Mohammad AlibakhshiBal S. Virdee
1
Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran2
Azad3
University, Center for Communications Technology, London N78DB,4
Llull,
Abstract ―oncellsetchedmanufacturing techniques
across
bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmexhibits aradiationgain4.8highlywavelength
Index Terms ―transmission
Transmissionwireless systemsantennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]composite right/leftorparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [
proposed that isand bandwidth extensionunitinductorunitshunt inductanceantennausing an appropriate
Fig.
Mohammad AlibakhshiBal S. Virdee
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, ShahidBahonar University, Kerman, Iran
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, IslamicAzad
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N78DB,
School of Telecommunication EngineeriLlull,
Abstract ―on compositecellsetchedmanufacturing techniques
across
bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmexhibits aradiationgain, bandwidth4.8 dBihighlywavelength
Index Terms ―transmission
Transmissionwireless systemsantennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]composite right/leftor metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [
In thisproposed that isand bandwidth extensionunit-inductorunit-shunt inductanceantennausing an appropriate
The configuration of the proposed antennaFig.
Compact AntennaComposite Right/Left Handed
Mohammad AlibakhshiBal S. Virdee
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, ShahidBahonar University, Kerman, Iran
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, IslamicAzad University, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N78DB, United Kingdom
School of Telecommunication EngineeriLlull, Barcelona, Spain
Abstract ―composite
implementedetchedmanufacturing techniques
across
bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmexhibits aradiation
, bandwidthdBi, 23% and
highly compact and itswavelength
Index Terms ―transmission
Transmissionwireless systemsantennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]composite right/left
metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [
In thisproposed that isand bandwidth extension
-cells that are composed ofinductor
-cell behave asshunt inductanceantennausing an appropriate
The configuration of the proposed antenna1,
Compact AntennaComposite Right/Left Handed
Mohammad AlibakhshiBal S. Virdee
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, ShahidBahonar University, Kerman, Iran
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, IslamicUniversity, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7
United KingdomSchool of Telecommunication Engineeri
Barcelona, Spain
Abstract ―composite
implementedetched directly on themanufacturing techniques
across 5.8–bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmexhibits aradiation efficiency
, bandwidth, 23% andcompact and its
wavelength
Index Terms ―transmission
Transmissionwireless systemsantennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]composite right/left
metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [
In thisproposed that isand bandwidth extension
cells that are composed ofinductor that is grounded using via
cell behave asshunt inductanceantenna’s radiationusing an appropriate
The configuration of the proposed antenna, consists of rectangular radiating patch
Compact AntennaComposite Right/Left Handed
Mohammad AlibakhshiBal S. Virdee3, Aurora And
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, ShahidBahonar University, Kerman, Iran
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, IslamicUniversity, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7
United KingdomSchool of Telecommunication Engineeri
Barcelona, Spain
Thiscomposite right
implementeddirectly on the
manufacturing techniques
–7.3
bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmexhibits a relatively
efficiency, bandwidth
, 23% andcompact and its
is 0.39λ
Index Terms ―transmission-lines
Transmission-lines are essential components inwireless systemsantennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]composite right/left
metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [
In this Letter, aproposed that isand bandwidth extension
cells that are composed ofthat is grounded using via
cell behave asshunt inductance
’s radiationusing an appropriate
II.
The configuration of the proposed antennaconsists of rectangular radiating patch
Compact AntennaComposite Right/Left Handed
Transmission Line
Mohammad AlibakhshiAurora And
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, ShahidBahonar University, Kerman, Iran
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, IslamicUniversity, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7
United KingdomSchool of Telecommunication Engineeri
Barcelona, Spain
This Letterright
implementeddirectly on the
manufacturing techniques
.3 GHz, which corresponds to
bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmrelatively
efficiency, bandwidth and efficiency
, 23% and 78%, respectively.compact and its
is 0.39λ
Index Terms ― Broadband antenna,lines.
lines are essential components inwireless systemsantennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]composite right/left
metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [
etter, aproposed that is constituted fromand bandwidth extension
cells that are composed ofthat is grounded using via
cell behave asshunt inductance (
’s radiationusing an appropriate
II. THE
The configuration of the proposed antennaconsists of rectangular radiating patch
Compact AntennaComposite Right/Left Handed
Transmission Line
Mohammad AlibakhshiAurora And
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, ShahidBahonar University, Kerman, Iran
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, IslamicUniversity, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7
United KingdomSchool of Telecommunication Engineeri
Barcelona, Spain
Letterright-left handed (CRLH) transmission
implemented using slotsdirectly on the
manufacturing techniques
GHz, which corresponds to
bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmrelatively
efficiency characteristics.and efficiency78%, respectively.
compact and itsis 0.39λ0 ×
roadband antenna,
lines are essential components inas they are used
antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]composite right/left-
metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [
etter, aconstituted from
and bandwidth extensioncells that are composed of
that is grounded using viacell behave as series left
(LL),’s radiation characteristics can be easily modified by
using an appropriate number of
HE M
The configuration of the proposed antennaconsists of rectangular radiating patch
Compact AntennaComposite Right/Left Handed
Transmission Line
Mohammad Alibakhshi-KenariAurora And
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, ShahidBahonar University, Kerman, Iran
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, IslamicUniversity, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7
School of Telecommunication Engineeri
Letter presents aleft handed (CRLH) transmissionusing slots
directly on themanufacturing techniques
GHz, which corresponds to
bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmrelatively wide bandwidth
characteristics.and efficiency78%, respectively.
compact and its physical size in terms of the free0.13λ
roadband antenna,
I. I
lines are essential components inas they are used
antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]
-handed transmissionmetamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novel
paradigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [
etter, a novelconstituted from
and bandwidth extensioncells that are composed of
that is grounded using viaseries left), respectively
characteristics can be easily modified bynumber of
METAMATERIAL
The configuration of the proposed antennaconsists of rectangular radiating patch
Compact AntennaComposite Right/Left Handed
Transmission Line
KenariAurora Andujar
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, ShahidBahonar University, Kerman, Iran
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, IslamicUniversity, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7
School of Telecommunication Engineeri
presents aleft handed (CRLH) transmissionusing slots
directly on the dielectric substratemanufacturing techniques. The antenna
GHz, which corresponds to
bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmide bandwidth
characteristics.and efficiency78%, respectively.
physical size in terms of the free0.13λ0 ×
roadband antenna,
I. INTRODUCTION
lines are essential components inas they are used
antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]
anded transmissionmetamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novel
paradigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [
novelconstituted from
and bandwidth extension hacells that are composed of
that is grounded using viaseries left
respectivelycharacteristics can be easily modified bynumber of
ETAMATERIAL
The configuration of the proposed antennaconsists of rectangular radiating patch
Compact AntennaComposite Right/Left Handed
Transmission Line
Kenari1, Mohammad Naserujar4, and Jaume Anguera
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, ShahidBahonar University, Kerman, Iran
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7
School of Telecommunication Engineeri
presents aleft handed (CRLH) transmissionusing slots and spiral
dielectric substrateThe antenna
GHz, which corresponds to
bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmide bandwidth
characteristics.and efficiency of the antenna78%, respectively.
physical size in terms of the free× 0.015λ
roadband antenna,
NTRODUCTION
lines are essential components inas they are used
antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]
anded transmissionmetamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novel
paradigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [
novelconstituted from
havecells that are composed of
that is grounded using viaseries left-
respectivelycharacteristics can be easily modified bynumber of
ETAMATERIAL
The configuration of the proposed antennaconsists of rectangular radiating patch
Compact AntennaComposite Right/Left Handed
Transmission Line
Mohammad Naserand Jaume Anguera
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, Shahid
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7
School of Telecommunication Engineeri
presents a novelleft handed (CRLH) transmission
and spiraldielectric substrateThe antenna
GHz, which corresponds to
bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmide bandwidth
characteristics.of the antenna
78%, respectively.physical size in terms of the free
0.015λ
roadband antenna,
NTRODUCTION
lines are essential components inas they are used
antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]-[
anded transmissionmetamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novel
paradigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [
novel compactconstituted from CRLH
realized usingcells that are composed of
that is grounded using via-handed capacitance
respectivelycharacteristics can be easily modified bynumber of CRLH
ETAMATERIAL
The configuration of the proposed antennaconsists of rectangular radiating patch
Compact Antenna based onComposite Right/Left Handed
Transmission Line
Mohammad Naserand Jaume Anguera
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, Shahid
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7
School of Telecommunication Engineering, Universitat Ramon
novelleft handed (CRLH) transmission
and spiraldielectric substrateThe antenna
GHz, which corresponds to
bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmide bandwidth
characteristics. Theof the antenna
78%, respectively. The fabricated antenna isphysical size in terms of the free
0.015λ0.
roadband antenna, composite right
NTRODUCTION
lines are essential components inas they are used, for example
antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elements
[5].anded transmission
metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [
compactCRLH
realized usingcells that are composed of U-shaped slot
that is grounded using via-handed capacitance
respectively [10characteristics can be easily modified by
CRLH
ETAMATERIAL A
The configuration of the proposed antennaconsists of rectangular radiating patch
based onComposite Right/Left Handed
Transmission Line
Mohammad Naserand Jaume Anguera
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, Shahid
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7
ng, Universitat Ramon
novel antennaleft handed (CRLH) transmission
and spiraldielectric substrateThe antenna is designed to operate
GHz, which corresponds to
bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmide bandwidth, high
Theof the antenna
The fabricated antenna isphysical size in terms of the free
composite right
NTRODUCTION
lines are essential components infor example
antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elements
. More randed transmission
metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [6]
compactCRLH-TLs
realized usingshaped slot-holes.
handed capacitance10]-[12]
characteristics can be easily modified byCRLH-TL
ANTENNA
The configuration of the proposed antennaconsists of rectangular radiating patch
based onComposite Right/Left Handed
Transmission Line
Mohammad Naserand Jaume Anguera
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, Shahid
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7
ng, Universitat Ramon
antennaleft handed (CRLH) transmission
inductorsdielectric substrate
is designed to operate
GHz, which corresponds to
bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmhigh
The measured radiationof the antenna
The fabricated antenna isphysical size in terms of the free
composite right
lines are essential components infor example
antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elements
More randed transmission-line (CRLH
metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwave
]-[9]compact planar
TLsrealized using
shaped slotholes.
handed capacitance[12]
characteristics can be easily modified byTL unit
NTENNA
The configuration of the proposed antennaconsists of rectangular radiating patch
based onComposite Right/Left Handed
Transmission Line
Mohammad Naser-Moghadasiand Jaume Anguera
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, Shahid
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7
ng, Universitat Ramon
antennaleft handed (CRLH) transmission
inductorsdielectric substrate
is designed to operate
GHz, which corresponds to
bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmhigh gain and highmeasured radiation
of the antenna at 6.6The fabricated antenna is
physical size in terms of the free
composite right
lines are essential components infor example
antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elements
More recently, theline (CRLH
metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwave
[9].planarTLs. Size reduction
realized using theshaped slotholes. The CRLH
handed capacitance[12]. It is shown the
characteristics can be easily modified byunit-cells
NTENNA
The configuration of the proposed antennaconsists of rectangular radiating patch that
based onComposite Right/Left Handed
Moghadasiand Jaume Anguera5
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, Shahid
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7
ng, Universitat Ramon
antenna that isleft handed (CRLH) transmission-
inductorsby standard
is designed to operate
a fractional
bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirm the antennagain and high
measured radiationat 6.6
The fabricated antenna isphysical size in terms of the free
composite right-left handed
lines are essential components infor example, to
antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elements
ecently, theline (CRLH
metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwave
planar antennaize reduction
the CRLHshaped slot and spiral
The CRLHhanded capacitance
. It is shown thecharacteristics can be easily modified by
cells
The configuration of the proposed antenna, shown inthat
based on aComposite Right/Left Handed
Moghadasi
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, Shahid
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7
ng, Universitat Ramon
that is-line
inductors that areby standard
is designed to operate
a fractional
the antennagain and high
measured radiationat 6.6 GHz are
The fabricated antenna isphysical size in terms of the free
left handed
lines are essential components in modernto connect
antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elements
ecently, theline (CRLH
metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwave
antennaize reduction
CRLHand spiral
The CRLHhanded capacitance (CL
. It is shown thecharacteristics can be easily modified by
cells.
shown inthat includes
aComposite Right/Left Handed
Moghadasi2
School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, Shahid
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7
ng, Universitat Ramon
that is basedline unitthat are
by standardis designed to operate
a fractional
the antennagain and high
measured radiationGHz are
The fabricated antenna isphysical size in terms of the free-space
left handed
modernconnect
antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elements
ecently, theline (CRLH-TL)
metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwave
antennaize reduction
CRLH-TLand spiral
The CRLH-TL
L) and. It is shown the
characteristics can be easily modified by
shown inincludes
2,
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7
ng, Universitat Ramon
basedunit-
that areby standard
is designed to operate
a fractional
the antennagain and high
measured radiationGHz are
The fabricated antenna isspace
left handed
modernconnect
antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elements
ecently, theTL)
metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwave
isize reduction
TLand spiral
TL) and
. It is shown thecharacteristics can be easily modified by
shown inincludes
modernconnect
antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elements
ecently, theTL)
metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwave
isize reduction
TL
TL) and
. It is shown thecharacteristics can be easily modified by
shown inincludes
sixfromtheslot and(Cproposed metamaterialRO4003of 0.8
unitdimensioncharacteristics. Theimplement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidthradiation patternthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unitSix unit1.75 GHz for a reflectionsix unit
Fig. 2.function of
rectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
six CRLHfromthe groundslot andCL) and shunt
proposed metamaterialRO4003of 0.8
Fig.
The criterunit-cellsdimensioncharacteristics. Theimplement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidthradiation patternthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unitSix unit1.75 GHz for a reflectionsix unit
Fig. 2.function of
The proposed antenna, shown inrectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
CRLHfrom a U
groundslot and
) and shuntproposed metamaterialRO4003of 0.8 mm and
Fig. 1. Fabricated prototype of the
The critercells
dimensioncharacteristics. Theimplement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidthradiation patternthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unitSix unit-1.75 GHz for a reflectionsix unit-cells were used here in the antenna design.
Fig. 2. Reflectionfunction of
The proposed antenna, shown inrectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
CRLHU-shaped slot and spiral inductor
ground-plane throughslot and spiral act like
) and shuntproposed metamaterialRO4003 substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness
mm and
1. Fabricated prototype of the
The critercells depend
dimensions,characteristics. Theimplement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidthradiation patternthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit
-cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth of1.75 GHz for a reflection
cells were used here in the antenna design.
Reflectionfunction of number of cells
The proposed antenna, shown inrectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
CRLH unitshaped slot and spiral inductor
plane throughspiral act like
) and shuntproposed metamaterial
substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thicknessmm and t
1. Fabricated prototype of the
The criteriadepend,
characteristics. Theimplement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidthradiation patternthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit
cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth of1.75 GHz for a reflection
cells were used here in the antenna design.
Reflection-coefficient (Snumber of cells
The proposed antenna, shown inrectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
unit-cells, where each unitshaped slot and spiral inductor
plane throughspiral act like
) and shunt (proposed metamaterial
substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thicknesstanδ
1. Fabricated prototype of the
ia useddepends, impedance
characteristics. Theimplement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidthradiation patterns. The number ofthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit
cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth of1.75 GHz for a reflection
cells were used here in the antenna design.
coefficient (Snumber of cells
The proposed antenna, shown inrectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
cells, where each unitshaped slot and spiral inductor
plane throughspiral act like
(LHproposed metamaterial
substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thicknessanδ =
1. Fabricated prototype of the
used to determines on a
impedancecharacteristics. The overallimplement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidth
. The number ofthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit
cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth of1.75 GHz for a reflection
cells were used here in the antenna design.
coefficient (Snumber of cells.
The proposed antenna, shown inrectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
cells, where each unitshaped slot and spiral inductor
plane throughspiral act like series left
LH) inductanceproposed metamaterial antenna
substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness0.0022.
1. Fabricated prototype of the
to determineon a
impedanceoverall
implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidth
. The number ofthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit
cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth of1.75 GHz for a reflection
cells were used here in the antenna design.
coefficient (S.
The proposed antenna, shown inrectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
cells, where each unitshaped slot and spiral inductor
plane through a metallic viaseries leftinductanceantenna
substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness0.0022.
1. Fabricated prototype of the
to determineon a tradeoff between the
impedanceoverall
implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidth
. The number ofthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit
cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth of1.75 GHz for a reflection-coefficient of
cells were used here in the antenna design.
coefficient (S11) response of the proposed antenna as a
The proposed antenna, shown inrectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
cells, where each unitshaped slot and spiral inductor
metallic viaseries leftinductanceantenna
substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness0.0022.
1. Fabricated prototype of the proposed metamaterial
to determinetradeoff between the
impedance bandwidth and radiationoverall goal
implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidth
. The number ofthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit
cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth ofcoefficient of
cells were used here in the antenna design.
) response of the proposed antenna as a
The proposed antenna, shown inrectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
cells, where each unitshaped slot and spiral inductor
metallic viaseries left-handed (LH) capacitanceinductanceantenna was
substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness
proposed metamaterial
to determine the number oftradeoff between the
bandwidth and radiationgoal here was to design and
implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidth with
. The number of unitthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit
cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth ofcoefficient of
cells were used here in the antenna design.
) response of the proposed antenna as a
The proposed antenna, shown inrectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
cells, where each unitshaped slot and spiral inductor
metallic viahanded (LH) capacitance
(Lwas fabricated
substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness
proposed metamaterial
the number oftradeoff between the
bandwidth and radiationhere was to design and
implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmwithunit
through optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit
cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth ofcoefficient of
cells were used here in the antenna design.
) response of the proposed antenna as a
The proposed antenna, shown inrectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
cells, where each unit-cell is constructedshaped slot and spiral inductor that
metallic via-holehanded (LH) capacitance
LL),fabricated
substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness
proposed metamaterial
the number oftradeoff between the
bandwidth and radiationhere was to design and
implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmwith good unidirectionalunit-cells was determined
through optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit
cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth ofcoefficient of
cells were used here in the antenna design.
) response of the proposed antenna as a
The proposed antenna, shown in Fig.rectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
cell is constructedthathole. The U
handed (LH) capacitance), respectively
fabricatedsubstrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness
proposed metamaterial
the number oftradeoff between the
bandwidth and radiationhere was to design and
implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmgood unidirectional
cells was determinedthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit-
cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth ofcoefficient of -10 dB.
cells were used here in the antenna design.
) response of the proposed antenna as a
Fig. 1rectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
cell is constructedthat is connected to
. The Uhanded (LH) capacitance
respectivelyfabricated on a
substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness
proposed metamaterial
the number oftradeoff between the
bandwidth and radiationhere was to design and
implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmgood unidirectional
cells was determinedthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflection-coefficient of
-cells from 1cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth of
10 dB.cells were used here in the antenna design.
) response of the proposed antenna as a
1, consists of arectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
cell is constructedconnected to
. The Uhanded (LH) capacitance
respectivelyon a
substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness
proposed metamaterial antenna.
the number of CRLHtradeoff between the
bandwidth and radiationhere was to design and
implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmgood unidirectional
cells was determinedthrough optimization using High Frequency Simulator
coefficient ofcells from 1
cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth of10 dB. Therefore
cells were used here in the antenna design.
) response of the proposed antenna as a
, consists of arectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
cell is constructedconnected to
. The U-shapedhanded (LH) capacitance
respectively.on a Rogers
substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness
antenna.
CRLHtradeoff between the antenna
bandwidth and radiationhere was to design and
implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmgood unidirectional
cells was determinedthrough optimization using High Frequency Simulator
coefficient ofcells from 1
cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth ofTherefore
) response of the proposed antenna as a
, consists of arectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
cell is constructedconnected to
shapedhanded (LH) capacitance
. TheRogers
substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness
antenna.
CRLH-TLantenna
bandwidth and radiationhere was to design and
implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmgood unidirectional
cells was determinedthrough optimization using High Frequency Simulator
coefficient ofcells from 1-
cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth ofTherefore
) response of the proposed antenna as a
, consists of arectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U
cell is constructedconnected to
shapedhanded (LH) capacitance
TheRogers
substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness
TLantenna
bandwidth and radiationhere was to design and
implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmgood unidirectional
cells was determinedthrough optimization using High Frequency Simulator
coefficient of-6.
cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth ofTherefore
) response of the proposed antenna as a
, consists of arectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U-
Prof
Vird
ee
shaped slots andtheon the right hand sideSMD1206through a via
(RH) effectcapacitanceantennabetween the metalequivalent circuit model of thein Fig. 3.LRwhich account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated withCRLHsimulationpF4.2
width,show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reductionlength fromfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5mm results in68%.were determined from these results to bemm, respectively.six2.7×6.8wavelength atheight of the antenna are 0.39λand 0.015λ
the antenna arebandwidthsDesign System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and CST M
shaped slots andthe groundon the right hand sideSMD1206through a via
The(RH) effectcapacitanceantennabetween the metalequivalent circuit model of thein Fig. 3.LL, LRR andwhich account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated withCRLHsimulationpF, L4.2 Ω
Thewidth,show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reductionlength fromfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5mm results in68%.were determined from these results to bemm, respectively.six CRLH2.7×6.8wavelength atheight of the antenna are 0.39λand 0.015λ
Thethe antenna arebandwidthsDesign System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and CST M
shaped slots andground
on the right hand sideSMD1206through a via
The(RH) effectcapacitanceantennabetween the metalequivalent circuit model of thein Fig. 3.
LR andand
which account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated withCRLH-TLsimulation
, LR =Ω.
Thewidth, are shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reductionlength fromfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5mm results in68%. Thewere determined from these results to bemm, respectively.
CRLH2.7×6.8wavelength atheight of the antenna are 0.39λand 0.015λ
Thethe antenna arebandwidthsDesign System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and CST M
shaped slots andground-
on the right hand sideSMD1206. The load is terminated to thethrough a via
The antenna structure generates(RH) effectcapacitanceantenna metallizationbetween the metalequivalent circuit model of thein Fig. 3. In addition
andand GR
which account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated with
TLsimulation, and these are:
= 3.44
Fig.
The results of theare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reductionlength fromfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5mm results in
The optimized lewere determined from these results to bemm, respectively.
CRLH-2.7×6.8 mmwavelength atheight of the antenna are 0.39λand 0.015λ
The simulated and measuredthe antenna arebandwidthsDesign System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and CST M
shaped slots and-plane using
on the right hand side. The load is terminated to the
through a via-holeantenna structure generates
(RH) effect from thecapacitance (C
metallizationbetween the metalequivalent circuit model of the
In additionCR) are included right
R, andwhich account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated with
TL unit, and these are:
3.44 nH
Fig. 3. Equivalent c
results of theare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reductionlength from 2.9 mm to 2.5 mmfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5mm results in
optimized lewere determined from these results to bemm, respectively.
-TLmm2 or 0.052λ
wavelength atheight of the antenna are 0.39λand 0.015λ0 (0.8
simulated and measuredthe antenna arebandwidths areDesign System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and CST M
shaped slots andplane using
on the right hand side. The load is terminated to the
holeantenna structure generates
from theCR)
metallizationbetween the metalequivalent circuit model of the
In addition) are included right
and leftwhich account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated with
unit-cell, and these are:
nH, G
Equivalent c
results of theare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reduction
2.9 mm to 2.5 mmfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5mm results in an increase of the
optimized lewere determined from these results to bemm, respectively.
TL unior 0.052λ
wavelength at fheight of the antenna are 0.39λ
(0.8 mm), respectively.simulated and measured
the antenna are shown inare 29%, 26.8% and 26.6%
Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and CST M
shaped slots and includesplane using
on the right hand side. The load is terminated to the
hole.antenna structure generates
from the) resulting from
metallizationbetween the metallization and theequivalent circuit model of the
In addition) are included right
left-which account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated with
cell, and these are:
, GL
Equivalent c
results of theare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reduction
2.9 mm to 2.5 mmfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5
an increase of theoptimized le
were determined from these results to bemm, respectively. The
unit-cells, each of which occupiesor 0.052λ
= 5.8height of the antenna are 0.39λ
mm), respectively.simulated and measured
shown in29%, 26.8% and 26.6%
Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and CST M
includesplane using via
on the right hand side. The load is terminated to the
antenna structure generatesfrom the series inductance
resulting frommetallization, and the
lization and theequivalent circuit model of the
In addition to the) are included right
-handed lossy componentswhich account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated with
cell parameters, and these are:
L = 5.6
Equivalent circuit model
results of the parametric studare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reduction
2.9 mm to 2.5 mmfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5
an increase of theoptimized length and width
were determined from these results to beThe proposed antenna is constructed
cells, each of which occupiesor 0.052λ0
5.8height of the antenna are 0.39λ
mm), respectively.simulated and measured
shown in29%, 26.8% and 26.6%
Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and CST MWS, respectively.
includes six spiral inductors terminated tovia-
on the right hand side to. The load is terminated to the
antenna structure generatesseries inductance
resulting from, and the
lization and theequivalent circuit model of the
to the) are included right
handed lossy componentswhich account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated with
parameters, and these are: C
5.6 S
ircuit model
parametric studare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reduction
2.9 mm to 2.5 mmfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5
an increase of thength and width
were determined from these results to beproposed antenna is constructed
cells, each of which occupies
0 × 0.13λGHz. The
height of the antenna are 0.39λmm), respectively.
simulated and measuredshown in Fig.29%, 26.8% and 26.6%
Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure SimulatorWS, respectively.
six spiral inductors terminated to-holes. The antenna is terminateda matched
. The load is terminated to the
antenna structure generatesseries inductance
resulting from, and the
lization and theequivalent circuit model of the
to the four reactive) are included right
handed lossy componentswhich account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated with
parametersCL =S, G
ircuit model
parametric studare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reduction
2.9 mm to 2.5 mmfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5
an increase of thength and width
were determined from these results to beproposed antenna is constructed
cells, each of which occupies0.13λ
GHz. Theheight of the antenna are 0.39λ0
mm), respectively.simulated and measured
Fig.29%, 26.8% and 26.6%
Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure SimulatorWS, respectively.
six spiral inductors terminated toholes. The antenna is terminated
matched. The load is terminated to the
antenna structure generatesseries inductance
resulting from, and the voltage gradient develop
lization and theequivalent circuit model of the CRLH
four reactive) are included right-
handed lossy componentswhich account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated with L
parameters3.2
, GR =
ircuit model of the
parametric studare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reduction
2.9 mm to 2.5 mmfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5
an increase of thength and width
were determined from these results to beproposed antenna is constructed
cells, each of which occupies0.13λ0
GHz. The
0 (20.mm), respectively.
simulated and measured6.
29%, 26.8% and 26.6%Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator
WS, respectively.
six spiral inductors terminated toholes. The antenna is terminated
matched. The load is terminated to the
antenna structure generatesseries inductance
resulting from current flowingvoltage gradient develop
lization and theCRLH
four reactive-handed
handed lossy componentswhich account for the dielectric loss associated with
LL. Theparameters were determined from
3.2 pF= 3.2
of the
parametric studare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reduction
2.9 mm to 2.5 mm increases the bandwfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5
an increase of the impedance bandwidth byngth and width
were determined from these results to beproposed antenna is constructed
cells, each of which occupiesin terms of
GHz. The total20.4
mm), respectively.simulated and measured reflection
The simulated29%, 26.8% and 26.6%
Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure SimulatorWS, respectively.
six spiral inductors terminated toholes. The antenna is terminated
matched load of. The load is terminated to the
antenna structure generates parasitic rightseries inductance
current flowingvoltage gradient develop
lization and the groundCRLH-TL
four reactivehanded
handed lossy componentswhich account for the dielectric loss associated with
Thewere determined frompF, LL
3.2 S,
of the antenna
parametric study, i.e.are shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reduction
increases the bandwfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5
impedance bandwidth byngth and width of the U
were determined from these results to beproposed antenna is constructed
cells, each of which occupiesin terms of
total4 mm), 0.13λ
reflectionThe simulated
29%, 26.8% and 26.6%Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator
WS, respectively.
six spiral inductors terminated toholes. The antenna is terminated
load of. The load is terminated to the
parasitic rightseries inductance (LR
current flowingvoltage gradient develop
groundTL unit
four reactive componentshanded lossy
handed lossy componentswhich account for the dielectric loss associated with
The magnitude of thewere determined from
L = 4.5RL
ntenna
, i.e.are shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reduction
increases the bandwfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflection-coefficient ofdB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5
impedance bandwidth byof the U
were determined from these results to be 2.proposed antenna is constructed
cells, each of which occupiesin terms of
length, width andmm), 0.13λ
reflectionThe simulated
29%, 26.8% and 26.6% usingDesign System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator
WS, respectively.
six spiral inductors terminated toholes. The antenna is terminated
load of. The load is terminated to the ground
parasitic right
R) andcurrent flowing
voltage gradient developground
unit-cell is showncomponents
lossyhanded lossy components
which account for the dielectric loss associated withmagnitude of the
were determined from4.5= 6
ntenna unit
, i.e. slot length andare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reduction
increases the bandwcoefficient of
dB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5
impedance bandwidth byof the U
2.5proposed antenna is constructed
cells, each of which occupiesin terms of the free
length, width andmm), 0.13λ
reflection-coefficientsThe simulated
usingDesign System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator
WS, respectively. The measured
six spiral inductors terminated toholes. The antenna is terminated
load of 20ground
parasitic rightand the
current flowingvoltage gradient develop
ground-planecell is shown
componentslossy components
handed lossy components GL
which account for the dielectric loss associated withmagnitude of the
were determined fromnH, C
6 Ω,
unit-cell
slot length andare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively. The results
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reduction of the slot
increases the bandwcoefficient of
dB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5
impedance bandwidth byof the U-shaped slot
mmproposed antenna is constructed
cells, each of which occupies athe free
length, width andmm), 0.13λ0
coefficientsThe simulated impedance
using AdvancedDesign System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator
The measured
six spiral inductors terminated toholes. The antenna is terminated
Ω ground-
parasitic right-handedthe
current flowing over thevoltage gradient develop
plane. Thecell is shown
componentscomponents
L andwhich account for the dielectric loss associated with C
magnitude of thewere determined from
nH, CR
, and R
cell.
slot length andThe results
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedanceof the slot
increases the bandwcoefficient of
dB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5
impedance bandwidth byshaped slot
mm andproposed antenna is constructed
a space ofthe free-
length, width and(6.8
coefficientsimpedanceAdvanced
Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure SimulatorThe measured
six spiral inductors terminated toholes. The antenna is terminated
Ω using-plane
handedshunt
over thevoltage gradient develop
. Thecell is shown
components (Ccomponents
and RCL and
magnitude of thewere determined from
R = 1.5and RR
slot length andThe results
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedanceof the slot
increases the bandwidthcoefficient of -
dB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5
impedance bandwidth byshaped slot
and 0.5proposed antenna is constructed using
space of-space
length, width and(6.8 mm)
coefficientsimpedanceAdvanced
Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure SimulatorThe measured
six spiral inductors terminated toholes. The antenna is terminated
usingplane
handedshunt
over thevoltage gradient developed
. Thecell is shown
CL,components
RL,and
magnitude of thewere determined from
1.5
R =
slot length andThe results
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedanceof the slot
idth-10
dB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5
impedance bandwidth byshaped slot
0.5using
space ofspace
length, width andmm)
ofimpedanceAdvanced
Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure SimulatorThe measured
six spiral inductors terminated toholes. The antenna is terminated
usingplane
handedshunt
over theed
. Thecell is shown
components,
and
were determined from
slot length andThe results
show a shorter slot length enhances the impedanceof the slot
idth10
dB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5
impedance bandwidth byshaped slot
0.5using
space ofspace
length, width andmm)
ofimpedanceAdvanced
Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure SimulatorThe measured
impedance bandwidth of the antenna isGHz to 7.3which corresponds to 2between the averaged simulation and measurement results.
Fig.the slot
Fig.the slot
Fig.antenna
impedance bandwidth of the antenna isGHz to 7.3which corresponds to 2between the averaged simulation and measurement results.
Fig. 4.the slot
Fig. 5.the slot
Fig. 6.antenna
impedance bandwidth of the antenna isGHz to 7.3which corresponds to 2between the averaged simulation and measurement results.
4. Reflectionthe slot length. The
. Reflectionthe slot width
. Measured and simulated rantenna.
impedance bandwidth of the antenna isGHz to 7.3which corresponds to 2between the averaged simulation and measurement results.
Reflectionlength. The
Reflectionwidth. The
Measured and simulated r
impedance bandwidth of the antenna isGHz
which corresponds to 2between the averaged simulation and measurement results.
Reflection-coefficient (Slength. The
Reflection-coefficient (S. The
Measured and simulated r
impedance bandwidth of the antenna isGHz for a
which corresponds to 2between the averaged simulation and measurement results.
coefficient (Slength. The slot
coefficient (S. The slot
Measured and simulated r
impedance bandwidth of the antenna isfor a
which corresponds to 2between the averaged simulation and measurement results.
coefficient (Sslot width
coefficient (Sslot length was fixed at
Measured and simulated r
impedance bandwidth of the antenna isfor a re
which corresponds to 23.7between the averaged simulation and measurement results.
coefficient (Swidth was
coefficient (Slength was fixed at
Measured and simulated r
impedance bandwidth of the antenna isreflection3.7%
between the averaged simulation and measurement results.
coefficient (S11) response ofwas kept
coefficient (S11) response of thelength was fixed at
Measured and simulated reflection
impedance bandwidth of the antenna isflection
%. There is 13.7% differentialbetween the averaged simulation and measurement results.
) response ofkept
response of thelength was fixed at
eflection
impedance bandwidth of the antenna isflection-coefficient
. There is 13.7% differentialbetween the averaged simulation and measurement results.
) response offixed at
response of thelength was fixed at 2.5 mm.
eflection-coefficients
impedance bandwidth of the antenna iscoefficient
. There is 13.7% differentialbetween the averaged simulation and measurement results.
) response of the antennafixed at 0.5
response of the2.5 mm.
coefficients
impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 1.5coefficient
. There is 13.7% differentialbetween the averaged simulation and measurement results.
the antenna0.5 mm
response of the antenna2.5 mm.
coefficients
1.5coefficient
. There is 13.7% differentialbetween the averaged simulation and measurement results.
the antennamm.
antenna
coefficients
GHz
. There is 13.7% differentialbetween the averaged simulation and measurement results.
the antenna as a function of
antenna as a function of
of the proposed
GHz from 5.8<
. There is 13.7% differentialbetween the averaged simulation and measurement results.
as a function of
as a function of
of the proposed
from 5.8<-10
. There is 13.7% differentialbetween the averaged simulation and measurement results.
as a function of
as a function of
of the proposed
from 5.810 dB
. There is 13.7% differentialbetween the averaged simulation and measurement results.
as a function of
as a function of
of the proposed
from 5.8dB,
. There is 13.7% differentialbetween the averaged simulation and measurement results.
as a function of
as a function of
of the proposed
Prof
Vird
ee
Besides the requirement of compact size and widebandwidth, the antenna needed to possess good radiationcharacteristics such as gain and efficiency. It’s well knownthe extension of the effective aperture of the antennaimproves it gain and efficiency performance.Conventionally this can be achieved by increasing theeffective cross-sectional area of antenna. The proposedantenna’s effective aperture was increased by simplyincreasing the number of CRLH-TL unit-cells, which isconfirmed in Fig. 7, without increasing its physical size.Antenna with four unit-cells provides a gain and efficiencyof 4.94 dBi and 74%, respectively, at 7 GHz. Increasing theunit-cells from four to six results in gain and efficiencyimprovement to 6.1 dBi and 85%, respectively.
The optimized dimensions of the antenna parameters andequivalent electrical circuit are given in Table I.
Fig. 7. Gain and efficiency performance as a function of number of CRLH-TL unit-cells.
Table I – Dimensions of Antenna and Parameter values
Number of Unit Cells 6
Length of Cavities ( ) 2.50 mm
Width of Cavities ( ) 0.50 mm
Distances between Slits 0.60 mm
Width of Spirals 0.25 mm
Spacing of Spirals 0.25 mm
Turns of Spirals 2
Height of Via Hole 0.80 mm
Length of SMD1206 4.20 mm
Amount of SMD1206 20 Ω
CL 3.2 pF
LL 4.5 nH
CR 1.5 pF
LR 3.4 nH
GL 5.6 S
GR 3.2 S
RL 6.0 Ω
RR 4.2 Ω
Three simulation tools, i.e. ADS, HFSS and CST MWS,were used to compare the performance of the antenna. Theantenna’s performance was measured to validate the design.The simulated averaged gain and averaged efficiency of theantenna using HFSS, CST MWS and ADS are 4.5 dBi and76%, respectively, at 5.8 GHz; 4.9 dBi and 80%,respectively, at 6.6 GHz; and 4.65 dBi and 78%,respectively, at 7.3 GHz. The measured gain and efficiencyresponse are plotted in Fig. 8. The measured gain andefficiency are 4.3 dBi and 74%, respectively, at 5.8 GHz;4.8 dBi and 78%, respectively, at 6.6 GHz; and 4.6 dBi and76%, respectively, at 7.3 GHz.
Fig. 8. The measured gain and efficiency performance.
The measured E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns atspot frequencies of 5.8 GHz, 6.6 GHz and 7.3 GHz areplotted in Fig. 9. The antenna radiates unidirectionally with3 dB angular beamwidth of 90 degrees.
Fig. 9. E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns at 5.8, 6.6 and 7.3 GHz.
Prof
Vird
ee
The surface current distribution over the proposedantenna at various frequencies is shown in Fig. 10. The U-shaped slots affect the current flow over the antenna togenerate the radiation patterns shown in Fig. 9 that arestable across its operating frequency range of 5.8 GHz to 7.3GHz.
Table II summarizes the antenna performance in termsof dimensions, impedance bandwidth, gain and efficiency.The proposed antenna has advantages of low profile,relatively wide impedance bandwidth, high gain, and highefficiency across 5.8 GHz to 7.3 GHz. The antenna is simpleto design and cost effective to manufacture.
@ 5.8 GHz
@ 6.6 GHz
@ 7.3 GHz
Fig. 10. Surface current density distribution over the antenna.
Table II. Summary of Antenna Performance
DimensionsImpedancebandwidth
Gain (dBi)@ freq.(GHz)
Efficiency @freq. (GHz)
20.4×6.8×0.8 mm3
or0.39λ0×0.13λ0×0.015λ0
@ 5.8 GHz
23%(5.8-7.3 GHz)
4.3 @ 5.84.8 @ 6.64.6 @ 7.3
74% @ 5.878% @ 6.676% @ 7.3
III. CONCLUSION
A compact and low profile antenna design is proposed thatis based on composite right-left handed transmission-lineunit-cells consisting of a U-shaped slot and a spiral inductorthat is short-circuited to ground using via-holes. Therectangular antenna which is embedded with the unit-cellsand the number of unit-cells is shown to determine theantenna’s impedance bandwidth. The antenna’s performance
was validated through measurements. Over the operatingfrequency range of 5.8 GHz to 7.3 GHz it provides anaverage gain of 4.57 dBi and an average efficiency of 76%.Its unidirectional radiation pattern is stable over itsoperating frequency range.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to theIran Telecommunication Research Center (ITRC) with grantnumber of 6987/500/T, the microwave and millimeter wavelaboratory of the Amirkabir University of Technology(Tehran Polytechnic) and the antenna laboratory of the K. N.Toosi University of Technology for supporting this projectand providing the measured results.
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[4] N. Engheta and R. W. Ziolkowski, “Electromagnetic Metamaterials:
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Prof
Vird
ee