vabik

ccc. Kxtkefkf arl rksts (t` supp`rt tabik)

Gcj 2.=8 Gceai Darfwark Rkprksketatcè `g tdk Zdkkimdacr

2.2.1 Latkrcais & _r`mkssks

Gìi`wcej latkrcais wkrk uskf furcej tdcs gabrcmatcè8

Gcj 2.68 Zdkkimdacr Gabrcmatcè Latkrcais

]taceikss

]tkkiAiulcecul Mast Crè Z``f

IRG Lùet


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1=

Gìi`wcej pr`mkssks wkrk uskf ce gabrcmatcè8

Gcj 2.;8 Zdkkimdacr Gabrcmatcè _r`mkssks

2.2.2 IRG Lùet

Gcj 2.78 IRG ]kes`r Lùet

2.2.= Iapt`p Vabik

Gcj 2.:8 Zdkkimdacr Iapt`p Vabik

Zkifcej Rcvktcej Frciicej Vdrkafcej Muttcej

IRG ]kes`r

IRG ]kes`r Lùet

(c)Aiulcecul ]dkkt

(cc) Mast Crè dìi`w pcpk

(ccc) Busd

Iapt`p

]èar ]kes`r LùetKxtkefkf Arl Rksts

Iapt`p Vabik


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MDA_VKR =8 ZDKKIMDACR M@EVR@I

=.1 H`ystcmn Mètrì

Cectcaiiy tdk wdkkimdacr pr`vcfkf by ]AN[RA (Hapae) cs h`ystcmn mètrìikf. Vdk pkrsè scttcej

è tdk wdkkimdacr das a h`y stcmn è dcs rcjdt scfk. Vdk pkrsè das t`

l`vk h`y stcmn ce tdk fcrkmtcè ce wdcmd dk/sdk cs cetkefkf t` j`. G`r

kxalpik cg pkrsè pusdks h`y stcmn g`rwarf tdke wdkkimdacr wcii l`vk

ce tdk g`rwarf fcrkmtcè. ]clciariy cg pkrsè pusdks h`y stcmn bamnwarf

tdke wdkkimdacr wcii l`vk ce tdk bamnwarf fcrkmtcè.

H`y stcmn mae bk l`vk at aey aejik. Vdk alùet by wdcmd tdk h`y stcmn

cs l`vkf cs pr`p`rtcèai t` tdk alùet `g vìtajk scjeai skef t` tdk

cetkreai mcrmuctry aef tdke tdat spkmcgckf vìtajk scjeai cs traesiatkf

cet` a spkmcgcm spkkf. Vdcs wdkkimdacr cs rark wdkki frcvke aef ct das

fcggkrketcai frcvk.

Gcj 1=8 H`ystcmn

=.2 ]dcgtcej Mètrì 8 H`ystcmn IabWCKZ

Ce `rfkr t` lank wdkkimdacr autè`lùs, wk sdcgtkfcts mètrì gr`l h`ystcmn t` IabWckw. G`r

tdcs purp`sk tdk wcrks wkrk fktamdkf gr`l tdk h`ystcmn aef tdky wkrk ceskrtkf cet` tdk EC-FAQ.

EC-FAQ cs tdk rkai tclk []B fkvki`pkf by Eatcèai Cestrulkets aef ct mèekmts darfwark wctd

s`gtwark. Ce tdcs mask darfwark cs ùr wdkkimdacr aef s`gtwark cs IabWckw.

Gcj 168 Zdkkimdacr Mètrì Rkprksketatcè

ZdkkimdacrEC-FAQ

IabWckw


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Gcj 1;8 ]dcgtcej mètrì g`rl h`ystcmn t` IabWckw

=.= IabWCKZ Mètrì

Gcj 178 Jrapdcmai IabWCKZ Mètrì

Fksmrcptcè8

Vdcs IabWckw pr`jral was lafk t` mètrì wdkkimdacr l`tcè. _rkvcùsiy tdcs was mètrìikf

by h`ystcmn. A mètceuùs wdcik i``p cs clpiklketkf s` tdat a rkqucrkf vaiuk cs bkcej sket t`

wdkkimdacr at aii tclks. Vdkrk cs a st`p buttè ce tdk pr`jral by wdcmd m`fk mae bk tkrlceatkf at

aey tclk. Amtuaiiy ae aejuiar vki`mcty aef a g`rwarf vki`mcty vaiuks ark jcvke t` tdk pr`jral


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tdke tdksk vaiuks ark mèvkrtkf t` a spkmcgcm vìtajk vaiuk. Vdcs mèvkrscè cs fèk by tw`

guemtcès> èk lafk g`r g`rwarf spkkf aef ae`tdkr g`r aejuiar spkkf. Vdcs guemtcè cs lafk by

uscej stracjdt icek kquatcè c.k. y< lx + m è tdk vki`mcty-vìtajk jrapds (jrapd cs kxpiacekf ce

tdk ekxt skmtcè). Vdksk vìtajk vaiuks g`r g`rwarf aef aejuiar spkkf tdk tdke skef t` wdkkimdacr

vca EC-FAQ. Mèstaet vìtajks `g 1.4; vìts ark bkcej pr`vcfkf t` wdkkimdacr wdke wdkkimdacr

cs statcèary.

=.6 Mètrì Jrapd Aeaiyscs

Gìi`wcej tabik sd`ws ùr amqucrkf `bskrvatcès furcej mètrì sdcgtcej8

Wìtajk vs. Rpl vs. Wki`mcty

Vabik 18 Wìtajk Ws. R_L Ws. Wki`mcty g`r tdk Zdkkimdacr

Wìtajks wkrk pr`vcfkf by IabWckw s`gtwark vca EC-FAQ. R_L `g tdk rark wdkkis wkrk

lkasurkf by tdk tamd`lktkr. Vdke vki`mcty was maimuiatkf è tdk bascs `g rpl.


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1:

Gcj 1:8 Wìtajk-Wki`mcty Jrapd

Vdk jrapd ab`vk sd`ws tdk trkef `g vìtajk vs. vki`mcty. Zk javk wdkkimdacr fcggkrket skts `g

vìtajks tdrùjd IabWckw aef tdke lkasurkf tdk rksuitaet spkkf `g wdkkimdacr by lkasurcej

rpl `g cts rark wdkkis.

Gìi`wcej mèmiuscès mae bk frawe gr`l tdk ab`vk jrapd8

Laxclul g`rwarf spkkf `g wdkkimdacr cs 1.22 l/s O ? vìts

Laxclul bamnwarf spkkf `g wdkkimdacr cs ?.:;l/s O =.: vìts

Zdkkimdacr cs statcèary c.k. zkr` vki`mcty O 1.4; vìts

Vdkrk cs a vìtajk wcef`w wdkrk wdkkimdacr f`ks e`t l`vk fuk t` cekrtca aef tdat cs 1.2;

vìts ” 2.= vìts

Zdkkimdacr laxclul g`rwarf spkkf cs jrkatkr tdae laxclul bamnwarf spkkf

Jrapd bktwkke vìtajk aef vki`mcty cs fcsmètceukf aef appr`xclatkiy icekar

Vdk lace purp`sk `g frawcej tdcs jrapd was t` ne`w kxamtiy abùt tdk spkkf ùtput wdke a

spkmcgckf vìtajk cs pr`vcfkf. Vdcs ne`wikfjk dkipkf furcej tdk fkvki`pcej `g `bstamik

av`cfaemk aef eavcjatcè m`fks aef ct ais` dkipkf us furcej rkai-tclk wdkkimdacr tkstcej pdask.

-1

-?.;

?

?.;

1

1.;

? ?.; 1 1.; 2 2.; = =.; 6

Wìtajk-Wki`mcty Jrapd

Wìtajk (W)

W k i ` m c t y ( l / s )


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MDA_VKR 68 @B]VAMIK AW@CFAEMK

6.1 Ictkraturk Rkvckw

@bstamik Av`cfaemk cs a lkaes `g a r`b`t bkcej abik t` l`vkarùef ce ae uene`we kevcrèlket wctdùt uene`we `bstamiks

m`lcej ce cts patd. Ct cs èk `g tdk l`st clp`rtaet aspkmts `g l`bcik

r`b`tcms.

Amm`rfcej t` ]kcjwart kt ai, i`mai `bstamik av`cfaemk g`musks è

mdaejcej tdk r`b`t–s trahkmt`ry as ceg`rlkf by cts skes`rs furcej rkai -

tclk r`b`t l`tcè. Vdk rksuitcej guemtcè cs b`td a guemtcè `g r`b`t–s

murrket `r rkmket skes`r rkafcejs aef cts jài p`sctcè aef rkiatcvk

i`matcè t` tdk jài p`sctcè.

Ce fkvki`pcej ùr `bstamik av`cfaemk aij`rctdls g`r tdk Autè`lùs

R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr, wk wkrk abik t` bkekgct scjecgcmaetiy gr`l tdk

w`rn m`lpiktkf ce icku `g ùr LRF] sklkstkr pr`hkmt g`r ùr Cetr` t`

Lkmdatrècms aef R`b`tcms miass taujdt iast sklkstkr by Fr. Sasar

Ayaz aef Fr. [lar Jciiaec.

Zk stufckf aef pramtcmkf m`fcej g`r prclarciy tdk `bstamik av`cfaemk

aij`rctdls prksketkf ce tdk Cetr`fumtcè t` Autè`lùs L`bcik

R`b`tcms by ]kcjwart kt ai. G`r kxalpik8

1) Vdk Buj Aij`rctdl8

Vdk Buj Aij`rctdl cs tdk sclpikst l`st cetuctcvk `bstamik av`cfaemk

aij`rctdl. Vdk bascm cfka cs t` gìi`w tdk mètùr `g tdk `bstamik ce

`rfkr t` mcrmuleavcjatk arùef ct. Ct das tw` fcggkrket g`rls Buj1

aef Buj2.


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Ce Buj1 aij`rctdl, tdk r`b`t guiiy mcrmiks arùef tdk `bstamik

aef tdke l`vks aièj tdk icek `g sd`rtkst patd t`warfs tdk kefp`cet.

Vdcs cs tdk `bstamik av`cfaemk tkmdecquk wk davk bkke abik t`

clpiklket ce ùr m`fk. Zctd Buj2 aij`rctdl, tdk r`b`t starts t`

gìi`w tdk `bhkmt–s mètùr but fkparts cllkfcatkiy wdke ct abik t`

l`vk fcrkmtiy t`warfs tdk `bhkmt. Vdcs wùif davk bkke l`rk kggcmcket

aef guturk m`fcej è tdk Autè`lùs Zdkkimdacr mùif attklpt t`

fkvki`p tdcs.

Gcj 148 Buj Aij`rctdls


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2) Vdk WGD Aij`rctdl8

Fkvki`pkf by Brèstkce & N`rke, tdk WGD aij`rctdl mrkatks a i`mai

lap `g tdk kevcrèlket arùef tdk r`b`t wdcmd traesiatks èt` ae

`mmupaemy jrcf p`puiatkf by skes`r rkafcejs. Vdk WGD aij`rctdl

jkekratks a pìar dcst`jral, ce wdcmd tdk T-axcs rkprkskets tdk aejik

aipda at wdcmd tdk `bstamik was gùef, aef tdk S-axcs rkprkskets tdk

pr`babcicty jrcf tdat tdkrk cs ae `bstamik ce tdat fcrkmtcè baskf è tdk

`mmupaemy jrcf–s mkii vaiuks.

Zk wkrk abik t` `btace aef stufy a bascm clpiklketatcè `g

tdk WGD aij`rctdl ce tdk kxalpik gciks g`r _iaykrY]tajk. D`wkvkr, wk

fcf e`t pursuk ct gurtdkr fuk t` cts rkfuefaemy wctd tdk p`tketcai gckifpatd-piaeecej aij`rctdl wdcmd wk wkrk w`rncej è clpiklketcej at

tdk tclk. Ais` tdk tdkrk ark e`w l`rk kggcmcket WGD+ aef tdk WGD*

aij`rctdls wdcmd davk ais` bkke fkvki`pkf. Vdkrk ark a daefgui `g

`tdkr pr`lcscej `bstamik av`cfaemk aij`rctdls prksketkf ce ]kcjwart

kt ai, d`wkvkr wk wkrk abik t` cevkstcjatk aef uefkrstaef èiy tdk

èks fcsmusskf.


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Gcj 138 WGD

pìar dcst`jral

6.2 _skuf`-M`fk

Gr`l Hkeecgkr @wke–s —D`w t` [sk _iaykrY]tajk– laeuai wk

wkrk abik t` `btace a bascm `bstamik av`cfaemk guemtcè wdcmd wk wkrk

abik t` kxpaef upè ce fcggkrket ways. @ur `bstamik av`cfaemk

guemtcès attklpt t` upfatk l`t`r spkkfs cg tdkrk cs ae `bstamik t` bk

av`cfkf. Zk upfatk tdk guemtcè hust bkg`rk skefcej fata t` tdk

l`t`rs. Vdus, `bstamik av`cfaemk `vkrwrctks èt` ùr eavcjatcè

bkdavc`r g`r tdk r`b`t.

@emk tdk `bstamik cs e` ièjkr ce cts way, tdk r`b`t l`vks aièj as ct

was. Vdcs aii`ws us t` traesctcè gr`l aey eavcjatcè bkdavc`r cet`

`bstamik av`cfaemk aef tdke bamn ajace, as pkr tdk rkqucrklkets `g

ùr mètrì strumturk.

Zk wr`tk tdrkk fcstcemt `bstamik av`cfaemk m`fks g`r tdk Autè`lùs

R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr. Vdksk ark fcsmusskf as gìi`ws8

1) Ikgt-Rcjdt @bstamik Av`cfaemk8

Vdcs was tdk gcrst `bstamik av`cfaemk m`fk tdat wk fkvki`pkf. Ct was

baskf è tdk `bstamik av`cfaemk kxalpik m`fk `btacekf gr`l tdk

_iaykrY]tajk tut`rcai gciks. Ct mrkatkf aef cectcaiczkf tw` varcabiks

—ekwspkkf– aef —ekwtureratk– wctdce a mètceuùs g`r i``p. Ekxt, ct

uskf tdk cebucit _iaykrY]tajk IRG m`llaefs —ip.JktLceRcjdt()– aef


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—ip.JktLceIkgt()– ce `rfkr t` skk t` tdk ikgt aef rcjdt `g tdk r`b`t g`r

`bstamiks. Vdk rkafcejs `btacekf ark pr`mksskf aef wk mdkmn t` skk cg

kctdkr tdk ikgt `r tdk rcjdt fcstaemks t` tdk `bstamik ark jrkatkr tdae

1??. Baskf è tdat, wk maimuiatk r`b`t–s —ekwspkkf– aef —ekwtureratk–

wdcmd cs iclctkf t` vaiuks `g -6?˘ t` +6?˘. Aef usk tdk ]kt]pkkf

m`llaef t` skt tdksk l`t`r spkkfs.

_skuf`m`fk g`r Ikgt-Rcjdt @bstamik Av`cfaemk8

Keabik L`t`rs

Cectcaiczk Ekwspkkf & EkwVureRatk

@btace lceR & lceIMdkmn t` skk cg `bstamik cs mi`sk keùjd t` av`cf0

Cg kctdkr fcstaemk cs slaiikr> Vure tdk @tdkr Zay

Maimuiatk Ekw]pkkf uscej lceR & lceI

Maimuiatk EkwVureRatk uscej lceR & lceI

]kt]pkkfs

Vdcs m`fk was clpiklketkf wctd tdk r`b`t waefkrcej ce tdk

—Mavk– mgj kevcrèlket. Ct was e`t tkstkf ce rkai-tclk è tdk

wdkkimdacr bkmausk wk wkrk pr`vcfcej tdk wdkkimdacr wctd tdk patd

bkg`rkdaef gr`l ùr eavcjatcè aij`rctdl aef wk waetkf prclarciy

tdat tdk wdkkimdacr sdùif bk abik t` fktkmt aef av`cf tdk `bstamiks ce

cts patd ratdkr tdae tdk `bstamiks m`lcej t` tdk ikgt aef rcjdt mi`sk t`

cts patd. A seapsd`t `g tdk Ikgt-Rcjdt @bstamik av`cfaemk scluiatcè

das bkke pr`vcfkf ce tdk ]kmtcè 6.6.

2) J`V`-baskf @bstamik Av`cfaemk8

Vdcs was tdk skmèf @bstamik Av`cfaemk m`fk wk fkvki`pkf. @ur

J`V`-baskf @bstamik Av`cfaemk M`fk mùetkrkf tdk pr`bikls `g tdk

Ikgt-Rcjdt @bstamik Av`cfaemk. D`wkvkr, wk mùif e`t clpiklket

tdcs èk ce tdk amtuai iab trcais as wkii.


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Ce J`V`-baskf @bstamik Av`cfaemk, wk fkmiarkf ùr Fata varcabiks

—r`b`t]pkkf.g`rwarf]pkkf– aef —r`b`t]pkkf.turecej]pkkf–, wk

cectcaiczkf tdkl t` zkr` aef skt tdk l`t`r spkkfs t` tdkcr vaiuks. Vdke

cescfk a mètceuùs g`r i``p, wk javk g`rwarf spkkf ae cectcai vaiuk `g

?.2; aef zkr` turecej spkkf t` jkt tdk r`b`t l`vcej aièj cts pr`vcfkf

patd. Vdk R`b`t.Rkaf() m`llaef was uskf t` upfatk IRG vaiuks

`btacekf gr`l tdk IRG scluiatcè pr`xy aef wk rkaf ce tdk IRG

rkafcejs `g lceclul fcstaemks at aejiks 44˘ t` 31˘ uscej tdk

ip.JktRaejk() m`llaef. F`cej s` mdkmns t` skk cg tdkrk cs ae `bstamik

fcrkmtiy ce grèt `g tdk r`b`t wdcmd cg tdk r`b`t was t` mètceuk

l`vcej aièj cts jcvke patd ct wùif mìicfk wctd. Cg tdk `bstamik cs ce

grèt `g tdk r`b`t aef tdk ip.JktRaejk() vaiuk `g fcstaemk ce grèt `g

tdk `bstamik m`lks ùt as ikss tdae 1.; wk lank tdk r`b`t ture arùef

ae `bstamik wd`sk fclkescès wk assulk t` bk ne`we. ]`, cg tdkrk cs

ae `bstamik mi`skr tdae 1.;l, tdk r`b`t wùif cllkfcatkiy st`p. Ct

wùif fktkmt cts T aef S m``rfceatks at tdat p`cet uscej tdk

r`b`t.JktT_`s() aef r`b`t.JktS_`s() m`llaefs. Vdkrkagtkr, ct

wùif usk td`sk x aef y p`sctcè vaiuks t` eavcjatk arùef tdk`bstamik uscej a skqukemk `g J`V` m`llaefs tdat tank tdk r`b`t ùt

`g cts patd, keabik ct t` mr`ss tdk `bstamik gr`l cts ikgt aef lanks ct

m`lk bamn fcrkmtiy ce tdk p`sctcè ct wùif davk bkke l`vkf aièj t`

daf tdkrk bkke e` `bstamik ce cts patd. Iastiy ct mdkmns t` skk cg tdk

kefp`cet das bkke rkamdkf, at wdcmd p`cet ct wùif st`p cllkfcatkiy.

_skuf`m`fk g`r J`V`-baskf @bstamik Av`cfaemk8

Keabik L`t`rs

Cectcaiczk r`b`t]pkkf.G`rwarf]pkkf t` s`lk cectcai vaiuk

Cectcaiczk r`b`t]pkkf.Vurecej]pkkf t` zkr`

[sk R`b`t.Rkaf()


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[sk JktRaejk() t` i``n ce grèt `g tdk r`b`t

Mdkmn t` skk cg `bstamik ce grèt mi`sk tdae skt fcstaemk (1.;)0

Cg Sks, rkaf r`b`t m``rfceatks at murrket p`sctcè

[sk J`V` m`llaefs wctd murrket p`sctcè m``rfceatks t` l`vk

arùef `bstamik

Kisk Mètceuk l`vcej aièj `rcjceai patd

Mdkmn t` skk cg Kef_`cet das bkke rkamdkf0

Cg Sks, ]t`p.

=) ]kt]pkkfs-Baskf @bstamik Av`cfaemk8

Vdcs was tdk @bstamik Av`cfaemk m`fk wdcmd wk kvketuaiiy uskf g`rtrcai rues ce tdk iab. I`jcmaiiy ct gìi`ws tdk salk skqukemk `g

cestrumtcès as ùt J`V`-baskf @bstamik Av`cfaemk m`fk kxmkpt tdat

ct usks a skt `g ]kt]pkkf m`llaefs ce mèhuemtcè wctd varcùs sikkp()

maiis ce `rfkr t` eavcjatk arùef tdk `bstamik cestkaf `g tdk J`V`

m`llaefs. Ct was clp`rtaet t` fkvki`p tdcs m`fk bkmausk uitclatkiy

wk ekkfkf tdat tdk g`rwarf spkkf aef turecej spkkf vaiuks g`r tdk

r`b`t sdùif mdaejk ajacest fcggkrket tclk maiis aef wk sdùif bk abik

t` pass tdksk mdaejcej g`rwarf aef turecej spkkf vaiuks t` frcvk ùr

wdkkimdacr.

G`r tdcs m`fk, wk ajace fkmiark ùr fata varcabiks

—r`b`t]pkkf.g`rwarf]pkkf– aef —r`b`t]pkkf.turecej]pkkf–, wk

cectcaiczkf tdkl t` zkr` aef skt tdk l`t`r spkkfs t` tdkcr vaiuks. Vdcs

cs ae clp`rtaet gcrst stkp bkmausk e`t skttcej tdksk spkkf vaiuks t` zkr`

cectcaiiy mausks tdk wdkkimdacr–s aut`latcm sagkty systkl t` amtcvatk

mauscej tdk wdkkimdacr t` i`mn ctskig aef jcvk a bkkp sùef.

@emk wk–vk passkf zkr` vaiuks t` tdk l`t`rs g`r s`lk tclk, wk jcvk

tdk wdkkimdacr ae cectcai g`rwarf spkkf `g ?.4. Vdcs cs tdk lceclul


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cectcai spkkf g`r wdcmd tdk wdkkimdacr wùif l`vk. G`r p`wkr vaiuks

bki`w tdcs vki`mcty ikvki, tdk wdkkimdacr f`ks e`t l`vk. Vdkrkagtkr,

cescfk a mètceuùs g`r i``p wk usk R`b`t.Rkaf() m`llaef t` upfatk

IRG vaiuks `btacekf gr`l tdk IRG attamdkf t` tdk wdkkimdacr.

Fktacis `g d`w wk mae skt up _iaykrY]tajk ce `rfkr t` rkaf ce tdksk

IRG vaiuks wcii bk m`vkrkf ce tdk ekxt skmtcè. As bkg`rk, wk rkaf ce

IRG rkafcejs `g lceclul fcstaemks at aejiks 44˘ t` 31˘ uscej tdk

ip.JktRaejk() m`llaef. Aef wk mdkmn t` skk cg at s`lk p`cet aii `g

tdksk JktRaejk() vaiuks wùif bk ikss tdae 1.= `r s`lk `tdkr spkmcgckf

fcstaemk fcrkmtiy ce grèt `g ùr r`b`t0 Cg tdk `bstamik cs prksket, tdk

r`b`t daits aef rkafs cts T aef S m``rfceatks uscej tdk

r`b`t.JktT_`s() aef r`b`t.JktS_`s() m`llaefs. Vdkrkagtkr, ct usks

td`sk x aef y p`sctcès t` eavcjatk arùef tdk `bstamik uscej a

skqukemk `g ]kt]pkkf m`llaefs tdat tank tdk r`b`t ùt `g cts patd,

lank ct mr`ss tdk `bstamik aef lanks ct m`lk bamn t` cts patd agtkr

davcej mr`sskf tdk `bstamik. Iastiy, ct mdkmns t` skk cg tdk kefp`cet das

bkke rkamdkf at wdcmd p`cet tdk r`b`t st`ps.

_skuf`m`fk g`r ]kt]pkkfs-baskf @bstamik Av`cfaemk8

Keabik L`t`rs

Cectcaiczk G`rwarf]pkkf & Vurecej]pkkf t` zkr`

Cectcaiczk G`rwarf]pkkf t` ?.4

[sk R`b`t.Rkaf()

[sk JktRaejk() t` i``n ce grèt `g tdk r`b`t

Mdkmn t` skk cg `bstamik ce grèt mi`sk tdae skt fcstaemk (1.=)0

Cg Sks, rkaf r`b`t m``rfceatks at murrket p`sctcè

[sk ]kt]pkkf m`llaefs wctd murrket p`sctcè m``rfceatks t` l`vk

arùef `bstamik

Kisk Mètceuk l`vcej aièj `rcjceai patd


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Mdkmn t` skk cg Kef_`cet das bkke rkamdkf0

Cg Sks, ]t`p.

Ce tdcs @bstamik Av`cfaemk m`fk, tdk wdkkimdacr tanks 3?˘ tures

arùef tdk `bstamik. Zk davk ais` wrcttke aef tkstkf a l`fcgckf g`rl

`g tdk ]kt]pkkfs baskf `bstamik av`cfaemk m`fk. Ce tdcs vkrscè,

cestkaf `g uscej 3?˘ tures, tdk wdkkimdacr l`vks arùef tdk `bstamik

at s`lk aejik. Zk ark uscej fcggkrket vaiuks g`r sikkp() t` jcvk

fcggkrket vaiuks g`r tdk aejik at wdcmd tdk wdkkimdacr l`vks ùt `g cts

patd. Vdk afvaetajk `g tdcs varcatcè cs tdat tdk wdkkimdacr das t`

m`vkr ikss `vkraii fcstaemk wdcik ct cs av`cfcej tdk `bstamik. But tdk

pr`bikl wctd tdcs tkmdecquk cs tdat tdk wdkkimdacr cs grkquketiyueabik t` pr`pkriy swkrvk arùef tdk `bstamik. Fkpkefcej è wdkrk

tdk IRG wcii amtuaiiy fktkmt tdk `bstamik, tdk aejik rkqucrkf g`r

`bstamik av`cfaemk wcii mdaejk gr`l èk traci rue t` tdk ekxt. @ur

m`fk f`ks e`t davk tdk mapabcicty g`r maimuiatcej a mdaejcej `bstamik

av`cfaemk aejik ce tdcs way kvkry scejik tclk aef tdcs cs èk arka

wdcmd maiis g`r gurtdkr m`fcej ce `rfkr t` pkrgkmt tdk pkrg`rlaemk `g

tdk Autè`lùs R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr.

6.= Cetkjratcej IRG aef _iaykrY]tajk

Ce `rfkr t` cetkjratk tdk ]CMN IL] 2?? wctd tdk _iaykrY]tajk

s`gtwark g`r rkai tclk `bstamik av`cfaemk, èk das t` gcrst kxkmutk a

skrcks `g tkrlceai wcef`w cestrumtcès s` tdat tdk IRG mae bk d``nkf

up wctd ùr _iaykr m`fk. Vdk m`llaefs ark as gìi`ws8

mfYfkv // mrkatk a fkvcmk gìfkris ” i tty* // fcspiays p`cetkrs g`r aii tdk r``t

m`llaefs

suf` mdl`f +r tty[]B? // keabiks rkaf at p`rt zkr`

suf` mdl`f +w tty[]B? // keabiks wrctk at p`rt zkr`

is ” i tty[]B? // fcspiays tdk ùtput at []B _`rt zkr`


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is ” i tty[* // sd`ws tdk []B ùtputs

suf` mdl`f a+w tty[]B? //ammkss aef wrctk g`r []B?

is ” i tty[*

Aièj wctd gìi`wcej tdcs skqukemk `g cestrumtcès, wk ais`

l`fcgy ùr —mgj– gcik s` tdat cestkaf `g scluiatcej ae IRG skes`r

piaykr rkm`jeczks tdk amtuai IRG ]CMN IL] 2?? aef trcks t` tank tdk

rkafs gr`l ct. Zk p`cet tdk iaskr pr`xy t` fkv/tty[]B? ce tdk mgj gcik

aef skt bauf ratk g`r salpicej aef rksìutcè paralktkrs.

Vdkrkagtkr, wk `pke a skmèf tkrlceai wcef`w aef usk tdk gìi`wcej

m`llaef8piaykrv --iaskr --p`sctcè2f

Vdcs m`llaef mausks a stajk wcef`w t` `pke ce wdcmd wk mae

vcsuaiiy skk tdk ùtput `g ùr IRG skes`r. Vdcs stajk wcef`w mae bk

nkpt `pke aef wk mae usk a tdcrf tkrlceai wcef`w t` `pke a skmèf

]tajk wcef`w ce wdcmd wk mae rue ùr r`b`t wdcik wk–rk f`cej

`bstamik av`cfaemk ce rkai tclk.


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6.6 ]cluiatcès

Ce tdcs skmtcè, wk wcii fcsmuss tdk scluiatcès wk jkekratkf uscej ùr

Ikg-Rcjdt @bstamik Av`cfaemk aef J`V`-baskf @bstamik Av`cfaemk

m`fks.

Ce Ikgt-Rcjdt @bstamik Av`cfaemk, tdk r`b`t waefkrs arùef ce tdk

mavk kevcrèlket aef tures rcjdt `r ikgt baskf è tdk p`sctcè `g

`bstamiks. Vdk

gìi`wcej cs a seapsd`t

`g tdk Ikgt-Rcjdt

@bstamik Av`cfaemk

m`fk.

Gcj 2?8 Ikgt-Rcjdt @bstamik Av`cfaemk


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Ce tdk J`V`-baskf @bstamik

Av`cfaemk, tdk r`b`t l`vks aièj cts patd

aef cg ct gcefs `bstamiks ct eavcjatks

arùef ct aef rktures t` nkkp l`vcej

aièj cts `rcjceai patd uetci kefp`cet cs

rkamdkf. Vdk gìi`wcej seapsd`ts sd`w

ùr J`V`-baskf `bstamik av`cfaemk

scluiatcès g`r a stracjdt axcs aef g`r ae

cemicekf axcs.

Gcj 218 J`V` Baskf @bstamik

Av`cfaemk ce T aef S Axcs


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MDA_VKR ;8 EAWCJAVC@E

;.1 Ictkraturk Rkvckw

Amm`rfcej t` Cetr`fumtcè t` Autè`lùs L`bcik R`b`ts by ]kcjwart

kt ai, g`r a l`bcik r`b`t, tdk spkmcgcm aspkmt `g m`jectcè fcrkmtiy icenkf

t` r`bust l`bcicty cs eavcjatcè m`lpktkemk. Jcvke partcai ne`wikfjk

abùt cts kevcrèlket aef a jài p`sctcè `r a skrcks `g p`sctcès,

eavcjatcè kem`lpassks tdk abcicty `g a r`b`t t` amt baskf è cts

ne`wikfjk aef skes`r vaiuks s` as t` rkamd cts jài p`sctcès as

kggcmcketiy aef as rkicabiy as p`sscbik.

Vdkrkg`rk, eavcjatcè rkgkrs t` tdk r`b`t–s abcicty t` fktkrlcek cts `we

p`sctcè ce cts gralk `g rkgkrkemk aef tdke t` piae a patd t`warfs cts

jài p`sctcè. Vdus, g`r eavcjatcè, tdk r`b`t rkqucrks rkprksketatcè

c.k. a lap `g tdk kevcrèlket aef tdk abcicty t` cetkrprkt tdat

rkprksketatcè. Eavcjatcè mae bk fkgcekf as a m`lbceatcè `g tdrkk

guefalketai m`lpktkemcks8 (c) ]kig-I`maiczatcè (cc) _atd-_iaeecej (ccc)

Lap-bucifcej aef lap cetkrprktatcè.

Ais` tdkrk ark tw` fcggkrket typks `g Eavcjatcè8

(c) Ji`bai _atd _iaeecej8 wdcmd fkais wctd gcefcej a suctabik patd

gr`l a startcej p`cet t` a jài p`cet uscej a jcvke rkprksketatcè `g

tdk kevcrèlket. Zk attklpt t` gcef tdk patd wctd tdk i`wkst m`st g`r

tdk hùreky.

(cc) I`mai _atd _iaeecej8 fkgceks patd p`cets tancej cet` ammùet tdk

vkdcmik fclkescès aef nceklatcm mèstracets. Vdus, ce i`mai patd

piaeecej wk ark i``ncej g`r a piaeekf patd wctd slaii fkvcatcès

wdcmd brcej tdk r`b`t bamn t` cts piaeekf patd.

Ce fkvki`pcej ùr eavcjatcè m`fk wk stufckf tdk varcùs aij`rctdls

prksketkf ce tdk Cetr`fumtcè t` Autè`lùs L`bcik R`b`ts by


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]kcjwart kt ai. Vdk gìi`wcej cs a brckg fcsmusscè `g tdk aij`rctdls

tdat wk rkvckwkf8

1) Brkaftd Gcrst ]karmd8

Vdk Brkaftd Gcrst ]karmd aij`rctdl bkjces at tdk start e`fk aef

kxpi`rks aii `g cts ekcjdb`rcej e`fks. G`r kamd `g tdksk e`fks ct

kxpi`rks aii `g cts uekxpi`rkf ekcjdb`rs larncej cts e`fks as kctdkr

—vcsctkf– `r —`pke–. Ce tdcs way tdk aij`rctdl ctkratks uetci ct rkamdks ct

jài wdkrk ct tkrlceatks. Vdk brkaftd gcrst skarmd aiways rktures tdk

patd wctd tdk gkwkst eulbkr `g kfjks bktwkke tdk start aef kef

e`fks. Cg wk assulk tdat tdk m`st `g aii cefcvcfuai kfjks ce tdk jrapd cs

mèstaet tdae tdk brkaftd gcrst skarmd rktures tdk `ptclai-m`st patd.

2) Fkptd Gcrst ]karmd8

Ce mètrast t` tdk Brkaftd Gcrst ]karmd, tdk Fkptd Gcrst ]karmd

Eavcjatcè aij`rctdl kxpaefs kvkry scejik e`fk t` cts fkkpkst ikvki, cts

braemdks ark rkl`vkf aef tdk skarmd bamntramns by kxpaefcej tdk

ekxt ekcjdb`rcej e`fk `g tdk start e`fk uetci cts fkkpkst ikvki. Fkptd

Gcrst ]karmd `ggkrs tdk afvaetajk `g spamk m`lpikxcty, ce tdat ct st`rksèiy tdk scejik patd gr`l tdk start e`fk t` tdk jài e`fk.


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=2

;.2 _`tketcai Gckifs Aij`rctdl

G`r _`tketcai Gckif eavcjatcè wk start ùt by mrkatcej a tw` fclkescèai fcsmrktczkf

mègcjuratcè spamk `g T aef S m``rfceatks. Zk mae tdke attamd a p`tketcai vaiuk t` kamd `g tdksk

jrcf mègcjuratcès aef fke`tk as a p`tketcai guemtcè `r jrafcket sprkaf `vkr tdk ketcrk 2F gckif

wctdce wdcmd tdk r`b`t l`vks.

Vdk p`tketcai gckif lktd`f trkats tdk r`b`t as a p`cet uefkr tdk cegiukemk `g ae artcgcmcai p`tketcai

gckif [(q). Vdk r`b`t l`vks by gìi`wcej tdk gckif hust as a baii wkrk rìicej f`wedcii uefkr tdk

amtcè `g jravcty. Vdk bascm cfka cs tdat tdk kefp`cet cs puiicej ae attramtcvk p`tketcai èt` tdk

r`b`t aef tdk `bstamiks wctdce tdk r`b`t–s kevcrèlket ark kxkrtcej a rkpuiscvk p`tketcai èt` tdk

r`b`t. Vdkrkagtkr tdk p`tketcai gckif `g tdk r`b`t cs m`lputkf as a sul `g tdk attramtcvk gckif `g tdk

jài aef tdk rkpuiscvk gckifs `g tdk `bstamiks.

[(q) < [attr (q) + [rkp(q)

At kvkry p`cet ce tclk, tdk r`b`t wcii i``n at tdk p`tketcai gckif vkmt`r at tdat p`cet aef

start j`cej ce tdat fcrkmtcè. Vdk attramtcvk aef rkpuiscvk p`tketcais mae bk gùef uscej aey

`g tdk icekar `r quafratcm g`rluiak wctd varcùs smaicej gamt`rs g`r tdk kefp`cet attramtcè

aef tdk rkpuiscè by `bstamiks. ]`lk `g tdk pr`bikls ass`mcatkf wctd tdk p`tketcai gckif

aij`rctdl ark tdk I`mai Lcecla _r`bikls ce wdcmd r`b`t cs ueabik t` eavcjatk cts way t` tdk

kefp`cet `g tdk rkpuiscvk p`tketcais fuk t` tdk `bstamiks md`mncej cts patdway.


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==

;.= BrusdGcrk _skuf`M`fk

Ce `rfkr t` clpiklket tdk _`tketcai Gckif Eavcjatcè lktd`f g`r ùr m`fk, wk clpiklketkf tdk

BrusdGcrk Eavcjatcè smdklk. Vdk BrusdGcrk aij`rctdl cs a mikaraemk-baskf patd gcefcej

aij`rctdl wdcmd `vkriays a jrcf èt` tdk ketcrk eavcjatcèai spamk `g tdk r`b`t.

Ce tdk BrusdGcrk aij`rctdl wk–vk rkprksketkf tdk 2F eavcjatcèai spamk `g ùr r`b`t as a jrcf `g

pcxkis. G`r kxalpik, cg wk–vk uskf a 6?? T 6?? hpj clajk g`r ùr r`b`t kevcrèlket, wk wcii

gcrst brkan ct f`we cet` a jrcf `g bi`mns. Kamd `g tdk bi`mn cs tdke mdkmnkf uscej ekstkf ctkratcvk

g`r i``p `g p`cetkrs, cg tdk pcxkis ark `mmupckf by `bstamiks wk larn tdkl wctd 1s aef cg tdky–rk

grkk aef tdk r`b`t mae travki t` tdkl wk larn tdkl as zkr`.

Ce `rfkr t` m`lputk tdk attramtcvk p`tketcai `g tdk kefp`cet wk m`lputk ct as a guemtcè `g tdk

fcstaemk `g kamd pcxki gr`l tdk jài. @e tdk `tdkr daef, tdk rkpuiscvk p`tketcai `g tdk `bstamiks cs

jkekratkf by travkrscej tdk lap sumd tdat at kamd pcxki vcsctkf tdk 4 ekcjdb`rs mèekmtkf t` ct ark

upfatkf t` a vaiuk èk jrkatkr tdae tdk vaiuk `g tdk murrket pcxki. F`cej s` wk davk a jrcf wdkrk

tdk `mmupckf pcxkis ark bi`mnkf ùt aef tdk klpty pcxkis mi`sk t` tdk `bstamiks davk dcjdkr jrcf

vaiuks tdae td`sk afhamket t` tdkl aef tdk pcxkis as tdky j` t`warfs tdk kefp`cet davk a

fkmrkascej jrcf vaiuk.

Gcj 228 BrusdGcrk Aij`rctdl Jrcf


47/63

=6

Vdk armdctkmturk `g ùr BrusdGcrk Eavcjatcè pr`jral was lafk ce tdk gìi`wcej way8

(c) MrkatkLap8

tdk MrkatkLap pr`jral tanks a hpj `r a pej clajk as cts ceput aef ct `vkriays a jrcf èt` tdk

clajk larncej tdk `mmupckf jrcf bi`mns as (1) aef tdk ue`mmupckf grkk spamk jrcf bi`mns as (?)

(cc) BrusdGcrkLap8

tdk BrusdGcrkLap pr`jral jkekratks tdk BrusdGcrk jrcf. Ct usks ekstkf g`r i``p t` ammkss kvkry

jrcf bi`mn aef g`r kamd `mmupckf jrcf bi`mn larnkf wctd (1) pr`vcfkf by tdk MrkatkLap jrcf ct

upfatks tdk mkiis arùef td`sk `bstamiks t` sd`w rkpuiscè. Vdke ct j`ks arùef t` tdk mkiis

arùef td`sk upfatkf bi`mns aef nkkps upfatcej vaiuks è tdk jrcf t` sd`w t` tdk rcppicej kggkmt

`g tdk rkpuiscè pr`fumkf by tdk `bstamiks ce tdk eavcjatcè spamk.

(ccc) FcstaemkLap8

tdk FcstaemkLap pr`jral cs uskf t` jkekratk jrcf vaiuks t` fke`tk tdk attramtcvk p`tketcai `g tdk

kefp`cet g`r tdk r`b`t. @emk ajace wk lank usk `g ekstkf g`r i``ps t` ctkratk t` aii tdk jrcf

bi`mns aef tdk bi`mns mi`skr t` tdk kefp`cet ark larnkf wctd i`wkr aef i`wkr vaiuks wctd tdk

kefp`cet davcej tdk vaiuk `g zkr` aef tdk startcej p`cet davcej tdk laxclul vaiuk è tdk jrcf

(cv) _`tketcaiLap8

tdk _`tketcaiLap pr`jral rkicks è tdk ùtputs `g tdk BrusdGcrkLap fke`tcej tdk rkpuiscè

p`tketcai aef tdk FcstaemkLap fke`tcej tdk attramtcvk p`tketcai. Vdk _`tketcaiLap pr`jral uskstdk jrcf ùtput gr`l b`td t` m`lputk a jrcf sd`wcej tdk ekt p`tketcai guemtcè at kamd p`cet. Vdk

p`tketcai guemtcè cs m`lputkf as gìi`ws8

_`tketcai Guemtcè < _ * FcstaemkLap^x\^y\ + E*p`w(1/BrusdGcrkLap^x\^y\, =)

Vdk vaiuks `g _ aef E ark varckf by i``ncej at tdk rksuits `g fcggkrket scluiatcè trcais. [suaiiy _

cs arùef 2? aef E cs è tdk `rfkr `g 1?U;

(v) RueBrusdGcrkLap

tdk RueBrusdGcrkLap pr`jral cs tdk uitclatk micket pr`jral `g MrkatkLap, BrusdGcrkLap,

FcstaemkLap, aef _`tketcaiLap. Baskf ̀ e tdk ùtput `g tdk _`tketcaiLap pr`jral, tdk

rueBrusdGcrkLap mausks tdk r`b`t t` l`vk gr`l cts start p`cet t` cts kefp`cet. G`r ùr scluiatcè

wk davk uskf a g`r i``p t` jkt tdk r`b`t l`vcej aièj cts _`tketcaiLap patd `g sd`rtkst m`st gr`l

tdk start t` kef. At kamd jrcf p`cet, ct mdkmns t` skk cg kefp`cet das bkke rkamdkf, cg e`t ct nkkps

l`vcej aièj cts _`tketcaiLap sd`rtkst m`st patd.


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=;

;.6 BrusdGcrk ]cluiatcès

Zk davk tkstkf tdk BrusdGcrk ce _iaykrY]tajk scluiatcès èiy. Zk wkrk abik t` `btace

summkssgui tkst tracis ce s`lk `g tdk BrusdGcrk scluiarcès but e`t aii. ]`lk `g tdk pr`bikls

ar`sk t` tdk pr`jrallcej m`lpikxcty g`r tdk aij`rctdl aef fuk t` tdk i`mai lcecla pr`bikls `g

tdk BrusdGcrk aij`rctdl.

Vdk gìi`wcej ark smrkke sd`rts `g ùr BrusdGcrk ]cluiatcès wdcmd keabiks tdk r`b`t t` l`vk

gr`l start p`cet (pr`vcfkf by tdk mgj gcik) t` kefp`cet (spkmcgckf ce tdk m`fk). Zk startkf ùt by

uscej sclpikr hpj clajks g`r tkstcej as sd`we8

Gcj 2=8 BrusdGcrk Eavcjatcè

Kvketuaiiy wk pr`jrksskf t` l`rk m`lpicmatkf smaik l`fki rkprksketatcès `g ùr RC]K Iab

w`rnspamk aef l`rk rkaicstcm l`fki-typk `bstamiks piamkf wctdce tdat w`rnspamk. Ce ail`st aii `gtdksk scluiatcès tdk r`b`t was abik t` fktkrlcek tdk sd`rtkst m`st patd t` cts kef p`cet spkmcgckf.

D`wkvkr, pkrdaps lancej tdk `bstamiks as l`fkis wctdce tdk mgj gcik `r g`r s`lk `tdkr rkasè

tdk BrusdGcrk aij`rctdl ail`st aiways mrasdkf furcej l`rk mdaiikejcej tkst rues.


49/63

=7

;.; Rue-Vclk Eavcjatcè

Zk wkrk e`t abik t` usk ùr BrusdGcrk pr`jrals g`r rkai rue-

tclk eavcjatcè. Vdkrk wkrk e`t èiy i`jcmai pr`bikls ce

clpiklketatcè `g tdk aij`rctdl but ais` tdk tkst mèstracets wdcmd

bkmalk a scjecgcmaet durfik ce tdk way. G`r kxalpik, wk ekkf t`

pr`vcfk g`rwarf aef aejuiar vki`mctcks ce `rfkr t` pdyscmaiiy frcvk

ùr wdkkimdacr uscej tdk EC 7??3 []B. D`wkvkr, tdk BrusdGcrk m`fk

f`ks e`t eavcjatk baskf è vki`mcty varcabiks, ct eavcjatks baskf tdk

rkiatcvk jrcf vaiuks gr`l start p`cet t` kef p`cet. I`jcmaiiy wk mùif

e`t traesiatk tdk ùtput `g tdk iattkr cet` jcvcej vki`mcty vaiuks t` tdk

p`wkr frcvk `g ùr wdkkimdacr. Ae`tdkr scjecgcmaet pr`bikl was tdk

slaii tkst spamk aef tdk iclctkf sm`pk `g `bstamik av`cfaemk aef

eavcjatcè wk mùif agg`rf wctdce tdat tkst spamk as wkii as tdk grèt

tw` wdkkis `g tdk wdkkimdacr bkcej cfik aef mauscej scjecgcmaet

fkvcatcès bktwkkes tdk kxpkmtkf aef amtuai wdkkimdacr l`tcè.

Ce vckw `g tdksk aef `tdkr pr`bikls, wk sclpicgckf ùr eavcjatcè

smdklk g`r tdk wdkkimdacr baskf è a sìutcè pr`p`skf by Iab

Kejcekkr Adlkf Dussace Qurksdc. Zk uskf ùr _iaykrY]tajk —mgj– gcik

as ùr lkaes g`r sclpik eavcjatcè. [scej ùr mgj gcik, tdk r`b`t was

jcvke ae cectcai start p`sctcè aef ae cectcai aejuiar dkafcej ce `rfkr

t` l`vk tdk r`b`t aièj tdat dkafcej. Vdk r`b`t was tdus abik t`

l`vk aièj tdk icek wk waetkf ct l`vk aièj, lkaewdcik ùr m`fk was

uskf t` pr`vcfk ae kef p`cet aièj tdk ikejtd `g tdk icek tdk r`b`t

travkis aièj. @emk tdk r`b`t das rkamdkf tdat spkmcgckf p`cet aièj

tdk icek, tdk r`b`t l`tcè tkrlceatks.]cemk l`st `g ùr tkstcej è tdk wdkkimdacr rkqucrkf g`r tdk mdacr t`

l`vk aièj a stracjdt icek wdcik av`cfcej `bstamiks ce cts patd, wk

wkrk abik t` summkssguiiy usk tdcs eavcjatcè tkmdecquk ce ùr

sclpicgckf scluiatcès aef traci rues ce tdk iab.


50/63

=:

MDA_VKR 78 EKVZ@RNCEJ

7.1 Cetr`fumtcè

ektw`rncej bktwkke m`lputkrs aii`ws m`lluecmatcè bktwkke fcggkrket uskrs aef pr`jrals,

tdus keabicej sdarcej `g ceg`rlatcè bktwkke m`lputkrs i`matkf at fcggkrket i`matcès. Vdk

ceg`rlatcè sdarkf è ektw`rns cs ammksscbik t` aii tdk m`lputkrs mèekmtkf è tdk ektw`rn.

Vdkrk ark tw` lace typks `g M`lputkr ektw`rns,

(C) Zcrkikss Ektw`rn

(CC) Zcrkf Ektw`rn

Zk uskf Zcrkikss Ektw`rncej g`r ùr pr`hkmt as ct keabikf us t` m`lluecmatk wctd tdk

wdkkimdacr gr`l a fcstaemk wctdùt aey wcrkf mèekmtcè, tdkrkg`rk keabicej grkk l`tcè `g tdk

Zdkkimdacr wctdùt aey dcefraemk.

7.1.1 Zcrkikss Ektw`rncej

Zcrkikss ektw`rncej cs a gikxcbik fata m`lluecmatcès systkl, wdcmd usks wcrkikss lkfca

sumd as rafc` grkqukemy tkmdeì`jy t` traeslct aef rkmkcvk fata `vkr tdk acr, lceclczcej tdk

ekkf g`r wcrkf mèekmtcès. ]umd ektw`rns ark uskf t` rkpiamk wcrkf ektw`rns aef ark l`st

m`llèiy uskf t` pr`vcfk iast gkw stajks `g mèekmtcvcty bktwkke a l`bcik uskr aef a wcrkf

ektw`rn.

Gcj. 268 Zcrkikss Ektw`rncej


51/63

=4

Zcrkikss ektw`rns usk kikmtr`lajektcm wavks t` m`lluecmatk ceg`rlatcè gr`l èk p`cet t`

ae`tdkr wctdùt rkiycej è aey pdyscmai mèekmtcè. Rafc` wavks ark `gtke rkgkrrkf t` as rafc`

marrckrs bkmausk tdky sclpiy pkrg`rl tdk guemtcè `g fkicvkrcej kekrjy t` a rkl`tk rkmkcvkr.

Vdk fata bkcej traeslcttkf cs supkrclp`skf è tdk rafc` marrckr s` tdat ct mae bk ammuratkiy

kxtramtkf at tdk rkmkcvcej kef. @emk fata cs supkrclp`skf (l`fuiatkf) èt` tdk rafc` marrckr,

tdk rafc` scjeai `mmupcks l`rk tdae a scejik grkqukemy, scemk tdk grkqukemy `r bct ratk `g tdk

l`fuiatcej ceg`rlatcè affs t` tdk marrckr. Luitcpik rafc` marrckrs mae kxcst ce tdk salk spamk

at tdk salk tclk wctdùt cetkrgkrcej wctd kamd `tdkr cg tdk rafc` wavks ark traeslcttkf è

fcggkrket rafc` grkqukemcks. V` kxtramt fata, a rafc` rkmkcvkr tueks ce èk rafc` grkqukemy wdcik

rkhkmtcej aii `tdkr grkqukemcks. Vdk l`fuiatkf scjeai tdus rkmkcvkf cs tdke fkl`fuiatkf aef

tdk fata cs kxtramtkf gr`l tdk scjeai.

7.1.2 Afvaetajks `g Zcrkikss Ektw`rncej

Zcrkikss ektw`rns `ggkr tdk gìi`wcej afvaetajks `vkr trafctcèai wcrkf Ektw`rns8

L`bcicty8 Vdky pr`vcfk l`bcik uskrs wctd ammkss t` rkai-tclk ceg`rlatcè s` tdat tdky mae

ràl arùef ce tdk ektw`rn wctdùt jkttcej fcsmèekmtkf gr`l tdk ektw`rn. Vdcs l`bcicty

supp`rts pr`fumtcvcty aef skrvcmk `pp`rtuectcks e`t p`sscbik wctd wcrkf ektw`rns.

Cestaiiatcè spkkf aef sclpicmcty8 Cestaiicej a wcrkikss systkl mae bk gast aef kasy aef mae

kiclceatk tdk ekkf t` puii mabik tdrùjd waiis aef mkcicejs.

Rkamd `g tdk ektw`rn8 Vdk ektw`rn mae bk kxtkefkf t` piamks wdcmd maee`t bk wcrkf

L`rk Gikxcbcicty8 Zcrkikss ektw`rns `ggkr l`rk gikxcbcicty aef afapt kasciy t` mdaejks ce tdk

mègcjuratcè `g tdk ektw`rn.

Rkfumkf m`st `g `wekrsdcp8 Zdcik tdk cectcai cevkstlket rkqucrkf g`r wcrkikss ektw`rn

darfwark mae bk dcjdkr tdae tdk m`st `g wcrkf ektw`rn darfwark, `vkraii cestaiiatcè

kxpkesks aef icgk-mymik m`sts mae bk scjecgcmaetiy i`wkr ce fyealcm kevcrèlkets.

]maiabcicty8 Zcrkikss systkls mae bk mègcjurkf ce a varckty `g t`pì`jcks t` lkkt tdk ekkfs

`g spkmcgcm appicmatcès aef cestaiiatcès. Mègcjuratcès mae bk kasciy mdaejkf aef raejk

gr`l pkkr-t`-pkkr ektw`rns suctabik g`r a slaii eulbkr `g uskrs t` iarjk cegrastrumturk

ektw`rns tdat keabik ràlcej `vkr a bràf arka.


52/63

=3

7.2 ]m`pk

Ce tdcs pr`hkmt wk uskf tw` m`lputkrs `pkratcej ce paraiiki. Vdk gcrst m`lputkr daf [buetu as ae

@pkratcej ]ystkl wctd _iaykr/]tajk aef EktBkaes. Vdk w`rncej aij`rctdl javk tdk vki`mcty

ùtput st`rkf ce varcabik g`rl tdat was t` bk traeslcttkf. Zk uskf wcrkikss m`lluecmatcè t`

traeslct tdksk vki`mcty vaiuks gr`l tdk eavcjatcè aij`rctdl t` tdk IabWckw `pkratkf m`lputkr.

Vdcs IabWckw m`fk gurtdkr traesiatkf tdksk vaiuks cet` vìtajk ùtputs, tdkrkby keabicej tdk

ammuratk l`vklket `g tdk wdkkimdacr

7.= Ictkraturk Rkvckw

Vdk Ektw`rncej tasn rkqucrkf a i`t `g ictkraturk rkafcej as tdk m`fcej g`r mrkatcej a ektw`rn aef

fata traesgkr was a gacriy ekw g`r us. Vdcs cevìvkf tdk stufy `g staefarf ektw`rncej tut`rcais

aef laeuais. Gìi`wcej ark s`lk `g tdk Vut`rcais tdat wkrk uskf g`r Ektw`rncej.

(C) Bkkh Ektw`rncej tut`rcai

(CC) Iaetrècx Ektw`rncej tut`rcai

7.6 ]krvkr/Micket

Vdk Ektw`rn m`lluecmatcè cs baskf è a skrvkr/micket systkl. Zk uskf tdk skrvkr t` traeslct

giàt typk fata t` tdk micket by mastcej ct cet` a bceary vaiuk. Vdk Micket cetkrprktkf tdcs fata typk

ce bceary aef tdke rk-maimuiatkf tdk vaiuks ce giàt typk fata.

7.6.1 ]`mnkts

Vdk gcrst stkp g`r mrkatcej a skrvkr was t` mrkatk a parket s`mnkt. Vdkrk ark tw` typks `g s`mnkts

]trkal s`mnkts aef Fatajral s`mnkts. Zk uskf ]trkal ]`mnkts g`r ùr skrvkr bkmausk ]trkal

s`mnkts ark rkicabik tw`-way mèekmtkf m`lluecmatcè strkals. Cg wk tw` ùtput ctkls cet` tdk

s`mnkt ce tdk `rfkr ’1, 2“, tdky wcii arrcvk ce tdk `rfkr ’1, 2“ at tdk `pp`sctk kef aef tdky wcii bk

krr`r grkk.

Wki`mcty ]krvkr Micket


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7.6.2 C_ affrkssks

Vdk C_ affrkss `g tdk parket s`mnkt mèekmtcè t` tdk skrvkr was ne`we. Ct was ce tdk g`rl `g

C_v6. Vdcs C_ affrkss was uskf by tdk micket pr`jral t` mèekmt wctd tdk skrvkr è tdk ektw`rn

aef pcmn up tdk fata.

7.6.= Bytk `rfkr

Vdk m`lputkr st`rks fata bytks ce tw` fcggkrket `rfkrs.

(C) Icttik-Kefcae8 Zdke rkprksketcej a tw` bytk fcjct icnk b=6g, tdcs typk `g bytk `rfkr

wcii st`rk tdk skquketcai bytks 6g gìi`wkf by b= ce tdk lkl`ry. Vdcs st`rajk lktd`f

cs maiikf Icttik-Kefcae.

(CC) Bcj-Kefcae8 Zdke wk waet t` rkprksket a tw` bytk icnk b=6g, tdke wk–ii ekkf t`

st`rk ct ce tw` skquketcai bytks b= gìi`wkf by 6g. Vdcs eulbkr, st`rkf wctd tdk bcj

kef gcrst, aef tdk slaii kef iast cs maiikf tdk Bcj-Kefcae `rfkr

Vdus wk uefkrstaef tdat g`r Cetki lcmr`pr`mkss`rs tdat usk icttik-Kefcae, Vdk m`lputkr lay davk

bkke st`rcej bytks ce rkvkrsk `rfkr. V` mùetkr tdcs pr`bikl wk mast tdk kiklket ce bceary `rfkr

aef usk tdk guemtcè ektw`rn bytk `rfkr tdat lanks surk tdat tdk bytk `rfkr rklaces tdk salk ce

b`td m`lputkrs. Zk lank usk `g tdk ièj typk varcabiks tdat keabik gùr bytk st`rajk.

7.; Appicmatcè

Vdk wdìk ektw`rncej pr`mkss mae bk sullkf up ce tdk gìi`wcej p`cets8

(C) ]kttcej up a ]krvkr

(CC) Lancej a Rkspèscvk Micket

(CCC) Kstabicsdcej a wcrkikss Ektw`rn g`r m`lluecmatcè

(CW) ]kefcej aef Rkmkcvcej Fata


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MDA_VKR :8 VK]VCEJ AEF @_VCLCXAVC@E

:.1 Vkstcej Iclctatcès

:.2 @bstamik Av`cfaemk Vkstcej

Zk pkrg`rlkf tdk `bstamik av`cfaemk tkstcej è tdk wdkkimdacr

wctdce tdk RC]K Iab tkst spamk. Vdk wdkkimdacr was skt up by

mèekmtcej tdk IRG t` cts p`wkr m`rfs d``nkf up t` tdk wdkkimdacr–s

battkry. Vdk []B _`rt gr`l tdk IRG was mèekmtkf t` tdk _`rt? `g

Iapt`p 1 rueecej [buetu aef _iaykrY]tajk wdcmd was sktup ce `rfkr

t` keabik ct t` rkaf IRG rkafcejs ce rkai tclk. Lkaewdcik Iapt`p 2

rueecej IabWCKZ was skt up èt` tdk wdkkimdacr tabik aef tdcsiapt`p was mèekmtkf wcrkikss wctd tdk `tdkr èk `vkr tdk V_-Icen.

Iapt`p 2 was ais` d``nkf up t` tdk h`ystcmn mètrì `g tdk fcggkrketcai

frcvk `g tdk wdkkimdacr vca tdk EC 7??3 []B. Zk mdkmn tdk wdkkimdacr

klkrjkemy brank systkl èmk aef rue ùr m`fk è _iaykrY]tajk aef

rue tdk IabWCKZ m`fk èmk a mèekmtcè das bkke kstabicsdkf

bktwkke tdk tw` m`lputkrs. Vdk gìi`w ark tdk fksmrcptcès `g tdk

lace typks `g @bstamik Av`cfaemk tracis wk pkrg`rlkf8

:.2.1 ]cejik @bstamik Av`cfaemk

G`r ùr traci rue g`r ]cejik @bstamik Av`cfaemk wk uskf ùr ]kt]pkkfs baskf @bstamik

Av`cfaemk aij`rctdl. Vdk aij`rctdl lafk tdk wdkkimdacr dait g`r a gkw skmèfs cectcaiiy ce `rfkr

aii`w a ektw`rn t` sktup aef ais` s` as e`t t` amtcvatk tdk klkrjkemy brank lkmdaecsl `g tdk

wdkkimdacr. Agtkr a wdcik, tdk wdkkimdacr cs pr`vcfkf g`rwarf vki`mcty `g ?.4 wdcmd cs tdk

lceclul vki`mcty rkqucrkf g`r frcvcej tdk wdkkimdacr. @emk tdk wdkkimdacr fktkmts `bstamik at

1.=l `r mi`skr fcrkmtiy ce grèt `g ct, tdk wdkkimdacr e`tks cts m``rfceatks aef usks tdkl t` l`vk

arùef tdk `bstamik ce grèt wd`sk fclkescès wk davk assulkf t` bk ne`we.

:.2.2 3?˘ Av`cfaemk

@ur ]cejik @bstamik Av`cfaemk cs `g tw` typks b`td baskf è ]kt]pkkfs @bstamik

av`cfaemk. @ek cs 3?˘ av`cfaemk wdcmd lanks usk `g 3?˘ aejiks ce `rfkr t` l`vk arùef tdk


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`bstamik. Agtkr fktkmtcej tdk `bstamik tdk wdkkimdacr l`vks ùt `g cts patd d`rczètaiiy, ct

mr`ssks tdk `bstamiks at a spkmcgckf fcstaemk gr`l ct aef m`lks bamn t` cts `rcjceai patd icek

d`rczètaiiy agtkr lancej ykt ae`tdkr 3?˘ ture. _r`bikls arcsk furcej 3?˘ @bstamik

Av`cfaemk wdke tdk grèt wdkkis bkdavk fcggkrketiy aef tramk a fcggkrket aejik (e`t

kqucvaiket t` 3?˘) gr`l èk trcai rue t` tdk `tdkr. A p`sscbik sìutcè g`r tdcs cs t` nkkp tdk

tkstcej mèfctcès as sclciar as wk mae s` tdat tkst rksuits mae bk rkpkatkf baskf è ùr tclk

maicbratcès. Wcfk` 1 pr`vcfkf sd`ws ]cejik @bstamik Av`cfaemk wctd 3?˘ tures.

:.2.= Warcabik Aejik Av`cfaemk

Warcabik Aejik Av`cfaemk cs kssketcaiiy tdk salk tdcej as 3?˘

av`cfaemk kxmkpt tdat ct lanks tdk wdkkimdacr av`cf tdk `bstamik ce

grèt at ae aejik. Mèskquketiy, tdk wdkkimdacr travkis ikss fcstaemk

tdae ct f`ks ce mask `g 3?˘ av`cfaemk. As bkg`rk, wk ajace usk

]kt]pkkfs baskf av`cfaemk but tdcs tclk, cestkaf `g uscej tclk maiis

g`r ièj keùjd t` aii`w tdk wdkkimdacr t` lank 3?˘ aejiks wk èiy

aii`w ct t` lank slaiikr 6;-7?˘ aejiks aef t` j` ùt `g tdk patd `g tdk

`bstamik aef t` m`lk bamn t` tdk `rcjceai patd ce tdk salk way as

bkg`rk.

Vdkrk cs a lah`r pr`bikl wctd clpiklket aejuiar `bstamik av`cfaemk

uscej ùr m`fk, baskf è tdk p`cet at gr`l wdcmd tdk wdkkimdacr

fktkmts tdk `bstamik ce grèt `g ct. Cts turecej aejik mèstaetiy varcks

gr`l èk trcai rue t` tdk ekxt. Vdcs p`cet nkkps mdaejcej bkmausk `g

tdk IRG smae varcatcès aef tdk ceammuramcks mauskf by tdk grèt

wdkkis, tdus èk traci rue lay e`t ikaf t` a skmèf summkssgui trcai rue

aef wk ekkf t` rkiy è dct-aef-trcai t` jkt tdcs t` w`rn g`r aey spkmcgcm

tkst mèfctcè. Warcabik Aejik Av`cfaemk cs sd`we ce Wcfk` =.


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Gcj 2;8

3? fkjrkks aef Aejuiar @bstamik Av`cfaemk

:.= Luitcpik @bstamik Av`cfaemk@ur Luitcpik @bstamik Av`cfaemk m`fk lanks usk `g tdk ]cejik @bstamik Av`cfaemk wctd 3?˘

tures mèskmutcvkiy. Icnk bkg`rk, wdkkimdacr cs prkppkf g`r l`tcè by jcvcej ct zkr` vki`mcty

vaiuks. Agtkr a wdcik, ct cs jcvke a g`rwarf vki`mcty `g ?.4l t` jkt ct startkf. Zdke tdk gcrst

`bstamik cs fktkmtkf, tdk wdkkimdacr daits aef lanks a 3?˘ tures aef l`vks d`rczètaiiy t` av`cf

tdk gcrst `bstamik. Ct mètceuks è cts ekw patd tdcs tclk aef as ct kemùetkrs a skmèf `bstamik ce

grèt `g ct. Ct ajace lanks a 3?˘ ture aef av`cfs tdk `bstamik by l`vcej d`rczètaiiy.

Ae`tdkr sicjdt varcatcè wk mùif davk pr`jrallkf g`r tdcs m`fk mùif davk bkke luitcpik

`bstamik av`cfaemk sumd tdat tdk `bstamik rkturekf t` cts `rcjceai patd aièj wdcmd ct startkf. Ct cs

kasciy p`sscbik by lancej sicjdt l`fcgcmatcès è ùr murrket m`fk.

:.6 Fyealcm @bstamik Av`cfaemk

Vdcs cs ae`tdkr slaii tasn wk mùif amm`lpicsd uscej ùr murrket m`fk d`wkvkr, wk davk e`t ykt

pkrgkmtkf ct furcej tracis rues. ]clpicstcm Fyealcm @bstamik Av`cfaemk cs ais` p`sscbik uscej ùr

murrket ]cejik @bstamik Av`cfaemk M`fk. D`wkvkr, wk davk e`t daf tdk tclk t` clpiklket ct ce

iab as sumd. Zk ekkf t` usk tdk salk m`fk as tdat wk uskf bkg`rk g`r ]cejik @bstamik Av`cfaemk.

D`wkvkr, tdcs tclk èmk tdk `bstamik das bkke fktkmtkf wk ekkf t` jcvk tdk wdkkimdacr a vki`mcty

s`lkwdat jrkatkr tdae ?.4 say 1.4 `r s`lktdcej wdcmd wùif mausk tdk wdkkimdacr t` l`vk

gastkr tdae tdk `tdkr fyealcm `bhkmt l`vcej fcrkmtiy ce grèt `g ct aef t` lacetace tdat spkkf

furcej aef agtkr `bstamik av`cfaemk. Gurtdkr tkstcej cs kemùrajkf ce tdcs fcrkmtcè scemk ct wùif

qucmniy yckif rksuits.


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:.; Eavcjatcè Vkstcej@ur Rue-Vclk baskf Eavcjatcè tkmdecquks lancej usk `g tdk mgj gcik t` f` sclpik eavcjatcè

g`r tdk wdkkimdacr uscej cts start p`cet aef cts aejuiar dkafcej at tdk start p`cet w`rnkf pkrgkmtiy

ce kvkry traci rue. Vdk wdkkimdacr was abik t` kef up at kxamtiy wdkrk wk waetkf ct t` j` ce

ail`st kvkry scejik trcai rue.


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MDA_VKR 48 M@EMI[]C@E & RKM@LLKEFAVC@E]

4.1 MèmiuscèsVdk Autè`lùs R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr cs ae clp`rtaet tkmdecmai sìutcè t` tdk pr`bikls p`skf

by tdk trafctcèai p`wkrkf wdkkimdacrs. Ct mae keabik tdk kef-uskr t` usk tdk wdkkimdacr by

dclskig wctdùt tdk ekkf `g aey `tdkr pkrsè, crrkspkmtcvk `g tdkcr fcsabcicty `r pdyscmai

mèfctcè. G`r pk`pik wctd _arncesè–s, Luitcpik ]mikr`scs `r Vktrapikjca, ae autè`lùs

wdkkimdacr mae bk a lkaes t` ae cefkpkefket, guigciicej icgk.

Ce tdk mùrsk `g ùr Gceai Skar _r`hkmt ketctikf —Autè`lùs R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr– wk davk bkke

abik t` lank fkmket pr`jrkss t`warfs ùr frkal `g fkvki`pcej sumd a wdkkimdacr dkrk ce

_ancstae. Zk mùif e`t davk j`ttke aeywdkrk daf ct e`t bkke g`r tdk ]AN[RA aut`latkf

wdkkimdacr pr`vcfkf t` us at RC]K Iab. Vdk aut`latkf wdkkimdacr daf tdk kikmtrècm mètrì aef

tdk darfwark wdcmd was a ekmkssary prkrkqucsctk g`r ùr pr`hkmt.

Zk wkrk abik t` l`fcgy tdk kxcstcej darfwark `g tdk wdkkimdacr t` lùet ùr IRG aef tdk

iapt`p tabik wctd kikmtrècms dùscej. @ur darfwark fkscje cs l`fuiar, sclpicstcm aef m`lpiktkiy

fktamdabik. Ce tdk mùrsk `g guturk w`rn è tdk wdkkimdacr darfwark, subskquket skes`r lùetsmae tdk fkscjekf kctdkr è t`p `g ùr `we lùets `r ce piamk `g tdk dìks aef gastkekrs tdat wk

davk airkafy uskf.

As g`r tdk pr`hkmt tasns `g @bstamik Av`cfaemk aef Eavcjatcè, wk wkrk abik t` lank

rkspkmtabik pr`jrkss è b`td tdk grèts. E`t èiy mùif wk summkssguiiy clpiklket @bstamik

Av`cfaemk aef Eavcjatcè ce ùr scluiatcès, wk wkrk abik t` clpiklket b`td furcej ùr tracis

rues ce tdk iab. D`wkvkr, èiy è a l`rk rkstrcmtkf smaik aef appr`xclatcej tdk bkdavc`r `g ùr

`rcjceai aij`rctdl m`llaefs by uscej sikkp maiis wctd fcggkrket tclk vaiuks.

Gceaiiy, wk wkrk abik t` summkssguiiy upjrafk tdk wdkkimdacr gr`l cts h`ystcmn mètrì t` iapt`p

mètrì wdcik lancej usk `g skes`r rkafcejs aii ce rkai tclk. A r`bust IabWCKZ pr`jral was

uskf t` frcvk tdk wdkkimdacr by jcvcej ct p`wkr/ vki`mcty vaiuks aef _iaykrY]tajk was uskf t`


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mìikmt fata gr`l tdk IRG g`r summkssgui `bstamik av`cfaemk ce ail`st kvkry scejik trcai rue.

4.1.1 Ikarecej @utm`lks

Zdke wk startkf ùt wctd tdk Autè`lùs R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr at tdk start `g tdk ykar wk fcf e`t

davk a i`t `g bamnjrùef ne`wikfjk t` j` è. Ce gamt, tdk èiy tdcej wk daf was tdk cfka `g tdk

gceai sdapk `g tdk Autè`lùs R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr tdat wk waetkf t` jkt t`. Aef as wk startkf

ùt, ct was uemikar d`w kxamtiy wk wùif davk t` pr`mkkf ce `rfkr t` jkt t` tdat gceai stajk.

Zk t``n tdk gcrst stkps uefkr tdk jucfaemk `g Fr. Sasar Ayaz aef ]cr Ndawaha Gadaf Cqbai aef

kvketuaiiy tdk ràf adkaf bkmalk mikar stkp by stkp. Zk startkf by jkttcej amquacetkf wctd

[buetu aef tdk _iaykrY]tajk cetkrgamk. Zk stufckf gr`l tdk _iaykrY]tajk laeuai aef bucit aef

tkstkf skvkrai slaiikr _iaykrY]tajk pr`jrals. Kvketuaiiy wk startkf cetkjratcej ùr M++ m`fcej

cet` ùr _iaykrY]tajk ]cluiatcès aef pr`jrallcej g`r l`rk m`lpicmatkf pr`bikl smkearc`s.

Zk ikarecej m`fcej ce IabWCKZ wctd Aic Bce Zadcf wd` daf airkafy fkvki`pkf a slaii

IabWCKZ pr`jral t` mèvkrt tdk wdkkimdacr–s h`ystcmn mètrì t` iapt`p mètrì. Zk

m`lpicmatkf upè dcs `rcjceai pr`jral as wkii cem`rp`ratk tdk Zcrkikss skttcejs aef VM_

bràfmastcej g`r IabWCKZ s` tdat IabWCKZ mùif m`lluecmatk ce rkai tclk wctd ùr

_iaykrY]tajk m`fk.

Ae`tdkr mdaiikejcej tasn was skttcej up tdk _iaykrY]tajk m`fks t` w`rn è tdk darfwark ratdkr

tdae ce scluiatcès. Vdk IRG daf t` bk upjrafkf gr`l tdk scluiatcès pr`xy t` tdk []B _`rt ?

pr`xy aef ekxt, wk daf t` ektw`rn tdk m`lputkrs. Vdk mrux `g ùr ektw`rncej was baskf è tdk

wcrkikss V_-Icen aef ce ùr M++ m`fk tdat uskf skefFata m`llaefs rkpktctcvkiy kamd tclk a

]kt]pkkf maii was lafk ce ùr m`fk.

Ae`tdkr ikarecej ùtm`lk `g tdk pr`hkmt was jkttcej t` uefkrstaef tdk amtuai bkdavc`r `g tdk

wdkkimdacr as ct fcggkrkf gr`l tdk gauitikss scluiatcès wk mùif mrkatk ce _iaykrY]tajk. ]kvkrai

tkst varcabiks l`fcgckf tdk bkdavc`r `g ùr wdkkimdacr ce tdk rkai tclk k.j. tdk surgamk grcmtcè `g

tdk tkst spamk, tdk uemètrìiabik varcatcès ce tdk grèt wdkkis l`tcè aef tdk alùet `g battkry


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p`wkr avaciabik t` tdk wdkkimdacr.

4.2 Guturk Rkm`llkefatcès

Guturk w`rn è tdk Autè`lùs R`b`tcm Zdkkimdacr mùif cevìvk clpr`vklkets è tdk murrket

@bstamik Av`cfaemk aef Eavcjatcè tdk`rkls. Zk davk èiy lafk usk `g tdk l`st sclpicstcm

aij`rctdls at tdcs p`cet wdcmd ark j``f keùjd g`r r``l ikvki l`vklkets but ce `rfkr t` lank

tdk wdkkimdacr l`rk kedaemkf wk ekkf t` l`vk t`warfs bucifcej ikvki eavcjatcè aef g`r tdat

m`lpicmatcè eavcjatcè aij`rctdls icnk tdk BrusdGcrk `r tdk FG] `r BG] aij`rctdls ekkf t` bk

clpiklketkf g`r wdkkimdacr l`tcè.

Vdk wdkkimdacr darfwark ais` ekkfs sicjdt clpr`vklkets. Ce

cts murrket statk, tdk wdkkimdacr tabik cs e`t p`sctcèkf m`rrkmtiy t`

amm`ll`fatk guiiy tdk wdkkimdacr uskr–s ikjs. Vdk tabik piatg`rl

ekkfs t` bk racskf aef ais` mètraptcès ekkf t` bk cestaiikf g`r `tdkr

skes`rs.

Iastiy tdkrk cs ais` a i`t `g sm`pk g`r clpr`vklket ce tdk fkscje `g ùr

murrket IabWCKZ pr`jral g`r frcvcej tdk wdkkimdacr. As ct cs ùr

IabWCKZ pr`jral cs gacriy sclpicstcm aef cs lkrkiy traesiatcej tdk

vki`mcty vaiuks bkcej rkmkcvkf gr`l tdk m`fk. Zk ekkf t` fkvki`p a

IabWCKZ pr`jral tdat mùif cetkramt wctd luitcpik _iaykrY]tajk

M++ m`fks rkafcej aef pr`mksscej fata gr`l luitcpik skes`rs. @emk

wk davk fkvki`pkf tkmdecquks t` cem`rp`ratk sumd pr`mksscej wctdce

IabWCKZ ctskig tdk wdkkimdacr wcii bk bkm`lk vastiy l`rk cetkiicjket

tdae ct cs rcjdt e`w.

Vdkrk cs a ièj ràf adkaf maiicej g`r kxtkescvk kgg`rts ce

pr`jrallcej kspkmcaiiy aef stufkets wctd a strèj pr`jrallcej `r

tkmdecmai bamnjrùef wùif bk bkst suctkf t` tank è tdcs pr`hkmt ce

tdk guturk.


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A__KEFCT A


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RKGKRKEMK]

dttp8//piaykrstajk.sùrmkg`rjk.ekt/

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dttp8//www.ec.m`l/pfg/laeuais/=:1=?=l.pfg

dttp8//bkkh.us/jucfk/bjekt/

dttp8//bkkh.us/jucfk/bjekt/ùtput/prcet/bjektP[]Ikttkr.pfg

dttp8//www.iaetrècx.m`l/rksùrmks/ektw`rncej.dtli

^1\ Ruggiks, _.M.>

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