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Fire Alarm Report

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A lab report regarding bout fire alarm workshop
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Contents OBJECTIVE:................................................... 2 APPARATUS:................................................... 2 Individual Background Information:...........................3 Wong lip Ping...............................................3 Withaya Savessri............................................5 Yap Tee Wei.................................................6 Yong Kwong Cheng............................................7 TAN YEE SHIEN...............................................8 Teh Kae Liang...............................................9 PROCEDURE................................................... 10 PART 1: FIRE DETECTORS.....................................10 PROCEDURE (FOR SMOKE DETECTORS):...........................12 PROCEDURE (FOR HEAT DETECTORS):............................12 PART 2: EXAMINATION OF CONTROL ZONING IN TAR COLLEGE.......12 RESULT:..................................................... 12 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:.......................................13 Conclusion.................................................. 17 1
Transcript

ContentsOBJECTIVE:............................................................................................................................2

APPARATUS:.............................................................................................................................2

Individual Background Information:.........................................................................................3

Wong lip Ping........................................................................................................................3

Withaya Savessri...................................................................................................................5

Yap Tee Wei..........................................................................................................................6

Yong Kwong Cheng...............................................................................................................7

TAN YEE SHIEN......................................................................................................................8

Teh Kae Liang........................................................................................................................9

PROCEDURE............................................................................................................................10

PART 1: FIRE DETECTORS....................................................................................................10

PROCEDURE (FOR SMOKE DETECTORS):.............................................................................12

PROCEDURE (FOR HEAT DETECTORS):................................................................................12

PART 2: EXAMINATION OF CONTROL ZONING IN TAR COLLEGE.........................................12

RESULT:...................................................................................................................................12

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:.......................................................................................................13

Conclusion..............................................................................................................................17

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OBJECTIVE:1. To demonstrate how the fire detectors and communication device operate.2. To identify and examine the fire appliances in the specified zone within the

college.

APPARATUS:A fire demonstration set which includes control panel, manual electric alarm, audible and visual alarm, ionisation smoke detector, optional smoke detector, heat detector, burning materials, stop watch.

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Individual Background Information:Wong lip Ping 14WTR13005

FIRE ALARM SYSTEM:

An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both. Automatic fire alarm systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, report the event to an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke.

Fundamental configuration

Figure 1 A Honeywell DeltaNet FS90 fire alarm control panel.

Fire alarm control panel: This component, the hub of the system, monitors inputs and system integrity, controls outputs and relays information.

Primary Power supply: Commonly the non-switched 120 or 240 Volt Alternating Current source supplied from a commercial power utility. In non-residential applications, a branch circuit is dedicated to the fire alarm system and its constituents. "Dedicated branch circuits" should not be confused with "Individual branch circuits" which supply energy to a single appliance.

Secondary (backup) Power supplies: This component, commonly consisting of sealed lead-acid storage batteries or other emergency sources including generators, is used to supply energy in the event of a primary power failure.

3

Initiating Devices: This component acts as an input to the fire alarm control unit and are either manually or automatically actuated. Examples would be devices like pull stations or smoke detectors.

Figure 2 Fire Alarm on a street in San Francisco

Notification appliances: This component uses energy supplied from the fire alarm system or other stored energy source, to inform the proximate persons of the need to take action, usually to evacuate. This is done by means of a flashing light, strobe light, electromechanical horn, speaker, or a combination of these devices.

Building Safety Interfaces: This interface allows the fire alarm system to control aspects of the built environment and to prepare the building for fire and to control the spread of smoke fumes and fire by influencing air movement, lighting, process control, human transport and exit.

background

The development of these life-saving appliances began in 1939 when Ermst Meili, a Swiss physicist, devised an ionization chamber device capable of detecting combustible gases in mines. The real breakthrough was Meili's invention of a cold-cathode tube that could amplify the small electronic signal generated by the detection mechanism to a strength sufficient to activate an alarm.

Heat Detectors generally fall in to two categories and that are Fixed Temperature Heat Detectors and more commonly, Rate of Rise Heat Detectors.

A Fixed Temperature Heat Detector utilizes a temperature sensing element which will generate an alarm condition if the temperature within the protected area reaches a pre-determined level e.g. 60ºC or 90ºC.These detectors are used where high ambient temperatures exist or where sudden changes in temperature can occur e.g. kitchens, boiler rooms & foundries etc. A fixed temperature trigger point should be selected which is most suitable for the situation in question. A Rate of Rise Heat Detector will include a fixed temperature element as above but will in addition include a temperature

4

sensing element which can detect a sudden change in temperature. This type of detector is more sensitive than a simple fixed temperature heat detector and as such is the choice for applications in which reliable performance and early warning are critical but where the environment makes smoke detection unsuitable.

A smoke detector is a device that senses the presence of smoke in a building and warns the occupants, enabling them to escape a fire before succumbing to smoke inhalation or burns. Equipping a home with at least one smoke detector cuts in half the chances that the residents will die in a fire. In 1992 the readers of R&D Magazine selected home smoke alarms as one of the "30 Products that Changed Our Lives." Smoke detectors became widely available and affordable in the early 1970s. Prior to that date, fatalities from fires in the home averaged 10,000 per year, but by the early 1990s the figure dropped to fewer than 6,000 per year.

Two basic types of smoke detectors are currently manufactured for residential use. The photoelectric smoke detector uses an optical beam to search for smoke. When smoke particles cloud the beam, a photoelectric cell senses the decrease in light intensity and triggers an alarm. This type of detector reacts most quickly to smoldering fires that release relatively large amounts of smoke.The second type of smoke detector, known as an ionization chamber smoke detector (ICSD), is quicker at sensing flaming fires that produce little smoke. It employs a radioactive material to ionize the air in a sensing chamber; the presence of smoke affects the flow of the ions between a pair of electrodes, which triggers the alarm. Between 80 and 90% of the smoke detectors in American homes are of this type. Although most residential models are self-contained units that operate on a 9-volt battery, construction codes in some parts of the country now require installations in new homes to be connected to the house wiring, with a battery backup in case of a power failure.

Reference

Belanger, R., D.W. Buckley, and J.B. Swenson , made how, available from <http://www.pdhonline.org/courses/m110/Module5.pdf>, retrieved on22/5/2015

Withaya Savessri 14WTR13150 - Background information

Building may come in variety of design. Thus with all the good looking design out

there in the construction industry, it is a must for the design to be able to alert the

occupant effectively in during emergency situation. Among all the safety alarm, the

most important one is the fire alarm/detector. It will cause death to the occupant of the

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building if the alarm is not working as how it supposed to be. Thus, fire alarm is

crucial in overcoming the fire outbreak. Most of the buildings now are made of a fire

resistant material such as fire-resistance rated walls, fire-resistance rated floor, fire-

resistance glass and many more. These are also scientifically known as passive fire

protection. While on the other hand, active fire protection is something like smoke

and fire detector, fire alarm, fire sprinkler, fire extinguisher and so much more. Fire

can be fought either automatically or manually. Manual includes, fire extinguisher,

fire bucket or sand, depending on what causes the fire. Meanwhile, automatic fire

fighting is more like fire sprinkler. Automatic fire fighting system usually found in

kitchen or other some other high-risk area.

Yap Tee Wei 14WTR12983

A fire alarm system function when a number of devices are working together

to detect and alert people when there is a fire. There are many types of alarms such as

smoke detectors, and heat detectors. The placement of the fire alarm is also very

important as it can make a huge different when under an emergency situation.

A fire protection system is essential to effective management of a fire scene.

Fire Protection Systems focuses on the operational characteristics and abilities of

different types of systems and equipment that are used during fire department

operations to access a water source, apply a suppression agent to control a particular

type of fire, provide information concerning the location of a fire, and more.

Systematic, easy-to-understand coverage thoroughly explores various types of active

fire protection systems and components, how they operate, and the requirements for

installation.

Break glass station are devices for manual fire alarm activation and it is

normally installed at a location that is easily located and identified. As for automatic

activating devices, it varies from convected thermal energy, heat detector, smoke

detector, flame detector, fire gas detector and cameras and computer detect fires with

human supervision.

Notification Appliances alert the occupants of the need to evacuate or take

action in the event of fire or other emergency. Evacuation signals may consist of

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simple appliances that transmit information or appliances that transmit audible and

visible textual information such as live or pre-recorded instructions, and illuminated

message displays.

Yong Kwong Cheng - Background information

Safety protection against all the unexpected happening in the residential is a most important thing that to be care among the public. So that, in order to provide a better service inside the residential or the commercial building the safety protection against the resident to be a main purpose.

Fire fighting system plays an important service inside the residential. Normally for the residential building especially for the big project such as condominium project, it normally will install full set of the fire fighting system to protect the resident when there is a fire happens. Fire fighting system it normally consists of two protection system, which are passive fire protection system and active fire protection system.

Passive fire protection system is a system that builds up together with the residential building; it also means that in the early stage of the design for the residential building it already be design to suit the building for fire protection system. Passive fire protection normally will be design under certain act and regulation base on the needs of the building. The purpose of designing the passive fire protection inside the residential or commercial building is to protect the resident to escape safely from the building when there is a fire happening. Fire escape staircase, fire escape corridor and fire escape lobby are some of the design of the passive fire protection system inside the residential or commercial building.

Active fire protection system is a system that to be installing equipment inside the building after finish construct the building. There are several types of the active fire protection system, some of them are installed connected to the electricity, some of them are installed connected to the water and some of them are individually or call as portable, means that it doesn’t connected to any other resources. The function of the active fire protection system is not only to protect the resident when there is fire, it also function as to alarm or warning the resident to escape from the building. Smoke detector, heat detector, fire alarm, hose reel, sprinklers are some of the production of the active fire protection system.

Finally, all of this fire fighting system to be design and install inside the building not only to prevent the fire happening and safely escape of resident from building when fire happing it also helps to control the fire before it become more worst.

Reference

Bakar H.A.,2006. Guide To Fire Protection In Malaysia. 2nd Edition. UUM.

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TAN YEE SHIEN 14WTR12782 - Background Information

A fire alarm system will indicate a fire emergency requiring immediate action. The system shall alert all occupants of building where it is installed when a fire emergency is present.

The primary function of a fire alarm is to alert the occupants of a building to the presence of a fire. It may also perform other functions. For instance, the system can be designed to simultaneously alert the fire department is essential. The US Fire Administration say “Don’t Forget the Smoke Alarms”. Even though fire sprinklers are effective life safety devices you still need smoke alarms. Some fires can begin as smoldering fires that produce smoke and gases but don’t generate enough heat to activate the sprinkles. Smoke alarm are needed to provide warning for these situation.”

After than , a fire alarm must have fundamental configuration is:

Fire alarm control panel: This component, the hub of the system , monitors inputs and system integrity, control outputs and relays information.

Primary Power supply: Commonly the non-switched 120 or 240 Volt Alternating Current source supplied from a commercial power utility. In non-residential applications, a branch circuit is dedicated to the fire alarm system and its constituents. “Dedicated branch circuits” should not be confused with “individual branch circuits” which supply energy to a single appliance.

Secondary (backup) Power supplies: This component, commonly consisting of sealed lead-acid storage batteries or other emergency sources including generators, is used to supply energy in the event of a primary power failure.

Initiating Devices: This component acts as an input to the fire alarm control unit and are either manually or automatically actuated. Examples would be devices like pull stations or smoke detectors.

Notification appliances: This component uses energy supplied from the fire alarm system or other stored energy source, to inform the proximate persons of the need to take action, usually to evacuate. This is done by means of a flashing light, strobe light, electromechanical horn, speaker, or a combination of these devices.

Building Safety Interfaces: This interface allows the fire alarm system to control aspects of the built environment and to prepare the building for fire and to control the spread of smoke fumes and fire by influencing air movement, lighting, process control, human transport and exit.

References :

A. Maurice Jones, 2009 , Fire Protection System

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Teh Kae Liang – Background Information

The development of these life-saving appliances began in 1939 when Ermst Meili, a Swiss physicist, devised an ionization chamber device capable of detecting combustible gases in mines. The real breakthrough was Meili's invention of a cold-cathode tube that could amplify the small electronic signal generated by the detection mechanism to a strength sufficient to activate an alarm.

Heat Detectors generally fall in to two categories and that are Fixed Temperature Heat Detectors and more commonly, Rate of Rise Heat Detectors.

A Fixed Temperature Heat Detector utilizes a temperature sensing element which will generate an alarm condition if the temperature within the protected area reaches a pre-determined level e.g. 60ºC or 90ºC.These detectors are used where high ambient temperatures exist or where sudden changes in temperature can occur e.g. kitchens, boiler rooms & foundries etc. A fixed temperature trigger point should be selected which is most suitable for the situation in question. A Rate of Rise Heat Detector will include a fixed temperature element as above but will in addition include a temperature sensing element which can detect a sudden change in temperature. This type of detector is more sensitive than a simple fixed temperature heat detector and as such is the choice for applications in which reliable performance and early warning are critical but where the environment makes smoke detection unsuitable.

A smoke detector is a device that senses the presence of smoke in a building and warns the occupants, enabling them to escape a fire before succumbing to smoke inhalation or burns. Equipping a home with at least one smoke detector cuts in half the chances that the residents will die in a fire. In 1992 the readers of R&D Magazine selected home smoke alarms as one of the "30 Products that Changed Our Lives." Smoke detectors became widely available and affordable in the early 1970s. Prior to that date, fatalities from fires in the home averaged 10,000 per year, but by the early 1990s the figure dropped to fewer than 6,000 per year.

Two basic types of smoke detectors are currently manufactured for residential use. The photoelectric smoke detector uses an optical beam to search for smoke. When smoke particles cloud the beam, a photoelectric cell senses the decrease in light intensity and triggers an alarm. This type of detector reacts most quickly to smoldering fires that release relatively large amounts of smoke.The second type of smoke detector, known as an ionization chamber smoke detector (ICSD), is quicker at sensing flaming fires that produce little smoke.

reference

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Belanger, R., D.W. Buckley, and J.B. Swenson , made how, available from <http://www.pdhonline.org/courses/m110/Module5.pdf>, retrieved on22/5/2015

PROCEDURE :

PART 1: FIRE DETECTORS

Figure 3 fire alarm control

Figure 4 heat detector

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Figure 5 fire alarm push button

Figure 6 fire alarm with siren

Figure 7 optimal smoke detector

1) Operated the fire alarm demonstration set.2) Identify the functions of each detector.3) Investigate the performance of both ionization and visible smoke detectors.4) Investigate the performance of both fixed temperature and rate of

temperature rise fire detectors.

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PROCEDURE (FOR SMOKE DETECTORS):

1. Burn the paper & insert it into the smoke pump to get smoke.

2. Identify each functions of each detector.

3. Investigate the performance of both ionization and visible smoke detectors.

4. Investigate the performance of both fixed temperature and rate of temperature rise fire detectors.

PROCEDURE (FOR HEAT DETECTORS):

1. Press the button.

2. The bulb is lightened up & stopwatch was started.

3. Thermometer was used to showed the temperature .When the predetermined temperature is reached, the fire alarm was sounded.

4. Key in the password to deactivated the alarm.

5. Record the initial and final temperature, changed in temperature & time taken for alarm to sound.

PART 2: EXAMINATION OF CONTROL ZONING IN TAR COLLEGE

TASK:

1. Find out the control panel within college.2. Plot the control zoning.3. Identify and examined the types of fire extinguishers and detectors in

the specified zone whined the college.

RESULT:

Rate of temperature rise detector:Time taken (minutes) Initial temperature (‘C) final temperature (‘C)

7.30 23 72

Optimal smoke detector:Time taken (minutes) 7.25

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Ionisation smoke detector:Time taken(minutes) 5.00

Heat detector (60’C):Time taken (minutes) Initial temperature (C’) final temperature (C’)

5.57 23 70

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. Trace the history in the development of a fire alarm system in a building.

The first practical fire alarm system utilizing the telegraph system was developed by Dr. William Channing and Moses G. Farmer in 1852.Two years later, they applied for apartment for their "Electromagnetic Fire Alarm Telegraph for Cities". In 1855, John Gamewell of South Carolina purchased regional rights to market the fire alarm telegraph, later obtaining the patents and full rights to the system in 1859. John F. Kennard bought the patents from the government after they were seized after the Civil War, returned them to Gamewell, and formed a partnership, Kennard and Co., in 1867 to manufacture the alarm systems. The Gamewell Fire Alarm Telegraph Co. was later formed in 1879. Gamewell systems were installed in 250 cities by 1886 and 500 cities in 1890. By 1910, Gamewell had gained a 95% market share.

(Mc. Graw-Hill, Encyclopaedia of science and technology, 10th edition, volume 7.ZEESHAN AMIN)

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2. What are the types of fire detectors available? Describe briefly on each.

Types of detectors

PIC DESCRIPTION

HEAT DETECTOR Fixed temperature heat

detector

Rate of temperature rise heat detector

Linear detector

SMOKE DETECTOR

Ionization smoke detector Optical smoke detector Aspirating smoke detector Beam detector

FLAME DETECTOR

Ultra Violet flame detector Infra-Red flame detector

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3. What are the differences between the smoke and heat detector?

Smoke detector Differences Heat detectorsmoke detectors use ionization and photoelectric technologies

Technology used

Heat detector uses thermocouple and electro-pneumatic technologies.

Smoke detector warns of fire when it comes across combustion or soot products in the atmosphere.

How it works Heat detector is an instrument that warns of fire when the temperature around the smoke detector reaches some level

Smoke detectors will give off the alarm even when a small amount of smoke is detected

Detection sensor Heat detectors will not detect even the smallest amount of temperature change.

Smoke detectors are very sensitive and may give off false alarms

Sensitivity and Reliable

Heat detectors are more reliable fire detectors, even in dusty environments and only sets off the alarm when the temperature is really high.

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4. From the Malaysian Uniform Building by Laws 1984 Part B (as at Feb 2011), list some of means of fire detection, extinguishment and alarm system.

Fire Detection & Extinguishment

According to PART VIII SECTION 225 IN UBBL

1. Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and

extinguishing fire with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in

accordance with the requirement as specified in the Tenth Schedule to

these By-laws

2. Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more

than 91.5metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access.

3. Depending on size and location of the building and the provision of access

for fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be

required by the Fire Authority.

Fire Alarm

According to Section 237 UBBL, Fire Alarm.

1. Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule of these

By-laws.

2. All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and

storage areas exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height

shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation(continuous

signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while

an alert ( intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.

3. Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action

of a master control.

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ConclusionBase on the result above shows that different types of fire detector have the different sensitivity against the fire. From the experiment both types of the apparatus are active fire protection system. For the heat detector, there is two different kind of heat detector are use to make comparison. Result show that the Heat Detector (60 °C) Set Point are more sensitive against the heat, it was took 5:57 min to sense the heat, however, Rate of Temperature rise detector took 7:30 min to sense the heat.

Besides, there is also two different kind of smoke detector are use in the experiment. Result show that the Optical Smoke Detector is more sensitive against the smoke compared to the Ionisation Smoke Detector and it was took 5 min to sense the surrounding smoke. However, the Ionisation Smoke Detector was took 7:25 min to sense the surrounding smoke. Actually, the detector can be set by manually, when that is enough smoke, heat and timing detected the alarm will burst.

From the result show that, it is better to install Heat Detector (60 °C) Set Point and

Optical Smoke Detector as an active fire protection system inside the building. This because it is more sensitive against the fire happening. The reason to install the most sensitive active fire protect system is because the fire flashover can just occur within 3 minutes, when there is reach to the flashover stage it is difficult to control. So the sensitive active fire protect system can help to slow down the fire reach to flashover stage.

REFERENCES:

1.  NFPA 805 Performance-Based Standard for Fire Protection for Light Water

Reactor Electric Generating Plants. Chapter 3 Fundamental Fire Protection

Program and Design Elements: National Fire Protection Association.

February 2001.

2.  NFPA 12 Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems. Chapter 4

Annex A: National Fire Protection Association. 2011.

3.  Cote, Arthur E. (March 2000). Fire Protection Handbook eighteenth

edition. National Fire Protection Association. pp. 5–8. ISBN 0-87765-377-1.

4.  NFPA 72 - National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code - 2010 Edition. National

Fire Alarm Association, 2009, Page 118, Subsection 24.4.1

5.  "Mass Notification Systems - Emergency Notification Systems". The Mircom

Group of Companies.

6.  "Fire Alarm System Categories". Sdfirealarms.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-07-15.

7.  "Fire Alarm Zone Design". Metrolinesecurity.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-06-21.

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