FINGERPRINTS. History of Fingerprints HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING Chinese used fingerprints to sign...

FINGERPRINTS

History of FingerprintsHistory of Fingerprints

HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTINGHISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING

Chinese used fingerprints to sign legal documents as far back as three thousand years ago

William Herschel, an English civil servant (India), required natives to sign contracts with an imprint of their right hand – Hindu custom?

Chinese used fingerprints to sign legal documents as far back as three thousand years ago

William Herschel, an English civil servant (India), required natives to sign contracts with an imprint of their right hand – Hindu custom?


In 1880, Scottish physician, Henry Fauld wrote that skin ridge patterns could be important in identification work

A thief left his fingerprint on a whitewashed wall – compared with 1st suspect - No match; compared with 2nd suspect with positive association

In 1880, Scottish physician, Henry Fauld wrote that skin ridge patterns could be important in identification work

A thief left his fingerprint on a whitewashed wall – compared with 1st suspect - No match; compared with 2nd suspect with positive association


Fauld offered to set up a system of fingerprints at Scotland Yard (at his own expense)

Rejected in favor of the Bertillon System This decision reversed less than two

decades later


The first systematic attempt at personal identification was devised and introduced by the French police expert, Alphonse Bertillon, in 1883.

The first systematic attempt at personal identification was devised and introduced by the French police expert, Alphonse Bertillon, in 1883.

Bertillon’s SystemBertillon’s System

Relied on: Portraite Parlé – Detailed description of the

individual Full length and profile photographs Anthropometry – A system of precise body

measurements

ANTHROPOMETRYANTHROPOMETRY

A method of identification Based upon the premise that the dimensions of

the human skeletal system remained fixed from age 20 until death

Eleven (11) measurements taken - to include height, width of head & length of left foot

FRANCIS GALTONFRANCIS GALTON In 1892, published the classic work

Finger Prints In this book he discussed the anatomy

of fingerprints and suggested methods for recording them

Proposed three pattern types: loops, whorls and arches

FRANCIS GALTONFRANCIS GALTON No two prints are identical An individual’s prints remain

unchanged from one year to the next

SIR EDWARD HENRYSIR EDWARD HENRY

Englishman In 1897, proposed another classification

system which is still in use today Most English-speaking countries use

some version of Henry’s classification system

In the United StatesIn the United States

1901 – First systematic use of fingerprints adopted by the New York Civil Service Commission

1904 – American police received training in fingerprint techniques from Scotland Yards representatives

1924 – Fingerprint records from the Bureau of Investigation and Leavenworth merged to form records for the new FBI

Admissibility of FingerprintsAdmissibility of Fingerprints

Challenged in the case of United States v. Byron C. Mitchell

Argued under Daubert guidelines that fingerprints were not unique

Judge upheld admissibility and ruled: 1. Human friction ridges are unique and permanent 2. Human friction ridge skin arrangements are unique and permanent

PHYSIOLOGY OF FINGERPRINTS

PHYSIOLOGY OF FINGERPRINTS

FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS

FIRST PRINCIPLE:

Friction Ridges develop their Unique form in the fetus

FIRST PRINCIPLE:

Friction Ridges develop their Unique form in the fetus


SECOND PRINCIPLE:

A Fingerprint will remain

LARGELY UNCHANGED

during an

Individual’s Lifetime

SECOND PRINCIPLE:

A Fingerprint will remain

LARGELY UNCHANGED

during an

Individual’s Lifetime


THIRD PRINCIPLE:

Friction Ridge Patterns and their details are UNIQUE

No Two Fingers have yet beenfound to possess IDENTICAL RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS(even identical twins!!)

THIRD PRINCIPLE:

Friction Ridge Patterns and their details are UNIQUE

No Two Fingers have yet beenfound to possess IDENTICAL RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS(even identical twins!!)


FOURTH PRINCIPLE:

FINGERPRINTS CAN BE

SYSTEMATICALLY CLASSIFIED by

GENERAL RIDGE PATTERNS

FOURTH PRINCIPLE:

FINGERPRINTS CAN BE

SYSTEMATICALLY CLASSIFIED by

GENERAL RIDGE PATTERNS


MINUTIAE - Ridge Characteristics Define Individuality

• IDENTITY

• NUMBER

• RELATIVE LOCATION

• COMPARE POINT BY POINT

• POSSIBLY 150 POINTS ON THE AVERAGE

FINGERPRINT


• IDENTITY

• NUMBER

• RELATIVE LOCATION

• COMPARE POINT BY POINT

• POSSIBLY 150 POINTS ON THE AVERAGE

FINGERPRINT



HOW MANY POINTS MAKE A MATCH?

Depends on experience andknowledge of the examiner

Usually 8 to 16


HOW MANY POINTS MAKE A MATCH?

Depends on experience andknowledge of the examiner

Usually 8 to 16


FRICTION SKIN RIDGES

Palm Side of Fingers and Thumbs

Soles of Feet

Provide Firmer Grasp

Resistance to Slippage

Lines corresponding to

Hills (ridges) & Valleys (grooves)

FRICTION SKIN RIDGES

Palm Side of Fingers and Thumbs

Soles of Feet

Provide Firmer Grasp

Resistance to Slippage

Lines corresponding to

Hills (ridges) & Valleys (grooves)

SKIN SKIN

COMPOSED OF LAYERS OF CELLS

EPIDERMIS - OUTER

DERMIS - INNER LAYER

DERMAL PAPILLAE - IN BETWEEN

COMPOSED OF LAYERS OF CELLS

EPIDERMIS - OUTER

DERMIS - INNER LAYER

DERMAL PAPILLAE - IN BETWEEN

SKIN SKIN

SKIN RIDGES CONTAIN PORES

Openings for ducts from sweat glands

Perspiration discharged to surface of skin

Transfer is called LATENT FINGERPRINTS

SKIN RIDGES CONTAIN PORES

Openings for ducts from sweat glands

Perspiration discharged to surface of skin

Transfer is called LATENT FINGERPRINTS


ARCHES5%

LOOPS60% - 65%

WHORLS30% - 35%

ARCHES5%

LOOPS60% - 65%

WHORLS30% - 35%


ARCHES - least common of three general patterns

• RIDGES ENTER ONE SIDE OF PATTERN AND EXIT ANOTHER

• PLAIN ARCHES - wavelike pattern

• TENTED ARCHES - sharp spike

ARCHES - least common of three general patterns

• RIDGES ENTER ONE SIDE OF PATTERN AND EXIT ANOTHER

• PLAIN ARCHES - wavelike pattern

• TENTED ARCHES - sharp spike


LOOPS - most common type

• Ridges enter one side and exit same side

• ULNAR LOOP - opens toward little finger

• RADIAL LOOP - opens toward thumb

LOOPS - most common type

• Ridges enter one side and exit same side

• ULNAR LOOP - opens toward little finger

• RADIAL LOOP - opens toward thumb


LOOPS -• CORE

• TYPE LINES

• DELTA

LOOPS -• CORE

• TYPE LINES

• DELTA


WHORLS - FOUR TYPES• Plain

• Central pocket loop

• Double loop

• Accidental ALL HAVE TWO DELTAS & TYPE LINES

WHORLS - FOUR TYPES• Plain

• Central pocket loop

• Double loop

• Accidental ALL HAVE TWO DELTAS & TYPE LINES

FINGERPRINT

DEVELOPMENT

FINGERPRINT

DEVELOPMENT

Types of FingerprintsTypes of Fingerprints

VISIBLE -

RIDGES PLACED ON A SURFACE AFTER CONTACT WITH A

COLORED MATERIAL

(blood, paint,grease, ink)

VISIBLE -

RIDGES PLACED ON A SURFACE AFTER CONTACT WITH A

COLORED MATERIAL

(blood, paint,grease, ink)


PLASTIC -

RIDGES LEFT ON A SOFT MATERIAL

(putty, wax, soap, dust)

PLASTIC -

RIDGES LEFT ON A SOFT MATERIAL

(putty, wax, soap, dust)


LATENT -

HIDDEN OR INVISIBLE

TRANSFER OF BODY PERSPIRATION OR OILS

MUST BE ENHANCED

LATENT -

HIDDEN OR INVISIBLE

TRANSFER OF BODY PERSPIRATION OR OILS

MUST BE ENHANCED

Types of Surfaces Types of Surfaces

NON-POROUS

GLASS, MIRROR, PLASTIC, PAINTED SURFACES

ENHANCE WITH SUPER GLUE and/or POWDER

NON-POROUS

GLASS, MIRROR, PLASTIC, PAINTED SURFACES

ENHANCE WITH SUPER GLUE and/or POWDER

Types of Surfaces Types of Surfaces

POROUS

PAPER, CARDBOARD, CLOTH

ENHANCE WITH CHEMICALS

POROUS

PAPER, CARDBOARD, CLOTH

ENHANCE WITH CHEMICALS

METHODS OF ENHANCEMENT METHODS OF ENHANCEMENT

FINGERPRINT POWDERS BLACK (white surfaces) GRAY (dark surfaces) FLUORESCENT (multi-colored

surfaces) MAGNETIC (leather or rough plastic) ADHERES TO PERSPIRATION

and/or BODY OILS

FINGERPRINT POWDERS BLACK (white surfaces) GRAY (dark surfaces) FLUORESCENT (multi-colored

surfaces) MAGNETIC (leather or rough plastic) ADHERES TO PERSPIRATION

and/or BODY OILS


CHEMICALSIODINE FUMING NINHYDRIN -

- REACTS WITH PROTEINSPHYSICAL DEVELOPER -

- SILVER NITRATE BASED - USED WHEN OTHER METHODS

UNSUCCESSFUL

CHEMICALSIODINE FUMING NINHYDRIN -

- REACTS WITH PROTEINSPHYSICAL DEVELOPER -

- SILVER NITRATE BASED - USED WHEN OTHER METHODS

UNSUCCESSFUL


CHEMICALSSUPER GLUE FUMING -

• CYANOACRYLATE ESTER

• NON-POROUS SURFACES

• CREATE FUMES WITH HEAT

• PORTABLE WAND AVAILABLE

CHEMICALSSUPER GLUE FUMING -

• CYANOACRYLATE ESTER

• NON-POROUS SURFACES

• CREATE FUMES WITH HEAT

• PORTABLE WAND AVAILABLE

METHODS OF ENHANCEMENT METHODS OF ENHANCEMENT FLUORESENCE

PERSPIRATION CONTAINS COMPONENTS THAT FLUORESCE WHEN ILLUMINATED WITH LASER LIGHT

HIGHLY SENSITIVE ALTERNATE LIGHT SOURCE

• QUARTZ HALOGEN

• ZENON ARC

• INDIUM ARC

DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH DNA TESTING

FLUORESENCE PERSPIRATION CONTAINS COMPONENTS THAT

FLUORESCE WHEN ILLUMINATED WITH LASER LIGHT

HIGHLY SENSITIVE ALTERNATE LIGHT SOURCE

• QUARTZ HALOGEN

• ZENON ARC

• INDIUM ARC

DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH DNA TESTING

PRESERVATION AND

COMPARISON OF

FINGERPRINTS

PRESERVATION AND

COMPARISON OF

FINGERPRINTS

PRESERVATION OF ENHANCED

PRINTS PRESERVATION OF ENHANCED

PRINTS

PHOTOGRAPHY• 1:1 SCALE

LIFTING• TAPE

• HINGED LIFTER

PHOTOGRAPHY• 1:1 SCALE

LIFTING• TAPE

• HINGED LIFTER

PRESERVATION OF ENHANCED

PRINTS PRESERVATION OF ENHANCED

PRINTS

DIGITAL IMAGING• SCANNER

• DIGITAL CAMERA

• VIDEO CAMERA

• ENHANCE WITH FILTERS, CONTRAST OR BRIGHTNESS

• REMOVE BACKGROUND COLORS

• SCALING / RESIZING TOOLS

• SIDE-BY-SIDE COMPARISON

DIGITAL IMAGING• SCANNER

• DIGITAL CAMERA

• VIDEO CAMERA

• ENHANCE WITH FILTERS, CONTRAST OR BRIGHTNESS

• REMOVE BACKGROUND COLORS

• SCALING / RESIZING TOOLS

• SIDE-BY-SIDE COMPARISON

A F I S A F I S

AutomatedFingerprintIdentificationSystem

AutomatedFingerprintIdentificationSystem

A F I S A F I S

Automatic Scanning Devices Convert Fingerprint Image into Digital Minutiae

• RIDGE ENDINGS

• BIFURCATIONS

Automatic Scanning Devices Convert Fingerprint Image into Digital Minutiae

• RIDGE ENDINGS

• BIFURCATIONS

A F I S A F I S

Types of Databases

• Arrest Prints (KNOWNS)

• Forensic Prints (CRIME SCENE)

Types of Databases

• Arrest Prints (KNOWNS)

• Forensic Prints (CRIME SCENE)

A F I S A F I S

SEARCH ALGORITHM

DETERMINES DEGREE OF

CORRELATION BETWEEN

THE QUESTIONED AND

KNOWN PRINTS

SEARCH ALGORITHM

DETERMINES DEGREE OF

CORRELATION BETWEEN

THE QUESTIONED AND

KNOWN PRINTS

A F I S THOUSANDS OF COMPARISONS

PER SECOND ALL SELECTED PRINTS VERIFIED

BY TRAINED EXAMINER STANDARDS ENABLE AGENCIES TO

EASILY EXCHANGE DATA

FINGERPRINT EXAMINER 4 YEAR DEGREE 2+ YEARS TRAINING CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

• Written Test

• Proficiency Test

• Continuing Education International Association for Identification

(IAI)

Date post:	18-Dec-2015
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