Fire Protector System

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FIRE PROTECTOR SYSTEM

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I-TROCTIO-

Fire protection systems are used to alert people that a small fre or some

overheating has occurred, and that there is a danger o fre happening

soon. Active fre protection reers to installing equipment, systems, and

devices that require power to unction such as fre detection, fre alarm,

and fre suppression systems. While the cost o proessionally designed,

installed, maintained, and monitored fre protection may seem large, the

cost o not installing them could be even greater. For small to mid-size

institutions, conventional systems that are simple, reliable, and

economical to install and maintain, will suce. !arger institutions withmore comple" requirements will require more comple" systems. !arger

institutions may have in-house sta# who monitor their systems, and may

also have a bac$up power supply in the event o power loss. %nce

installed, systems need to be inspected, tested, and maintained by a

competent person and in accordance with applicable codes.

&he fre triangle'

Fire is the state o combustion resulting rom a chemical reaction that

requires the presence o three elements in proper combination'

- a uel source (anything that burns),

- o"ygen (a component o air), and

- an ignition source such as heat or a spar$ * in order to

begin and develop.

&his is oten reerred to as a +Fire &riangle+.



For a fre to start three conditions must be met at the same time'

S$&r%e O0 Fire

FIRE I1-ITIO- 2-3alaan api4

• gnition in most fres is a process o transition rom the input o heat to the

stable propagation o thermal wave supported by heat release rom

combustion.

• t occur only when there is initial heat input rom an ignition source and is

then ollowed by combustion reaction sucient to establish a thermal

wave

•

gnition reers to the appearance o a ame in the volatile gas streamevolved rom a solid e"posed to e"ternal ignition sources such as a ame

or an electrical spar$.

ome typical sources o ignition include'-

• /"terior and natural sources such as lightning, pro"imity to orest, bush or

grass fres, e"posure to ad0acent burning buildings or e"terior trash

containers, etc.1



• /lectrical sources such as aulty or overloaded wiring, electrical panels,

electrical equipment and appliances, and 23A4 (heating5ventilation5air

conditioning) systems1

• 6ro"imity o combustible materials to a heat source such as portable

heaters1

• %pen ames such as candles and ood warmers used during catered

events1

• nterpretive fres+ such as freplaces, coo$ stoves, candles, blac$smith

shops, etc.1

• 4onstruction and renovation activities such as hot wor$ (i.e. welding, paint

removal, cutting, etc.), the use o casting materials that produce heat,

etc.1

• mproper use, storage, and5or disposal o ammable liquids such as paint

thinners1

• mo$ing materials1

• 7as lea$s1 and

• Arson.

ii4 FE5S

• Fuels are materials that burn.

• &he higher the temperature, the easier and quic$er they burn.

• 4ommon uels include'

-olvents such as acetone, alcohols, and toluene

-7ases such as acetylene and propane

-- olids such as wood and paper

iii4 O6II7ERS

• %"idizers' %"ygen or other substances capable o releasing o"ygen to a

fre

• 4ommon o"idizers include'

-acids, especially nitric and perchloric acids

-chlorine dio"ide



-%thers such as potassium permanganate and potassium chlorate

SPRE8I-1 OF FIRE

Fire is spread by three methods'

i. 4onvection

ii. 4onduction

iii. 8adiation

Fire is spread by three methods'

i. C$n#e%ti$n

• Fire and smo$e spread by convection is the most dangerous and causes

the ma0or proportion o in0uries and deaths.

• When fre starts in an enclosed space such as a building, the smo$e rising

rom the fre becomes trapped by the ceiling and then spreads in all

directions to orm an ever-deepening layer over the entire room space.

• &he smo$e will pass through any holes or gaps in the walls, ceiling and

oor into other parts o the building.

• &he heat rom the fre gets trapped in the building and the temperature

rises

ii. C$nd&%ti$n

ome materials, such as metal can absorb heat readily and transmit it to

other rooms by conduction, where it can set fre to combustible items that are in

contact with the heated material.

iii. Radiati$n

• 8adiation transers heat in the air in the same way that an electric bar

heater heats a room.

• Any material close to a fre will absorb the heat until the item starts to

smoulder and then burn



7ambar fre prevention 0adual

dalam building note

TYPES OF SYSTEM:

prin$ler ystems'

Wet prin$ler ystems'

prin$ler systems oten rely on water to e"tinguish the blaze. &he water is

delivered by a networ$ o pipes to the sprin$ler heads, which opened to deliver

the water. prin$ler systems are oten integrated to the fre alarm system, which

warns occupants and summons the fre department automatically. Watersprin$lers are common in oce buildings, retail stores, and heated warehouses.



• &he sprinkler s3stem is desi'ned t$ e(tin'&ish a !re with$&t

h&man a%ti#it3.

• t is especially useul in unattended buildings.

• &heheart $0 sprinkler s3stem is the sprinkler head.

• When there is a fre underneath a sprin$ler head, the heat rom the fre

will cause the glass bulb in the sprin$ler head to burst.

• &he glass bulb acts li$e a plug or the pressurized water in the piping

system.

• %nce the glass bulb brea$s, the water shoots out rom the sprin$ler.

• &he sprin$ler rose is designed to spread out the water alling over the fre.

• As in the wet riser system, the pipes distributing the water is constantlyunder pressure.

• A di#erent set o pumps is used to maintain the pressure in the system.

• &he sprin$ler pumps are called duty, stand-by, and 0oc$ey pumps.

• &heir unction is e"actly the same as or wet riser pumps.

• &he only di#erence is in the system they serve.

• ince the sprin$ler system serve unattended areas, it is important that

humans can be alerted whenever they are activated.

• For this purpose, ow switches are installed at each sprin$ler zone.

• Whenever a sprin$ler is activated, water ows out rom the pipes to the

sprin$ler head.

• &he ow o the water through a zone pipe activates a ow switch.

• &he electrical signal rom the ow switch activates an alarm at the 9ain

Fire Alarm panel.

• /ach zone is provided with an isolation valve, a ow switch, and a test

drain valve.

• :epending on the size o the building, there may be several water riser

pipes supplying to all the oors o a building.

• 6ressure gauges, chec$ valves, and alarm gongs are installed in each riser.

• &he alarm gong is actuated by the ow o water through the chec$ valve

and not by electrical signal o the individual sprin$ler zones.



A typical sprin$ler pump installation has the ollowing'

a4 Sprinkler 9$%ke3 P&mp

• a lea$ e"ist in the sprin$ler networ$, the 0oc$ey pump starts in order to

compensate or the lea$.

• A pressure switch starts the pump at ;<< psi, and stops it at ;=> psi.

b4 Sprinkler &t3 P&mp

• the pressure drops below ?> psi, it means a sprin$ler head have been

activated, in the building.

• &he duty pump will start.

%4 Sprinkler Stand"b3 P&mp

• or any reason the pressure continues to drop to >< psi, it means either

the duty pump has not started or is not available (under repair...etc.). &he

stand-by pump will then start.

d4 St$ppin' $0 &t3 $r Stand"b3 p&mp

• %nce any sprin$ler comes into operation - by bursting o the liquid flled

bulbs - the duty or stand-by pump will not stop automatically.

• &here is no cutout pressure or these pumps.

• &hey have to be switched o# manually.

• When the running pump has been manually stopped, the 0oc$ey pump will

continue to build up the pressure in the system until it reaches its cutout

pressure o ;=> psi.



Fire ri'ade S3stem

• When a big fre has occurred in a building, the fre brigade has to be called

in.

• t is important that the road is clear or the fre engines to come in.

• &hereore it is very important or the owner o the building to ensure that

the gates, road, and fre brigade devices are not bloc$ed.

• t is also important that these devices are maintained in good order.

• ome o the fre brigade devices are discussed below'

F$&r"Wa3 rea%hin' Inlets

• A typical high-rise building will have one our-way breaching inlet or

sprin$ler tan$, and one or the wet riser tan$.

• &hey are normally installed near the ground oor or lower ground oor,

where it is easy or the fre engines to come in.

• &hese devices allow the fre brigade to pump water into the tan$s in case

they have been emptied during fre fghting operations.

Street ;3drants

• treet pillars hydrants are provided as an e"ternal source o water besidesthe fre fghting tan$s located in the building.

• &he fre brigade can connect to these pillar hydrants to get additional

pressurized water or fghting the building fre.

Fireman Swit%h

• &here are a ew types o freman switches.

• &hey help to prevent accidents caused by electrical lea$age during a fre

in a building.

• When the frefghters use water hoses to shoot or spray on the fre, it is

rather dangerous or them when the electrical supply is still live.

• &here is a ris$ o electrocution.

• Water can conduct electricity.

• 3isibility is very poor during those times, and the building structures

containing electrical wiring may have collapsed.



:ry prin$lers ystems'

prin$ler systems can also rely on dry chemicals to e"tinguish a fre. &hese are

perect or areas where water might reeze, li$e loading doc$s. For more

inormation on dry chemicals, please see ervices @ pecial 2azards.

6re-Action ystems'

6re-action systems are oten used in storage reezers and computer applications.

&hese systems are activated by an automated detection system. 4harged with

air these pipes prevent the unwanted release o water into the ris$.

&here are several types o 6reaction prin$ler ystems.

;. on-nterloc$

• An automatic sprin$ler control valve (typically a deluge valve) is

activated, by either a sprin$ler head opening or the detection system

activating. Water is discharged into the piping and is discharged out o

the now open sprin$ler (i it has opened).

B. ingle-nterloc$

• &he detection system activates the automatic sprin$ler control valve

(deluge valve), allowing water to ow into the piping system. 2owever,

i no sprin$lers have activated the water remains in the piping without

discharging. sucient heat is created by the fre, on or more sprin$ler

heads will activate. &his wil allow the water to ow out o the sprin$ler

and begin to control or e"tinguish the fre. n addition to a sprin$ler

opening, a supervisory signal is provided to the control panel indicating

a loss o air pressure.

=. :ouble-nterloc$

• Water is only discharged ater two operations have occurred. Coth a

sprin$ler head must open (loss o air pressure) A: a detection device

must activate. When both o these things have occurred, then and only

then with the automatic sprin$ler control valve (deluge valve) open andbegin discharging water into the piping system.

:eluge ystems'

:eluge systems wor$ quic$ly to ood an area with water. &hese are used in areas

where ammable liquids are handled and stored, aircrat hangars, and hazardous

areas where water is the best fre suppression tool. &he rate o water ow is

determined by the predicted fre hazard.



Fire Alarm ystem'

When fre brea$s out, time is o the essence. /arly detection is crucial to save

lives, protect stoc$, and mitigate the damage to your business. Fire alarm

systems can give early warning, allowing or ast evacuation. Automated systems

also contact the fre department, initiate ventilation procedures, and even print a

map to the blaze.

A detection device detects smo$e, heat, and even manual input rom pull

stations. An alarm is then sounded, usually bells or horns. &he alarm device may

be equipped with spea$ers, allowing or voice communications systems.

A typical 9ain Fire Alarm system or a high rise commercial center is designed as

described below'

• A fre control room ftted with a 4entral 6rocessing Dnit ( 46D ) and a

mimic panel.

• &he panel uses !/: to display the location and state o sensors

• i"teen (;E) 8emote 6anel 6rocessing Dnits ( 866D ), mainly located at the

staircases.

• &hey collect signals rom sensors and also dispatch signals to actuators.



• &he 46D collects incoming signals rom all the 866D and dispatches

outgoing signals to actuators through the 866D

• All the signals are B 3olts :.4.

• &he main alarm system is normally operating on A4 supply.

• n case o power supply ailure, stand-by batteries are provided or a ?B

hours operation

• &he input signals coming rom the sensors are the Crea$glass, Flow

switches, mo$e detectors.

• &he latter are located at the staircases and in the A2D rooms.

• &hese signals are collected in the 866D beore being sent to the 46D to

indicate a normal status, a line ault, or an alarm.

• &he output signals are sent to the actuators.

• &hese can be contactors or motors to stop A2D, lits, activate roller

shutters, alarm bells, pressurization ans, smo$e spill ans, and fre

dampers.

• &hese signals are controlled by the 46D beore being dispatched through

866D to the correct location

8%ti#ati$n $0 !re alarm

• When the fre alarm panel is activated by either brea$glass, smo$e

detector or sprin$ler ow switch, the ollowing will occur immediately'

i. &he printer will print out the e"act location and time the event occurred,

ii. A !/: will blin$ on the mimic panel indicating both the oor concerned

and the $ind o the sensor responsible or the alarm activation.

iii. &he fre control room buzzer will start.

iv. &he 46D will send signals to'

▫ top the A2D on the oor the alarm occur

▫ tart all the smo$e spill ans and open the motorized fre dampers

on the concerned oor and close those on the other oors

▫ tart the 6ressurization ans or all the lit lobbies and regulate the

pressure in the lit lobbies o the concerned oor using the lit lobby

di#erential pressure device and the associated motorized fre

damper.



▫ tart the alarm bell continuously or the concerned oor and

intermittently or the oor above and below.

▫ 4lose the roller shutters o the concerned oor ater three minutes

time.

▫ n

di

ca

te

the signals sent on the fre alarm display panel with !/:

8%kn$wled'ement $0 the alarm

• A person on duty should then ac$nowledge the alarm by pressing a push

button at the fre control room.

• &he buzzer will then stop but the alarm will still be active.



• Action needs to be ta$en to determine whether the fre is real or not.

• For a alse alarm, the choice will be to isolate the sensor alarm in order to

stop all signals and interrupt the fre sequence.

• it is a real fre, the signal will come again ater > minutes.

• A general alarm sounds automatically.

• &he 46D will send signals to start the alarm bells continuously or all the

oors o the building.

• &he general alarm can also be manually activated through the Manual

Evacuate switch.

Fire Inter%$m S3stem

• &he fre intercom system is used or communications rom several

locations to the fre control room.

• t can be used by the public as well as fremen to give valuable inormation

on the state o a fre.

• A typical fre intercom networ$ serves all the staircases rom the basement

right up to highest oors o a building, the lit motor rooms.

el$w is s$me in0$rmati$n $n h$w it w$rks:

• As soon as somebody pic$s up the handset in any staircase, the buzzer

located at the fre alarm control room will ring.

• A !/: will light up to speciy the location o the calling party.

• %nce the operator at the fre alarm control pic$s up the phone,

communication can start.

•

From the fre alarm control room, calls can also be directed to a specifclocation in the building using the location address number.

• &he handset at the staircase will then ring.

• As soon as a person pic$s up the phone, communication can start.



Fire

Inter%$m S3stem

Alarm ystem 4omponents'

:etector units rely on a number o clues to determine whether a fre is present.

&hey wor$ to detect heat, smo$e, or ame. ome detect hazardous gases1 others

rely on the rate o temperature increase.

%nce a fre is suspected, a signal is sent to the fre alarm panel. &his panel

receives the alarm signal1 sounds the alarm1 notifes the fre department and

building management1 closes fre doors1 shuts down essential building systems1and starts ventilation devices, i applicable.

An /mergency Warning and /vacuation ystem is designed to evacuate the

building in case o emergency. t is a critical element o any lie-saety system.

&he evacuation alarm is triggered by either a signal rom the fre alarm panel, or

by the activation o a brea$-glass alarm. Warning sirens will sound in relevant

areas, triggering the sae evacuation o personnel.

4onventional-collective'

4onventional-collective detector systems are the most cost-e#ective option. &he

detector units monitor the air or smo$e. 2owever, the detectors can be

conused by non-fre phenomena, li$e tobacco smo$e, steam, and dust. /ach

circuit can contain up to < detectors.

Analogue addressable'

Analog addressable detector systems maintain constant communication with thefre alarm panel. &he protected area is continuously monitored, see$ing changes



in temperature or air quality. the fre is suspected, inormation is sent to the

fre alarm panel which analyzes the signals. &he fre alarm panel decides whether

to trigger the alarm, allowing or sae evacuation o the building. Analogue

addressable systems can also indicate the location o the fre.

pecial 2azard ystems'

Water-based fre suppression systems are the most common and the most cost

e#ective. 2owever, certain applications require special handling. Areas that

contain sophisticated electronics, electrical equipment, or sensitive

documentation require a di#erent system than that used to fght an oil or grease

fre.

Force Fire o#ers a variety o fre suppression systems or any application. We

wor$ with you to design and install a system that meets your needs and budget.

4lean Agent uppression ystem'

4lean Agent suppression system, also called a gaseous system, provides a

waterless alternative to fre suppression. &hat ma$es it perect or areas

containing sensitive electronics and documents, telecommunication and military

equipment. &hereGs no residue, no ood, and no mess to clean up ater. Cest o

all, these gases are sae to breathe, so thereGs no ris$ o su#ocation.

4arbon :io"ide (4%B) uppression ystems'

4arbon dio"ide fre suppression systems are an ine"pensive and e#ective

alternative or large unoccupied areas. &his application is perect or chemical

storage, transormer rooms, turbines, generator plants, and ood manuacturing

acilities. &he gas is stored in tan$s and delivered to the site o the blaze through

a system o pipes.

• 4arbon dio"ide is an inert gas used or putting out fre.

• t does this by displacing the o"ygen that is necessary or combustion.

• Cecause it is a gas, care must be ta$en to ensure that resh air is not

allowed to interere during the process o putting out a fre.

• 4arbon dio"ide is particularly useul when dealing with electrical fres.

• 4arbon dio"ide ooding system is used or switch rooms containing high

voltages.

•

there is a fre in these rooms, it is rather dangerous or the frefghters tohandle.



• &he rooms will contain live and high voltage electrical supplies.

• &he transormers may contain oil that can burn or e"plode.

• &he only sensible thing to do when fghting this type o fre is to close o#

all the air and displace it with carbon dio"ide.

• With no o"ygen available, the fre will eventually die o#

Carb$n i$(ide Panels

• &hese systems are installed or any room with important electrical or

highly inammable equipment.

• &hey are powered by A4 mains supply.

• tand-by batteries provide ?B hours o operation in case o power

interruption.

• /ach system consists o a control panel connected to one or several heat

detectors, smo$e detectors, 4%B cylinders, actuator devices and indicating

lights.

• &hese panels are located near to the rooms to be protected.

• Coth heat and smo$e detectors are installed or such a ooding system.

• &hey have to be activated together beore the 4%B will discharge.

• &his is to prevent alse signals activating the discharging mechanisms.

• &he status o any 4%B panel can be monitored at the 9ain Fire 4ontrol

room.

• &here are two di#erent modes to activate the alarm o the 4%B panels and

subsequent discharge o 4%B rom the cylinders into the room on fre'

8&t$mati% m$de

• Activation o the alarms starts when both the heat and smo$e detectors -

paired up into B zones - have been activated by fre occurring in the

protected room.

• When one detector senses the fre, the alarm bell o the system rings

intermittently.

• %nce both types o sensors are activated, the alarm bell becomescontinuous.



• Ater B< to =< seconds a signal is sent to the cylinders plunger-actuating

device.

• &he 4%B is discharged into the room.

Man&al m$de

• Activation is made with the brea$glass $ey switch.

• Cy turning the $ey switch, the alarm bell rings, and the 4%B is discharged

immediately.

• n rooms that contain ventilation louvers, it is important to seal them o#

when discharging 4%B gas.

• n these cases, the signal or discharging the gas also activates a fre

curtain in the room.

• &he curtain above the louver drops down and covers up all o them.

• ometimes the signals may be activated accidentally.

• All the rooms that are so protected have red and green indication lamps

installed above their doors.

• A room that is flled with 4%B does not support combustion.

• Anyone who goes into such a gas-flled room can become unconscious due

to lac$ o o"ygen.

• Whenever gas is discharged, the red lamp above the door will be lighted.

6ersons must enter only when the green light is on.

Waterspray ystems'

Water remains an e#ective and ine"pensive method to fght some types o fre.

Water is cheap and plentiul, and cleanup is easy. &here are no harmul chemicals

to sic$en people. Water spray systems can be delivered using several methods.

%ten, a series o pipes leads to a sprin$ler system.

6re-engineered Foam'

6re-engineered oam fre suppression systems are most commonly used on uel

fres, though are e#ective on a wide range o blazes. &hey create a rothy blan$et

that covers the ames, smothering them. For this reason, oam is oten used in

aircrat hangars, maintenance garages, and the steel industry.

Wet 4hemicals



Wet chemical fre suppression systems react with hot oil, e"tinguishing the fre

quic$ly. &his system is common in ood manuacturing acilities and commercial

$itchens. nstalled near the coo$ing appliances and duct wor$, it reacts quic$ly to

tame the blaze.

Wet Riser S3stem

• &he wet riser s3stem described below is a t3pi%al installati$n in a

hi'h"rise b&ildin'.

• t is used to s&ppl3 water 0r$m the wet riser water tank< thr$&'h

wet riser pipes< distrib&ted t$ ea%h =$$r< and endin' at the

%an#as h$ses and h$se reels.

• &he pipes supplying water to the hoses are pressurized all the time.

• &hree pumps supply the water rom the tan$ to the hoses.

• &he pumps are the duty pump, the stand-by pump, and the jockey

pump.

• 6ressure switches along the pipe control the starting o each pump.

• &he wet riser canvas hoses are located at each lit lobby.

• /ach canvas hose has a diameter o E> mm and a length o =< m.

• When the hoses are in use, the pressure at each oor is controlled by

landing valves that return e"cess pressurized water bac$ to the wet riser

tan$ through drain pipes.

• &he hose reels are also located at each lit lobby.

• 6ressure reducers are installed at the end o each wet riser pipe to supply

a lower pressured water to hose reels.

• When the valves o the hoses are opened, pressurized water will shoot out

through the nozzles o the hoses.

• &he pressure in the piping will drop.

• &he pressure switches at the pump room will sense the drop in pressure

and the pumps will start to pressurize the pipe again.

• A typical system or a high-rise building is described below.

• &he pressures are monitored at the pump room to control the pumps.

a4 9$%ke3 P&mp



• &he frst pump to start will be the 0oc$ey pump.

• &he controlling pressure switch is set to start the pump at a pressure o

;>< psi and stop it when the pressure reaches B=< psi.

• a small lea$ e"ist in the wet riser piping - either on the wet riser or hose

reel - the pump will start in order to compensate or the lea$.

b4 &t3 P&mp

• the pressure drops below ;B> psi, this means a wet riser landing valve or

a hose reel gate valve has been opened.

• &he pressure switch that senses this set pressure activates and starts the

duty pump.

%4 Stand"b3 P&mp

• or any reason the pressure continues to drop below ;B> psi, it means

either the duty pump has not started or is not available (under

repair...etc.).

• &he stand-by pump then ta$es over the unction that is not perormed by

the duty pump.

• &he stand-by pump is set to cut-in at H> psi.

• %nce the water ow is not needed any more the pressure builds up in the

piping networ$.

• &he duty or stand-by pumps stops ater the cutout pressure is reached at

BB< psi.

• &he 0oc$ey pump continues to run until the system pressure reaches its

cutout pressure o B=< psi.

• For a low building, the system will be less complicated.

• 2owever, the purpose o supplying water to the fre fghting hoses is

maintained.

6ortable Fire /"tinguishers'

6ortable fre e"tinguishers are the frst line o deense. &hey can e"tinguish small

fres, quic$ly and e#ectively. Australian law mandates that portable fre

e"tinguishers be installed in all wor$places, whether or not other fre suppression

systems are in place. We also recommend that commercial vehicles be outftted

with portable fre e"tinguishers.

6ortable fre e"tinguishers are installed in high trac areas, oten on the wall. &his allows easy access in case o an emergency. All employees should be



trained in the proper use o portable fre e"tinguishers1 instructions are printed

on the side.

•

6ortable fre e"tinguishers are generally required by code.

• n the hands o trained individuals, they can be an e#ective tool in

e"tinguishing small, contained fres.

• t is important to select the correct type o e"tinguisher or the type o

fre.

• the wrong type o e"tinguisher is used, it could be ine#ective, or even

dangerous, in combating a fre.

• As an e"ample, a water-based e"tinguisher used on a live electrical fre

could result in a serious electrical shoc$ to the person attempting to

e"tinguish the fre.

• used on a ammable liquid or grease fre, the water could cause the

fre to spread.

• &he type o e"tinguisher chosen or a certain area should be based on the

e"pected type o fre or that area.

7ambar m5s ? 5

I

• The 0$&r main %lasses $0 !res and e(tin'&ishers &sed in b&ildin'

are:

a4 Class 8 > %$mm$n %$mb&stibles

b4 Class > =ammable li)&ids

%4 Class C > ener'i?ed ele%tri%al

d4 Class > %$mb&stible metals s&%h as ma'nesi&m and s$di&m



• 9any institutions have standardized their e"tinguishers to acilitate use

and

training.

•

Class"8C, multi-purpose e"tinguishers are now oten used throughouta

building on the advice o the fre department, thereby eliminating the ris$

o someone using an inappropriate agent.

CO5OR COI-1 OF MEIM



2ydrants and 2ose 8eel ystems'

Fire hydrants and hose reels provide a ast, e#ective way to deliver largequantities o water to the scene o a fre.

Force Fire starts by analyzing your needs and building to determine the solution

that is right or you. Dsing that inormation, we design a hose reel system that

provides ma"imum protection or your business. We install all necessary

equipment @ water tan$s, pumps, pipes, hose reels, and5or hydrant outlets.

:etectors'

&here are a ew types o detectors that can be chosen to install as a fre

precaution.

6oint :etectors

6oint detectors give the most choice o all systems in the method o operation,

with heat (f"ed temperature and5or rate o rise) smo$e (ionisation or optical),

combined heat and smo$e, or 4arbon mono"ide detection being readily

available. &his enables the system to be tailored to the ris$ being monitored, to

give the best coverage whilst avoiding alse alarms :etectors that are recessed,

or placed above holes in the ceilings, or hidden behind beams and lights are alsoine#ective.



mo$e :etector'

A smo$e detector is a device that detects smo$e. &he smo$e detectors send a

signal to the fre alarm system. 9ost smo$e detectors wor$ by either optical

detection using photoelectric cell or by ionization. &he smo$e detectors are

usually powered by the central fre alarm system which is powered by the

building power with a battery bac$up. &he smo$e detectors will automatically

send a signal to the fre alarm control panel whenever smo$e is detected at the

specifc area so that urther action can be ta$en.

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!eta$ plan poli

/scape and /mergency !ights'

Fire e"it route is the most simple fre protection system. %ccupants are required

to escape rom the building according to the direction o the fre e"it route during

fre emergency. /mergency fre drills will be held rom time to time to ma$e sure

the occupants are amiliar with the fre e"it route.



/"it ign'

/"it signs are signs in a building which show location o the emergency e"it. &he

sign is permanently illuminated as visibility may be reduced due to smo$e or

electrical lighting ailure. Figure B shows an e"ample o e"it sign above the fre

door.

taircase 6ressurization ystem '

&he staircase pressurization system is an important element in the building fre

saety system. &his ob0ective o this system is to create a sae environment in

egress staircases, allowing building occupants to escape the building in a sae

manner. &he main mechanisms by which the stairs are made sae are by

guaranteeing structural protection o the stair enclose and by elevating the

pressure within the stairwell to ensure that smo$e cannot enter. &his can be done

by f"ing a an on the top oor o the stairwell. &he an can be controlled rom the

fre alarm control panel and it will be activated when there is a fre in the buildingso that the staircase will be ree rom smo$e.

Fire !it'

Fire lits are lits that can be used by fre fghters during emergencies to access to

di#erent oors o a building. t is di#erent to a passenger lit as fre lits have

independent power supply. 2ence, when there is a fre outbrea$, the power to

the lobby lits will be shut down and the fre fghters will use the fre lit to

transport themselves and also equipment to the location o the fre.

Fire :oor'

A fre door is a door with a fre-resistance rating (sometimes reerred to as a fre

protection rating or closures) used as part o a passive fre protection system to

reduce the spread o fre or smo$e between compartments and to enable sae

egress rom a building. Fire doors are usually made up o a combination o

materials such as timber, steel, gypsum, vermiculite boards and glass sections.

&he construction o the fre door should comply with 9alaysian tandardsrequirements. Fire doors di#er rom conventional doors as the edges o a fre

door requires fre rated seals such as an intumescent strip which e"pands when

e"posed to heat. All the fre doors are supplied with automatic door closers o the

hydraulic spring operated type. All fre doors have a fre rating which indicates

the fre resistance duration. &here is usually a certifcation nailed on the top right

corner o each fre door.

Fire 2ose 8eel ystem'

A fre hose reel system consists o hose reels normally =<m in length f"ed on

specifc locations on all oors connected to a fre pump set. &he hose has a

control nozzle to control the water direction and water ow. &his system is



pressurised with a purpose o fghting any fre that might occur until the Fire K

8escue ervices arrive. A hose reel is usually provided near to the lit lobby o

every oor enclosed in a door.

4onclusions

Fire is a one o the sub0ect that is always mistreated and ignored as ar as

heritage building is concerned. &hereore, the most e#ective method to eliminate

the ris$s o fre is to conduct a fre ris$ assessment regularly with close

monitoring and reviewing1 i.e. Lprevention is better than cureG. ndeed, academic

bloc$ building owner or manager should play an important role in saeguarding

their building and must possess a good fre saety management.



%ther &hings nvolved in a Fire aety nspection'

• /lectrical components and appliances

• 2azardous materials

• /vacuation plans

• 2eat, ventilation, and air conditioning

8/F/8/4/

• alleh 2.., Ahmad A.7., Fire aety 9anagement n 2eritage Cuildings' &he 4urrent cenario n 9alaysia, BBnd 46A ymposium, B<<H,

pp'-E.• brahim 9.., Abdul-2amid M., brahim 9.., 9ohd-:in A., Junus 8.9.,

Jahya 9.8., &he :evelopment o Fire 8is$ Assessment 9ethod or 2eritageCuilding, Bnd nternational Cuilding 4ontrol 4onerence, B<;;, B<'=;?-=B.

• 8amachandran 7., Fire aety 9anagement and 8is$ Assessment,

Facilities,;HHH, ;? (H5;<)' =E=-=E?.

• 8ahman ., 2eritage 9anagement 4hallenges in 2istoric &own o !udlow,

/ngland, World Applied ciences Nournal, B<;=, B (;B)' ;>IH-;>HE.

• alleh .2., Fire aety 9anagement in 2eritage Cuildings' &he 4urrent

cenario in 9alaysia, 6ublished in 46A B<<H at Myoto, Napan, B<;;.• 4how W.M., 6roposed Fire aety 8an$ing ystem /C-F8 or /"isting

2igh-8ise on-8esidential Cuildings in 2ong Mong, A4/ Nournal o

Architectural/ngineering, B<<B, I ()' ;;E@;B.

• Ohao 4.9., !o .9., !u N.A., Fang O., A imulation Approach or 8an$ing

o Fire aety Attributes o /"isting Cuildings, Fire aety Nournal,B<<, =H' >>?@>?H.

• Watts Nr. N.9., Maplan 9./., Fire 8is$ nde" or 2istoric Cuildings, B<<;,

Fire &echnology, =?' ;E?-;I<.

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Fire Protector System

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