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Fire Safety Audit
By Dato Haji Badaruding Haji Mat Isa.Objectives
To ensure building is safe from fire. For the safety of life and properties.
Work continuity for staff andworkers.
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Strategies
Negotiate / meeting with owner, CEO of building orcompany who require fire safety audit on fees, timeschedules, report and presentation.
Study building plans- floor plans, M& E plans, siteplans, elevation plans and specific plans such as kitchen,assembly hall, theatres, etc. quickly.
What benchmark, building regulation standard and
codes to be used. Representative of building (technician) to accompany
the inspection and testing.
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Methodology
Prepare scheduling for inspection. Duration of instpection. Understand building regulation and familiarity with fire safety engineering,
fire science and human factors including standards, codes to be used. Read through the plan and ask owners representatives on unclear matters.
Understand symbols such as fire door, compartment, fire lift, rated materials
etc. (depending on purpose group of building) Determine where to begin. (Division of work amongst the team mate). Methodology of inspectionobservation, questionnaires, recording, physical
testing, video taping, camera, jotting points into record book. Measuring oflength and width may be required. May need to inspect roof. Meeting anddiscussion with team mates after the inspection possibly at night to prepare
preliminary report. Methodology in report writing ( identifying problems and suggest how to
solve the problems). Preparation for final representationpresentation should not be more than
1.5 hours..
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Tools
Note book to record observation. Video camera. Torch light. Rubber glove.
Wear appropriate garment. Measuring tape. Walkie-talkie. Equipment for testing of heat /smoke detectors
Identity Pressure gauge Scaling ladder (Be polite and diplomatic during inspection)
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What items, variable and sub-
variables to look for during the
inspection. Means of escape.
Means of alarm.
Means of fire extinguishment (manual or automatic .
Emergency communication facilities. Condition of compartments.
Ventilation systems.
Possible causes of firefire load, and arrangement.
Standard of management of fire safety in the building. Entry into the building if staircases are obstructed.
Condition of road, bridges, canopy & surrounding building
Application of building regulation, standard and codes.
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Fire scienceBy Dato Haji Badarudin Haji Mat Isa.
Fire Science is important to study the reaction or
behavior of building materials, fire spread etc. Matterelements (about 104 known), atoms, molecules, molecules of
identical atoms, molecules of different atoms (compound and mixtures). Matter can be solid, liquid and gas (vapor). Mattercomprises of combustible and not-combustible.
Fire trianglefuel, ignition temperature, oxygen and the ability of fire tosustain until full growth. Limit of flammability (upper and lower). Smoldering, fire and explosion. Terminologiesflash point, fire point, explosive range, vapor density,
specific gravity, conduction, radiation, convection, miscibility, poisonous
vapor, expension. Fire loadv. heavy, heavy, medium, and low. Atom - electron, proton, neutron , nucleus(electrical charge). Radioactivityunstable elements.
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Causes of fire
Electricityshort circuit, arching and overloading.
Mechanical faultoverheating, friction, breakdown ofmoving parts, boil over etc.
Chemical reactionchemical and physicalcharacteristic of materials and substances.
Human factorscarelessness, ignorance, enemy attack,
or deliberate (arson)(special study on arson). Natural causeslightening , earthquake, sagging or
cracks due to movement of earth,
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How to extinguish fire
Remove one of the ingredients in the fire triangle : cooling, blockoxygen from entering, break /remove combustibles into smallerparts.
Fire graph for normal fire and fast developing fire,
Remove oxygen by covering entry of oxygen, Use foam (light, medium and heavy foam) Use water for ordinary combustible substances. Fine spray (fog) may be use on liquid fire. Dry powder (the A,B, C type) Special extinguisher for mettle fires. Inert gas, Carbon dioxide, FM200, etc. Design of fire fighting systems must be according to the risk.
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Items variables and sub-variables to
be inspect or observe.6. ITEMS TO BE EVALUATED IN FIRE SAFETY
Benchmark in building construction, which involves the
knowledge on UBBL. This may also include the knowledge
on the perfomance based fire engineering concept solution
Evaluate possible causes of fire
Evaluate condition of means of escape Evaluate condition of means of alarm
Evaluate fire safety management standard and its
implementation
Evaluate fire load at work place
Adequacy in fire protection (equipment and its maintenace)
Evaluate condition of compartments or prevention of fire
spread
Evaluate condition of ventilation system including the
study of possible fire spread in bulding
Evaluate condition of emergency of emergency
communications
Evaluate condition of means of entry during emergency
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7. EVALUATION OF POSSIBLE CAUSES OF FIRE
Electricityshort circuiting, arching and overloading
Mechanicals originationfriction, lack of maintenance Chemicalsreactivity, explosiveness of substances,
corrosiveness, toxicity, radioactivity
Human factorscarelessness, ignorant and deliberate
Spreading from other buildings, floors or compartment or
from outside sources
Self ignition or spontaneous comnustion
8. EVALUATION ON THE STATUS OF FIRE LOAD
Light: 1 to 100,000 BTU/lb. per sq. floor or 231,375 kJ/kg
per sq. meter floor (one hour fire protection)
Moderate: 100,001 to 200,000 BTU/lb per sq. feet of floor
area or 471,658 kJ/m sq. of floor (2 hours fire protection)
Heavy: 200,001 to 300,000 Moderate: 100,001 BTU/lb. per
sq. feet of floor area of above 471,658kJ/m sq. floor area (4
hours fire protection)
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The effect of heat on building
materials
Raise the temperature.
Expension of materials.
Change in physical shape / constituents. Change in chemical constituents.
Conduction, radiation and convection (fire
spread).
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APPLICATION
Building design (fire protection)means of escape,mean of fire detection, means of alarm, emergencycommunication, compartments, ventilation system,signage, entry into the building for rescue & firefighting.
Fire suppressionfire extinguishers, fixed installations,
Fire preventionmanagement of fire safety, fire safety
policy, maintenance, inspection and supervision,evaluation of risk, training of staffs, fire instruction,reports, budget for maintenance, preparedness.
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Formulation of building by-laws
Fire safety to various types of premises
(purpose groups of building).
Derivatives of building regulationsengineering (structural, civil,mechanical, electrical , soil) ,
administration, fire safety engineering,
fire science and human factors.
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Uniform Building by-laws
Contain 9 parts including 10 schedules (258 provisions).
Part 2submission of plans for approval.
Part 3Space, light and ventilation.
Part 4 - Temporary works in connection with buildingoperations.
Part 5Structural requirements
Part 6Constructional requirements.
Part 7 - Fire requirements.
Part 8 - Fire alarm, fire detection, fire extinguishment and firefighting access,
Part 9 - Miscellaneous including the 10 schedules.
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The ten schedules of the UBBL
1st ScheduleFees.
2nd ScheduleForms A, B, C, D, and E
3rd Schedule - Ventilation for health requirement
4th ScheduleWeight of materials & use of loads.
5th Schedule - Designation of purpose group.
6th ScheduleCalculated of permitted limit of unprotected areas.
7th Schedule - Travel distances and dead ends.
8th Schedule - Restriction of flame spread.
9th Schedule - Limit of compartment and minimum periods offire resistance of building materials.
10th ScheduleFire equipment and fire alarm requirements.
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9. EVALUATION ON THE CONDITION OF MEANS OF ESCAPE
Horizontal escape (direct and indirect travel distance and dead ends)variables and sub-variables. Escape for large factory, flated factory,
single staircase building. Vertical escapevariables and sub variables (staircasae design,
enclosure, lighting and ventilation of vertical escape)
Final exitvariables and sub-variables, atrium, escalators, key to finalexit, ventilation (obstruction, grills etc.),
Escape from basement to the groud floor.
Standard time for escape to a safe area inside or outside the building(sleeping risk, non sleeping risk and escape for the disable people.
Staircase designs: Fire fighting staircase, internal and externalstaircases, staircase enclosures, fire fighting lobby, ventilation, treads,risers, hand rails, anti slip, free from obstruction, indicators, emergencylighting, grills, fire fighting lobby, fire equipment control.
Staircase distribution.
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Evaluation on emergency control
centre (in large & high-rise bldg). Location of the centre. Who is in charge of the control centre?. Panelsfor sprinkler, lifts, detectors, manual fire alarm, bulk Co2, Energen,
FM 200 etc. Plans of various floors and M &E for systems including elevation plan.
Central Monitoring System to fire brigade. Other emergency telephonesto police, fire department, security, LLN.,
waterworks, CEO, Chief Administrator etc. Intercom system, public address system, loud hailer. Occurrence book, clock, computer recorder, etc. Operational toolslift door key, breaking in tools, cutter, axes, breathing
apparatus, torch light, rescue tools, helmets with visors, Important lists - location of disabled persons, fire extinguishers, important
valves, storage of dangerous goods, important inventory. Special instruction board / notices/ inspection reportimportant info.
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11. EVALUATION ON OCCUPANCY LOAD
This is assoiated with means of escape to determine size of fire door, corridors and
staircase including waiting area for halls, theatres etc.
Scale of areas for various usage as mentioned inthe UBBL 1984 To justify overcrowding
Discharge rate and evacuation time
Corridors (crossand non crossed ventilation corridors)
Smoke barriers
Fire doors, smoke stop doors, magnetic fire doors
Exit signs, signage and other indicators
Ventilation: pressurization, motorize dampers, windows opening for ventilation, smoke
exhaust
Fire fighting excess level ( entry building by fire fighters and final escape for occupants)
Emergency communicationfire telephone, public adress system, panels etc.
Single staircase building
Refuge area or smoke lobbies
Means of escape fo the disabled
Staircases for basements
Fire lifts and passenger lifts
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12. EVALUATION ON THE ADEQUACY AND CONDITION OF FIRE EQUIPMENT
Refer Schedule 10 of the UBBL 1984 as regard to fire requirement on fire equipment
There are numerous types of fire fighting equipment, and the evluator is expected to
understand each type , its construction, standard specification, usage and placement Equipment are:
Fire extinguishers
Trolly type of fire extinguishers
First aid hose reels
Dry risers
Wet risers
Automatic sprinker
Drencher system
Foam base injection system
Foam pourers
CO2 system
Water fog system
Water canon
FM200
Energen
Fire Hydrants (public main or pressurized) etc.
Understand concept of the system
Testing and reports
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13. EVALUATION ON COMPARTMENTS
Refer UBBL 1984 Schedule 7 in connection to compartment size
Party walls
Compartment walls
Compartment floors
Fire walls, enclosure walls
Separating walls
Fire doors (function)
Comparmetal sizes (refer UBBL)
14. EVALUATION ON SMOKE VENTILATION (ie. possible smoke and heat movement)
Open concept
Cross ventilation
Pressurization
Jack roof type
Special fan systems for intake of fresh air and exhaust of smoke
Special exhaust fan on roof and fresh air intake
Smoke curtain , possition of fire / smoke dampers
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15. EVALUATION ON MEANS OF ENTRY INTO THE BUILDING AND COMPOUND
FOR RESCUE AND FIRE FIGHTING OPERATION
Bridges Road elevation
Fire engine entry
Road stability
Canopy and projection on walls
Road sizes and system and traffic flow (including island approach and access road of the
building etc. Turning circles
Provision for building with glass walling
Car park arrangement
Fire hydrants position and conditionoutput and flow of water supply.
Exposure hazard - distance between building (refer Schedule Six)
Position of control center and entry into building / designated floor.
Position of inlet connections for dry riser
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Evaluation on management of fire
safety in the building.
Is there creation of fire safety policy.
Is there any planning on the implementation of thepolicy - training, checking, formation of fire warden,
maintenance, maintenance schedule? Are there documents indicating responsibilities.
Distribution of responsibilities. Who is to do what?
Coordination in the implementation of policy. Record or special circulation file.
Evaluation on the 5 subjects above.
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16. EVALUATION ON POSSIBLE ARSON
Staff, visitors, enemy agents etc
Reduce arson riskproper building designs (doors, windows, grills etc.)
Building locationcrime area etc.
Security checknight rounds, cctv etc.
Possible easy entry force
Lighting and alarm system
Human factorjealousy, quarrel, removal of evident, fraud, unhappy with employer,sabotage, mentally disordered person etc.
Lack of good housekeepingthrowing cigarette end etc.
Set-up arson control strategiesawareness of vulnerability of arson, security measures(prevent intruders, detection of intruders, control of ignition sources, division of areas byfire brickwall, detection of fire at early stage, installation of appropriate fire extinguishingsystems, division of segregration of high value stock, general competent of staffs, sincerityof staffs etc.)
Building security system
bomb threat, terrorism etc.
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17. EVALUATION ON THE SAFETY OFTHE DISABLED PERSONS
Catergoriesdeaf, blind, unable to walk, infant,injured person, pregnancy, very old person etc.
Placement or office room / working areashouldpossibly not far from the main staircase
Special training for staff assigned to assist the
disabled persons during emergency Establiishment of the buddy system for the disabled
persons
Hospital buildings - the wards must be speciallydesigned (for easy evacuation during emergency)
Formulate an emergency procedure for the disabledpersons
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Entry into the building if the
staircases are not passable.
Special entry using high-rise fire brigade ladder.
In glass curtain high-rise building, to havebreakable glass window at specific points for
firefighter to enter for rescue, ventilation & firefighting.
Alternative means of entry into the building
during emergencypossible fixing of special catladder, special external lift, etc.
Air drop or hovering of helicopter.
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All the above elements can be transformed into checklist for the purpose of checkingoffire safety elements at work place. It is important to understand all theseelements to ensure fire safety in the building is intact. This evaluation process must be
carried out at intervals, and should be an on going process throughout the life span of thebuilding.
THANK YOU
Risk e al ation
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Risk evaluation(Accessing fire load, risk and
hazard) Colorific value is the amount of heat given out by agiven weight of combustible materials when it iscompletely burnt. Each combustible material has it owncolorific value (or heat energy) examples:
Oak wood- 7,180 Btu per lb (16,70l kJ / kg) Pine wood- 8,080 Btu / lb ( 18,794 kJ/kg) Asphalt - 17,160 Btu /lb (39914 kJ/kg) Coke 12,810 Btu/ lb ( 29,796 kJ / kg ) Wrapping paper 7,103 Btu /lb (16,522 kJ/kg) Polyurethane 16,500 Btu/ lb Polyvinyl chloride9,250 Btu / lb Nylon - 10,000 Btu /lb Rubber - 17,000 Btu / lb. Coal - 14,000 Btu /lb
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Fire load
Fire load = total amount of heat (in Btu or kJ)given out by the burning combustible compareto the area it occupies i.e. use formula amount
of combustible (mass) in lb X its colorific valuein Btu / lb divide by total floor area occupied insq feet. = average Btu /sq feet, or
Amount of combustible (mass) in kg. X colorificvalue in kg divide by floor area it occupies in sqmeters = kJ/sq meters
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Categories of fire load.
Low fire load = below 100,000 Btu / sq feet(1,129,686 kJ/ sq meter)Need one hour fireprotection.
Moderate fire load = 100,001 to 200,000 Btu/sqfeet (less than 2,258,927 kJ/sq meter) needstwo hours fire protection.
High fire loadexceeding 200,001 Btu/sq feetor above 2,258,972 kJ/ Sq meter - need 4 hoursfire rating.
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Simple quantification of fire load
Question : Part of a single storey shop house is usedas a paper store. The area assigned for the storage is 20feet by 15 feet. The partition for the store is made up ofplywood. The paper with the colorific value of 7,200
Btu per lb is stacked on a raised wooden floor and atsome point the stacking is up to 6 feet in height, with asmall passage way at the center of the storage area. Thetotal volume of paper in the store at the time ofinspection is 900 cubic feet. If the weight of one cubic
feet of paper is 10 lbs, what would you consider be thestatus of the store, i.e. low, medium or heavy fire load ?
What would be your fire protection recommendation?
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CULCULATION (ANSWER)
Total area of the store = 20 x 15 feet = 300sq feet
Amount of paper stacked = 900 cu feet
One cu feet of paper weight 10 lbs.
Therefore the total weight of paper = 900 x 10 lbs =9000 lbs
Formula = amount of combustible in lbs x colorificvalue (Btu in lbs) divide by floor area
= 9,000 x 7,200 Btu /sq feet divide by 300 sq feet =216, 000 Btu/ sq feet (excluding raised wooden floor,partition and ceiling).
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Answer / recommendation.
216,000 Btu /sq feet is heavy fire load. Additional fireload will come from raised wooden floor and plywood.
May not be economical to sprinkler the building.
Alternatively to add more fire extinguishers, installationof hose reel, fire hydrant close to store and in goodcondition and in readiness for use, including installationof smoke alarm system.
Trained workers, how to handle fire extinguishers, hosereel and fire hydrant. Good house-keeping and ensuresafety before leaving store. Worker or guard to stay in.
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The 6 steps method of fire rating
1. Identify the fire hazard
2. Identify the people at risk
3. Remove or reduce the fire hazard 4. Assign the risk category.
5. Decide if the existing fire safety arrangement
are satisfactory or need improvement. 6. Record the finding
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The risk factor matrix method (6 X 6
matrix) in term of harm to people.
Severity Harm caused
Negligible Minor bruises/ discomfort
Slight Some minor injuries
Moderate Many minor injuries
Severe Some major injuries
Very severe Many major injuries and
lower than 5 death Catastrophes Five or more deaths
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Fire hazard - damage or loss of
properties.
Severity Damage/ loss
Negligible Slight smoke damage
Slight Loss/damage to some equipment Moderate Loss of one floor of building.
Severe Whole building damage.
Very severe Total loss of the whole building Catastrophic Loss of whole site.
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Severity of fire hazard in term of
business interruption
Severity Duration of interruption
Negligible A few hours.
Slight One day. Moderate One week.
Severe One month
Very severe Up to six month. Catastrophic Six month to one year.
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Severity of the fire hazard in term of
financial loss.
Severity Financial loss
Negligible RM 1000 or less
Slight RM 1,001 to RM 5,000 Moderate RM 5,001 to RM20,000
Severe RM 20,001to RM100,000
V. severe RM100,001 to RM 500,000 Catastrophic RM 500,001 to RM 1,000,000
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Severity of fire hazard industrial
method classification table
Frequency Value Harm Value
Uncommon 1 Trivial injury 1
Infrequent 2 Minor injury 2 Occasional 3 One major injury 3
Frequent 4 Several major injuries 4
Regular 5 One death 5 Common 6 Multiple death 6
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Risk categories corresponding to
calculated risk rating
RISK RATING RISK CATEGORY
Less than 15% Low
15% to 50% Normal Greater than 50% High
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The sum of risk factor, the average risk factor,
and rating for each of the two buildings
Building A Building B
(X x Y) (X x Y)
6 X 5 = 30 2 X 2 = 4
5 X 6 = 30 3 X 3 = 9
5 X 5 = 25 2 X 3 = 6
6 X 5 = 30 1 X 2 = 2
4 X 5 = 20
Total (XY) = 135. Total (XY) = 21
Average (XY)= 135/5 =27 Average XY = 21/4=5.25
Risk rating = 27x2.8=75.6% Risk rating 5.25 x 2.8=14.7 %
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Other methods of risk rating
Using the 5 or 7 columns rating evaluation i.e. bad tobest : 17 columns or 1 to 5 columns (based on skillsand experience) .
Using algorithm (based on skills and experience) . Using the calculation of method of colorific value of
combustible.
Calculation on possible smoke emission and speed.
Other mathematical method.