Fine Motor Adaptations forMarcia Chance

Why does Marcia need Why does Marcia need adaptations?adaptations?

Broun, 2009Broun, 2009 multiple studies have shown that there are “neurological abnormalities multiple studies have shown that there are “neurological abnormalities

that may cause differences in their movements and execution of motor that may cause differences in their movements and execution of motor tasks” (Broun, 2009, p.15).tasks” (Broun, 2009, p.15).

people with autism may spend much of their energy on the physical people with autism may spend much of their energy on the physical process of writing instead of written expressionprocess of writing instead of written expression

recommendation to use computers as an adaptationrecommendation to use computers as an adaptation

Co:writer would reduce the amount of fine motor energy exertedCo:writer would reduce the amount of fine motor energy exerted

General Classroom AdaptationsGeneral Classroom Adaptations

Reaven, 2009Reaven, 2009

• introducing new concepts: multiple choice questions and written introducing new concepts: multiple choice questions and written worksheetsworksheets

• focus on creative strengths: drawing, etc.focus on creative strengths: drawing, etc.

• frequent review of conceptsfrequent review of concepts

• video modeling of difficult conceptsvideo modeling of difficult concepts

General Classroom Adaptations General Classroom Adaptations

Cole, Horvath, Chapman, Deschenes, Ebeling & Cole, Horvath, Chapman, Deschenes, Ebeling & Sprague, 2000Sprague, 2000

• reduce length or simplify assignmentreduce length or simplify assignment

• spelling is not gradedspelling is not graded

• copies of notes from peerscopies of notes from peers

• mark number of correct itemsmark number of correct items

• no re-writingno re-writing

Co:WriterCo:Writer

Co:writer is a word prediction computer Co:writer is a word prediction computer software program (software program (www.donjohnston.comwww.donjohnston.com))

three types of word prediction: three types of word prediction:

- word completion- word completion

- bigram/trigram prediction- bigram/trigram prediction

- linguistic word prediction- linguistic word prediction

FlexspellFlexspell

word prediction is based on phonetic spellingword prediction is based on phonetic spelling research has been done on common research has been done on common

phonetic spelling errors of struggling writersphonetic spelling errors of struggling writers

Dictionaries Dictionaries largest dictionary has over 40, 000 wordslargest dictionary has over 40, 000 words

5 dictionaries5 dictionaries- main dictionary- main dictionary- collected words dictionary- collected words dictionary- writer’s personal dictionary- writer’s personal dictionary- topic dictionary- topic dictionary- eWord bank- eWord bank

Why would we use this software Why would we use this software for Marcia?for Marcia?

Mirenda & Turoldo, 2006Mirenda & Turoldo, 2006 increase the amount of words spelled correctly (decrease increase the amount of words spelled correctly (decrease

frustration) frustration)

improved legibility (unnecessary to erase messy work)improved legibility (unnecessary to erase messy work)

the proportion of proper word sequences improvedthe proportion of proper word sequences improved

increase her motivation to writeincrease her motivation to write

Why would we use this software Why would we use this software for Marcia?for Marcia?

Mezei & Heller, 2005Mezei & Heller, 2005 increase in typing rate (less likely to fall behind peers)increase in typing rate (less likely to fall behind peers) increase the amount of words spelled correctly (decrease increase the amount of words spelled correctly (decrease

frustration)frustration)

Tumlin & Heller, 2004Tumlin & Heller, 2004 small overall increase in typing ratesmall overall increase in typing rate increase in the amount of words spelled correctly in 2 out of 4 increase in the amount of words spelled correctly in 2 out of 4

subjectssubjects

Dragon Naturally Speaking Dragon Naturally Speaking

speech recognition software developed by Nuance speech recognition software developed by Nuance Communications Communications

Main Features:Main Features: dictation - Spoken words are converted to written textdictation - Spoken words are converted to written text

controls - Spoken words are used as commandscontrols - Spoken words are used as commands

text-to-speech - Written words are converted into audiotext-to-speech - Written words are converted into audio

Main features continued…Main features continued…

dictate into a word processor, e-mail or other programsdictate into a word processor, e-mail or other programs

activating/de-activating the microphone – “wake up” or “go to activating/de-activating the microphone – “wake up” or “go to sleep”sleep”

““scratch that” deletes the most recent speech that has been scratch that” deletes the most recent speech that has been inputtedinputted

““new line” or “move to”new line” or “move to”

Features continued…Features continued…

Editing:Editing: edit text - state “select that” to highlight desired passageedit text - state “select that” to highlight desired passage quick correct menu - examples of possible substitutions for quick correct menu - examples of possible substitutions for

editing purposes editing purposes

Grammar: Grammar: autopunctuation - commas and periods are placed automaticallyautopunctuation - commas and periods are placed automatically punctuation - placed after specific voice commands (e.g. punctuation - placed after specific voice commands (e.g.

“exclamation mark”, “open quote” or “apostrophe”“exclamation mark”, “open quote” or “apostrophe” formatting – “tab key”, “new paragraph” or “bold that”formatting – “tab key”, “new paragraph” or “bold that”

Why would we use this software Why would we use this software for Marcia?for Marcia?

Reaven, 2009Reaven, 2009 individuals with autism’s anxiety may cause fatigue individuals with autism’s anxiety may cause fatigue

and sleep disturbances which reduces attendanceand sleep disturbances which reduces attendance Nuance communications state that a 900 word Nuance communications state that a 900 word

essay could be dictated in 6 minutes essay could be dictated in 6 minutes tendency for perfectionism in ASDtendency for perfectionism in ASD editing feature would enable her to select from editing feature would enable her to select from

several different options to edit text to her high several different options to edit text to her high standardsstandards

Why would we use this software Why would we use this software with Marcia?with Marcia?

Gardner, 2008Gardner, 2008Literature Review:Literature Review:Study #1 – 1999Study #1 – 1999 individuals with difficulties writing were able to write longer, more individuals with difficulties writing were able to write longer, more

complete written passagescomplete written passages

Study #2 - 2000Study #2 - 2000 speech recognition software benefits: increased vocabulary, less speech recognition software benefits: increased vocabulary, less

focus on spelling and greater attention to ideas (written quality)focus on spelling and greater attention to ideas (written quality)

Why would we use this software Why would we use this software for Marcia?for Marcia?

Gardner, 2008Gardner, 2008 writing involves physical staminawriting involves physical stamina students with cognitive difficulties and fine motor issues students with cognitive difficulties and fine motor issues

may have problems with organization and correcting may have problems with organization and correcting errorserrors

individuals with writing difficulties may be embarrassed individuals with writing difficulties may be embarrassed by the formation of their letters and spelling errorsby the formation of their letters and spelling errors

anxiety over the mechanics of writing may effect the anxiety over the mechanics of writing may effect the quality of their writingquality of their writing

ResourcesResources AnxietyBC AnxietyBC

www.anxietybc.comwww.anxietybc.com Steps to PMR procedure: Steps to PMR procedure:

www.anxietybc.com/resources/pdfs/MuscleRelaxation.pdfwww.anxietybc.com/resources/pdfs/MuscleRelaxation.pdf Autism Community Training (ACT)Autism Community Training (ACT)

www.actcommunity.netwww.actcommunity.net Popard Popard

www.autismoutreach.cawww.autismoutreach.ca SET-BCSET-BC

www.setbc.orgwww.setbc.org The Gray CenterThe Gray Center

www.thegraycenter.org/www.thegraycenter.org/

ReferencesReferences

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