Fine Particle Technology of Radio Chemical Method of Analysis

Presented to :Presented to :Irish Begum

LecturerAdvanced Pharmaceutical

Analysis- II Department of PharmacySoutheast University

Presented to :Presented to :Irish Begum

LecturerAdvanced Pharmaceutical

Analysis- II Department of PharmacySoutheast University

04/12/23Fine Particle Technology of Radio Chemical Method of Analysis

2

OutlineIntroduction

Types

Isotopes

Radioactive Isotopes

Radioactive DecayFine Particles Technology

Methods

References04/12/23Fine Particle Technology 3

Uses

04/12/23Fine Particle Technology 4

Symbol of Radioactive compounds

Fine Particles Science and Technology deals with the preparation, characterization and technological applications of monodisperse particles in the micro to Nano size range.

Today, finely divided particulate materials and objects that incorporate or are produced from these fine particles are everywhere about us.

Particle size is an important characteristic for many dosage forms. Stability, flowability, dissolution rate, and bioavailability are among the parameters affected by the size distribution of particles.

Fine Particles Technology


5

Fine Particles Technology


6

Nanoparticles (NP) are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nm that are utilized as drug delivery agents. The use of NPs to deliver drugs to the brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may provide a significant advantage to current strategies.

Furthermore, this system may slow drug release in the brain, decreasing peripheral toxicity.

Currently, reports evaluating NPs for brain delivery have studied anesthetic and chemotherapeutic agents.

Nanoparticles…


7

Methods for Determining Particle Size


8

Laser Light Scattering Techniques

The angles of diffraction are inversely related to the particle size, and this method is particularly good for measuring sizes between 0.1 and 3,000 μm.

04/12/23Fine Particle Technology 9

Capabilities in fine particle technology include:Capabilities in fine particle technology include:

Fine Particle Technology

Nuclei of some atoms are unstable and emit particles/radiation , the branch of chemistry which is concerned with the decay of unstable nuclei and the products of decay is Radiochemistry.

Analysis of stable nuclei using the radio chemicals/radioisotopes is called radiochemical methods.

Radiochemical methods tend to be work intensive and generate liquid waste due to the chemical separations are involved.

Radiochemical Method…


10

Radiochemical methods are characterized by good accuracy and their ability to be adapted to a wide number of applications. Another advantage to this method is that they minimize or even eliminate the need for separations that are required in other analytical methods.

Radiochemical Method…


11

Types

Isotope dilutionIsotope dilutionActivation Analysis

ManagementManagementTracer method

There are three types of radiochemical methods...There are three types of radiochemical methods...

12Fine Particle Technology of Radio Chemical Method of Analysis

Types




It is a most sensitive and specific technique for determination of trace quantities of wide range of elements

The activity is induced in one or more elements of the sample by irradiation with suitable radiation or particles. Most commonly thermal neutrons from a nuclear reactor source is used.


Types




Radioactivity is introduced into the sample by adding a measured amount of a radioactive species.


Types




This method is the most important class of radiochemical quantitative method. In this method, a weighed quantity of radioactively tagged analyte having a known activity is added to a measured amount of sample. The mixture is then mixed to homogeneity and then a fraction of the compound of interest is isolated and purified. The analysis is based upon the activity of the isolated fraction.


Isotopes Isotopes

All isotopes of an element have the same atomic number, and their chemical behavior is very similar.

For example, tritium can substitute for hydrogen.

Fine Particle Technology of Radio Chemical Method of Analysis

Radioactive Isotopes… Radioactive Isotopes…

Radioactive isotopes have unstable nuclei that spontaneously change to form more stable nuclei

As a result, either new isotopes or new elements are produced isotopes have unstable nuclei that spontaneously change to form more stable nuclei


Radioactive Decay…Radioactive Decay…




Alpha () decay is a common radioactive process encountered with heavier isotopes. The alpha particle is a helium nucleus having a mass of 4 and a charge of +2.


Beta () decay is a radioactive process in which, the atomic number changes but the mass number stays the same.

The high-energy electrons have greater range of penetration than alpha particles, but still much less than gamma rays.




Gamma () rays are produced by nuclear relaxations. Gamma rays are more dangerous than radio waves


X-Ray emission are formed from electronic transitions in which outer electrons fill the vacancies created by the nuclear process.


Rutherford’s Experiment: the Effect of an Electric Field on -, -, and -radiation

Rutherford’s Experiment: the Effect of an Electric Field on -, -, and -radiation


Radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) has been used for the determination of eight rare earth elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, and Lu).

RNAA was proven to be a reliable technique for ultra-trace analysis, especially in the certification of some ultra-trace elements.


24

Neutron Activation AnalysisNeutron Activation Analysis

Neutron Activation AnalysisNeutron Activation Analysis

25

Diagram illustrating the process of neutron capture by a target nucleus followed by the release of gamma rays.

;


26

Uses of Radiochemical Method…



27

1. preservation of food grains and seeds

2. some of the isotopes are used in the treatment of cancer.

3. some of the isotopes are used to study the proper functioning of

internal organs.

4. Gamma radiations are used to sterilize the surgical instruments.

5. radio phosphorous is used for studying the rate of phosphorous

assimilation by the plant.

The Radiochemical methods are used to chemically assay a NON-RADIOACTIVE sample.

It is used both for qualitative & quantitative measurements




28

6.it is used for finding out the faults in metal structures.

7.it is used for preparing synthetic elements (artificial transmutation)

8. isotopes are used in elucidation of reaction mechanism by using

isotopic effects.

9.in breeder reactors radiations are used to prepare the fuel / fissile

material.

10.trace concentrations of metals can be estimated by isotopic

dilution analysis or neutron activation analysis.

Bone imaging is an extremely important use of radioactive properties.

This technique is also good for arthritic patients, bone abnormalities and various other diagnostics.

Medical Uses


29

References References http://www.hanford.gov/techmgmt/factsheets/deploys/icp-ms.htm

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/vdgconcepts/student/olc/h-reading7.html

http://www.cancerbacup.org.uk/Treatments/Radiotherapy/Radiotherapy/Radioactiveisotopes

http://education.jlab.org/glossary/alphadecay.html

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/beta.html

http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/DDC-120001481%20

http://Radiochemical%20Analysis%20definition%20of%20Radiochemical%20Analysis%20in%20the%20Free%20Online%20Encyclopedia..htm

http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/DDC-120001481%20

Thank

you

Date post:	25-May-2015
Category:	Education
Upload:	waliullah-wali
View:	475 times
Download:	1 times

Fine Particle Technology of Radio Chemical Method of Analysis

Education