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Fire Technology And Arson Investigation Reviewer criminologists
12:20 PM
criminology
Fire Technology
Fire Technology and Arson Investigation
3 State of matter
Solid
Liquid Gas
4 General Categories Of Heat Energy
Chemical Heat Energy
Electrical Heat Energy
Mechanical Heat Energy
Nuclear Heat Energy
Bacdraft - a phenomenon in which a ire that has consumed all a!aila"le
o#ygen suddenly e#plodes when more o#ygen is made a!aila"le$ typically
"ecause a door or window has "een opened%
Boiling !oint - The temperature o a su"stance where the rate o
e!aporation e#ceeds the rate o condensation%
British Thermal "nit - &'T() The amount o heat needed to raise the
temperature o one pound o water one degree F%
Calorie - The amount o heat needed to raise the temperature o one
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gram o water one degree Centigrade%
Centigrade - &Celcius) *n the Centigrade scale$ +ero is the melting
point o ice, .. degrees is the "oiling point o water%
Chemical Heat Energy
Heat o Com"ustion - The amount o heat generated "y the
com"ustion &o#idation) process%
Heat o /ecomposition - The release o heat rom decomposing
compounds% These compounds may "e unsta"le and release
their heat !ery quic0ly or they may detonate%
Heat o Solution - The heat released "y the mi#ture o matter
in a liquid% Some acids$ when dissol!ed$ gi!e o suicient
heat to pose e#posure pro"lems to near"y com"usti"les%
Spontaneous Heating - The heating o an organic su"stance without the addition o e#ternal heat% Spontaneous heating
occurs most requently where suicient air is not present
to dissipate the heat produced% The speed o a heating
reaction dou"les with each 1. F &1. C) temperature increase%
Classification of Fires
Class 2 Fire - Fires in!ol!ing ordinary com"usti"le materials$
such as wood$ cloth$ paper$ ru""er and many plastics%
Class ' Fires - Fires in!ol!ing lamma"le liquids$ greases
and gases%
Class C Fires - Fires in!ol!ing energi+ed electrical equipment%
Class / Fires - Fires in!ol!ing com"usti"le metals$ such as
magnesium$ titanium$ +irconium$ sodium and potassium%
Class 3 Fires - Class 3 is a new classiication o ire as
o 441 and in!ol!es ires in com"usti"le coo0ing uels such
as !egeta"le or animal ats%
Com#$stion - is the sel-sustaining process o rapid o#idation o a
uel "eing reduced "y an o#idi+ing agent along with the e!olution o
heat and light%
%ry Chemicals and Halons - method o ire e#tinguishment$ interrupt
the lame producing chemical reaction$ resulting in rapid e#tinguishment%
Electrical Heat Energy
/ielectric Heating - The heating that results rom the action
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o either pulsating direct current$ or alternating current
at high requency on a non-conducti!e material%
Heat rom 2rcing - Heat released either as a high-temperature
arc or as molten material rom the conductor%
Heat Generated "y Lightning - The heat generated "y the discharged o thousands o !olts rom either earth to cloud$
cloud to cloud or rom cloud to ground%
5nduction Heating - The heating o materials resulting rom
an alternating current low causing a magnetic ield inluence%
Lea0age Current Heating - The heat resulting rom imperect
or improperly insulated electrical materials% This is
particularly e!ident where the insulation is required to
handle high !oltage or loads near ma#imum capacity%
6esistance Heating - The heat generated "y passing an electrical orce through a conductor such as a wire or
an appliance%
Static Electricity Heating - Heat released as an arc "etween
oppositely charged suraces% Static electricity can "e
generated "y the contact and separation o charged suraces
or "y luids lowing through pipes%
Endothermic Heat &eaction - 2 chemical reaction where a su"stance
a"sor"s heat energy%
E'othermic Heat &eaction - 2 chemical reaction where a su"stance
gi!es o heat energy%
Fahrenheit - *n the Fahrenheit scale$ 78 degrees is the melting point
o ice, 88 degrees is the "oiling point o water%
Fire (oint - The temperature at which a liquid uel will produce
!apors suicient to support com"ustion once ignited% The ire point
is usually a ew degrees a"o!e the lash point%
Fire Triangle - *#ygen$ Fuel$ Heat
Fire )ational Training Instit$te - &FNT5) the 5nstitution or training
on human resource de!elopment o all personnel o the 'ureau o Fire
9rotection &'F9)%
Flame - 2 gas-phased com"ustion%
Flamma#le or E'(losive *imit - The percentage o a su"stance in air
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that will "urn once it is ignited% Most su"stances ha!e an upper
&too rich) and a lower &too lean) lamma"le limit%
Flashover - an instance o a ire spreading !ery rapidly across a gap
"ecause o intense heat% *ccurs when a room or other area "ecomes
heated to the point where lames lash o!er the entire surace or area%
Flash !oint - The minimum temperature at which a liquid uel gi!es
o suicient !apors to orm an ignita"le mi#ture with the air near
the surace% 2t this temperature$ the ignited !apors will lash$ "ut
will not continue to "urn%
F$el - is the material or su"stance "eing o#idi+ed or "urned in the
com"ustion process% Material such as coal$ gas$ or oil that is "urned
to produce heat or power%
F$el &emoval - method o ire e#tinguishment$ ire is eecti!ely
e#tinguished "y remo!ing the uel source% This may "e accomplished "y
stopping the low o liquid or gaseous uel or "y remo!ing solid uelin the path o the ire or allow the ire to "urn until all uel
is consumed%
Glo+ing Com#$stion - 2 condensed phased com"ustion%
Heat - the quality o "eing hot, high temperature% 2 orm o energy
arising rom the random motion o the molecules o "odies$ which
may "e transerred "y conduction$ con!ection$ or radiation%
Heating - is transer o energy$ rom a hotter "ody to a colder one$
other than "y wor0 or transer o matter%
Heat of Com#$stion - The amount o heat generated "y the com"ustion
&o#idation) process%
Heat Transfer
Conduction - Conduction is the transer o energy through
matter rom particle to particle% Heat may "e conducted rom
one "ody to another "y direct contact o the two "odies or
"y an inter!ening heat-conducting medium%
Con!ection - is the transer o heat "y the actual mo!ement
o the warmed matter% Transer o heat "y the mo!ement o
air or liquid%
6adiation - Electromagnetic wa!es that directly transport
energy through space%
Ignition Tem(erat$re - The minimum temperature to which a uel in air
must "e heated in order to start sel-sustained com"ustion independent
o the heating source%
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Heat - The orm o energy that raises temperature% Heat is measured
"y the amount o wor0 it does%
Heat of %ecom(osition - The release o heat rom decomposing compounds%
These compounds may "e unsta"le and release their heat !ery quic0ly or
they may detonate%
Heat of Sol$tion - The heat released "y the mi#ture o matter in a
liquid% Some acids$ when dissol!ed$ gi!e o suicient heat to pose
e#posure pro"lems to near"y com"usti"les%
,echanical Heat Energy
Frictional Heat - The heat generated "y the mo!ement "etween
two o":ects in contact with each other%
Friction Spar0s - The heat generated in the orm o spar0s
rom solid o":ects stri0ing each other% Most oten at least one o the o":ects is metal%
Heat o Compression - The heat generated "y the orced
reduction o a gaseous !olume% /iesel engines ignite uel
!apor without a spar0 plug "y the use o this principle%
)$clear Fission and F$sion - The heat generated "y either the
splitting or com"ining o atoms%
O'idation - The comple# chemical reaction o organic material with
o#ygen or other o#idi+ing agents in the ormation o more sta"le
compounds%
O'idi-ing Agents - are those materials that yield o#ygen or other
o#idi+ing gases during the course o a chemical reaction%
O'ygen %il$tion - is the reduction o the o#ygen concentration to
the ire area%
!hases of Fire
5ncipient 9hase &Growth Stage)
Free-'urning 9hase &Fully /e!eloped Stage)
Smoldering 9hase &/ecay Stage)
!rod$cts of Com#$stion
Fire gases
Flame
Heat
Smo0e
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!yrolysis .also no+n as thermalde com(osition/ - is deined as the
chemical decomposition o matter through the action o heat%
&A 012 created the BF!5
'ureau o Fire 9rotection &'F9) - administers and enorces
the ire code o the 9hilippines% The Fire 'ureau shall ha!e the power to in!estigate all causes o ires and$ i
necessary$ ile the proper complaints with the city or
pro!incial prosecutor who has :urisdiction o!er the case%
Chie o the Fire 'ureau - ran0 is /irector%
/eputy Chie or 2dministration o the Fire 'ureau - 8nd
highest oicer in the 'F9% 6an0 is Chie Superintendent%
/eputy Chie or *peration o the Fire 'ureau - the 7rd
highest oicer in the 'F9% 6an0 is Chie Superintendent%
Chie o /irectorial Sta o the Fire 'ureau - ;th highest
oicer in the 'F9% 6an0 is Chie Superintendent%
/irectors o the /irectorates in the respecti!e national
headquarters oice - ran0 is Senior Superintendent%
6egional /irector or Fire 9rotection - The 'F9
shall esta"lish$ operate and maintain their respecti!e
regional oices in each o the administrati!e regions o
the country% 6an0 is Senior Superintendent%
- He<She shall "e respecti!ely assisted "y the
ollowing oicers with the ran0 o superintendent= 2ssistant 6egional /irector or 2dministration$
2ssistant 6egional /irector or *perations$ and
6egional Chie o /irectorial Sta%
2ssistant 6egional /irector or Fire 9rotection - The
assistant heads o the /epartment>s regional oices - ran0
is Senior Superintendent%
/istrict Fire Marshall - the heads o the NC6 district oices -
ran0 is Senior Superintendent%
9ro!incial Fire Marshall - the heads o the pro!incial oices -
ran0 is Superintendent%
/istrict Fire Marshall - heads o the district oices - ran0
is Chie 5nspector%
Chie o Municipal<City Fire Station - &also called City<
Municipal Fire Marshall) - the heads o the municipal or
city stations - ran0 is Senior 5nspector%
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Fire Station - at least one in e!ery pro!incial capital$ city
and municipality%
LG( - &Local Go!ernment (nit) - shall pro!ide the site o the
Fire Station%
&A 1603 - this 2ct shall "e 0nown as the ?'ureau o Fire 9rotection
and 'ureau o @ail Management and 9enology 9roessionali+ation 2ct o 8..;%
The 'F9 is headed "y a Chie to "e assisted "y 8 deputy chie$
or administration and or operation$ all appointed "y the
9resident upon recommendation o /5LG Secretary rom among
qualiied oicers with at least the ran0 o Senior Superintendent
in the ser!ice%
5n no case shall any oicer who has retired or is retira"le
within si# &A) months rom his<her compulsory retirement age
"e appointed as Chie o the Fire 'ureau or Chie o the @ail 'ureau%
The Chie o the Fire 'ureau and Chie o the @ail 'ureau
shall ser!e a tour o duty not to e#ceed our &;) years%
The 9resident may e#tend such tour o duty in times o war
or other national emergency declared "y Congress%
&A 174 - this act shall "e 0nown as the ire code o the 9hilippines
o 8..1% 2n 2ct esta"lishing a comprehensi!e ire code o the
9hilippines repealing 9/ 1B and or other purposes%
S(ecific Gravity - the density o liquids in relation to water%
S(ontaneo$s Heating - The heating o an organic su"stance without
the addition o e#ternal heat% Spontaneous heating occurs most
requently where suicient air is not present to dissipate the
heat produced%
Tem(erat$re &ed$ction - method o e#tinguishing ire$ cooling the uel
with water to a point where it does not produce suicient !apor to "urn%
8a(or %ensity - the density o a particular gas or !apor relati!e
to that o hydrogen at the same pressure and temperature%
%efinition of Terms "nder &A 174
A#atement - 2ny act that would remo!e or neutrali+e a ire ha+ard%
Administrator - 2ny person who acts as agent o the owner and ma nages
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the use o a "uilding or him%
Blasting Agent - 2ny material or mi#ture consisting o a uel and
o#idi+er used to set o e#plosi!es%
Cell$lose )itrate or )itro Cell$lose - 2 highly com"usti"le and
e#plosi!e compound produced "y the reaction o nitric acid with acellulose material%
Cell$lose )itrate !lastic .!yro'ylin/ - 2ny plastic su"stance$
materials or compound ha!ing cellulose nitrate &nitro cellulose)
as "ase%
Com#$sti#le9 Flamma#le or Inflamma#le - /escripti!e o materials
that are easily set on ire%
Com#$sti#le Fi#er - 2ny readily ignita"le and ree "urning i"er such
as cotton$ oa0um$ rags$ waste cloth$ waste paper$ 0apo0$ hay$ straw$
Spanish moss$ e#celsior and other similar materials commonlyused in commerce%
Com#$sti#le *i:$id - 2ny liquid ha!ing a lash point at or a"o!e 7%1
C &.. F)%
Corrosive *i:$id - 2ny liquid which causes ire when in contact with
organic matter or with certain chemicals%
C$rtain Board - 2 !ertical panel o non-com"usti"le or ire resisti!e
materials attached to and e#tending "elow the "ottom chord o the roo
trusses$ to di!ide the underside o the roo into separate compartments
so that heat and smo0e will "e directed upwards to a roo !ent%
Cryogenic - /escripti!e o any material which "y its nature or as a
result o its reaction with other elements produces a rapid drop
in temperature o the immediate surroundings%
%am(er - 2 normally open de!ice installed inside an air duct system
which automatically closes to restrict the passage o smo0e or ire%
%istillation - The process o irst raising the temperature in separate
the more !olatile rom the less !olatile parts and then cooling and
condensing the resulting !apor so as to produce a nearly puriied
su"stance%
%$ct System - 2 continuous passageway or the transmission o air%
%$st - 2 inely powdered su"stance which$ when mi#ed with air in the
proper proportion and ignited will cause an e#plosion%
Electrical Arc - 2n e#tremely hot luminous "ridge ormed "y passage
o an electric current across a space "etween two conductors or
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terminals due to the incandescence o the conducting !apor%
Em#er - 2 hot piece or lump that remains ater a material has
partially "urned$ and is still o#idi+ing without the maniestation o lames%
Finishes - Materials used as inal coating o a surace or ornamental
or protecti!e purposes%
Fire - The acti!e principle o "urning$ characteri+ed "y the heat
and light o com"ustion%
Fire Tra( - 2 "uilding unsae in case o ire "ecause it will "urn
easily or "ecause it lac0s adequate e#its or ire escapes%
Fire Alarm - 2ny !isual or audi"le signal produced "y a de!ice or
system to warm the occupants o the "uilding or ire ighting
elements o the presence or danger o ire to ena"le them to
underta0e immediate action to sa!e lie and property and to suppress
the ire%
Fire %oor - 2 ire resisti!e door prescri"ed or openings in ire
separation walls or partitions%
Fire Ha-ard - 2ny condition or act which increases or may cause an
increase in the pro"a"ility o the occurrence o ire$ or which
may o"struct$ delay$ hinder or interere with ire ighting operations
and the saeguarding o lie and property%
Fire *ane - The portion o a roadway or pu"lic way that should "e 0ept
opened and uno"structed at all times or the e#pedient operation o
ire ighting units%
Fire !rotective and Fire Safety %evice - 2ny de!ice intended or the
protection o "uildings or persons to include "ut not limited to
"uilt-in protection system such as sprin0lers and other automatic
e#tinguishing system$ detectors or heat$ smo0e and com"ustion
products and other warning system components$ personal protecti!e
equipment such as ire "lan0ets$ helmets$ ire suits$ glo!es and other
garments that may "e put on or worn "y persons to protect themsel!es
during ire%
Fire Safety Constr$ctions - 6eers to design and installation o walls$
"arriers$ doors$ windows$ !ents$ means o egress$ etc% integral to and
incorporated into a "uilding or structure in order to minimi+e danger
to lie rom ire$ smo0e$ umes or panic "eore the "uilding is
e!acuated% These eatures are also designed to achie!e$ among others$
sae and rapid e!acuation o people through means o egress sealed
rom smo0e or ire$ the coninement o ire or smo0e in the room or
loor o origin and de lay their spread to other parts o the "uilding
"y means o smo0e sealed and ire resistant doors$ walls and loors%
5t shall also me an to include the treatment o "uildings components
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or contents with lame retardant chemicals%
Flash !oint - The minimum temperature at which any material gi!es o
!apor in suicient concentration to orm an ignita"le mi#ture with air%
Forcing - 2 process where a piece o metal is heated prior to changing
its shape or dimensions%
F$lminate - 2 0ind o sta"le e#plosi!e compound which e#plodes "y
percussion%
Ha-ardo$s O(eration;!rocess - 2ny act o manuacturing$ a"rication$
con!ersion$ etc%$ that uses or produces materials which are li0ely
to cause ires or e#plosion%
Hori-ontal E'it - 9assageway rom one "uilding to another or through
or around a wall in appro#imately the same loor le!el%
Hose Bo' - 2 "o# or ca"inet where ire hoses$ !al!es and other equipmentare stored and arranged or ire ighting%
Hose &eel - 2 cylindrical de!ice turning on an a#is around which a
ire hose is wound and connected%
Hy(ergolic F$el - 2 roc0et or liquid propellant which consist o
com"inations o uels and o#idi+ers which ignite spontaneously on
contact with each other%
Ind$strial Baing and %rying - The industrial process o su":ecting
materials to heat or the purpose o remo!ing sol!ents or moisture
rom the same$ and<or to use certain chemical salts to orm auniorm gla+ing the surace o materials "eing treated%
<$m(er - 2 piece o metal or an electrical conductor used to "ypass a
saety de!ice in an electrical system%
Occ$(ancy - The purpose or which a "uilding or portion thereo is
used or intended to "e used%
Occ$(ant - 2ny person actually occupying and using a "uilding or
portions thereo "y !irtue o a lease contract with the owner or
administrator or "y permission or suerance o the latter%
Organic !ero'ide - 2 strong o#idi+ing organic compound which
releases o#ygen readily% 5t causes ire when in contact with
com"usti"le materials especially under conditions o high temperature%
Overloading - The use o one or more electrical appliances or de!ices
which draw or consume electrical current "eyond the designed capacity
o the e#isting electrical system%
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O+ner - The person who holds the legal right o possession or title
to a "uilding or real property%
O'idi-ing ,aterial - 2 material that readily yields o#ygen in
quantities suicient to stimulate or support com"ustion%
!ress$ri-ed Or Forced %raft B$rning E:$i(ment - Type or "urner wherethe uel is su":ected to pressure prior to discharge into the
com"ustion cham"er and<or which includes ans or other pro!isions or
the introduction o air at a"o!e normal atmosphere pressure into the
same com"ustion cham"er%
!$#lic Assem#ly B$ilding - 2ny "uilding or structure where ity &B.)
or more people congregate$ gather$ or assem"le or any purpose%
!$#lic =ay - 2ny street$ alley or other strip o land uno"structed
rom the ground to the s0y$ deeded$ dedicated or otherwise permanently
appropriated or pu"lic use%
!yro(horic - /escripti!e o any su"stance that ignites spontaneously
when e#posed to air%
&efining - 2 process where impurities and<or deleterious materials are
remo!ed rom a mi#ture in order to produce a pure element o compound%
5t shall also reer to partial distillation and electrolysis%
SelfClosing %oors - 2utomatic closing doors that are designed to
conine smo0e and heat and delay the spread o ire%
Smelting - Melting or using o metallic ores or compounds so as to
separate impurities rom pure metals%
S(rinler System - 2n integrated networ0 o hydraulically designed
piping installed in a "uilding$ structure or area with outlets
arranged in a systematic pattern which automatically discharges water
when acti!ated "y heat or com"ustion products rom a ire%
Stand(i(e System - 2 system o !ertical pipes in a "uilding to which
ire hoses can "e attached on each loor$ including a system "y which
water is made a!aila"le to the outlets as needed%
8esti#$le - 2 passage hall or antecham"er "etween the outer doors
and the interior parts o a house or "uilding%
8ertical Shaft - 2n enclosed !ertical space o passage that e#tends
rom loor to loor$ as well as rom the "ase to the top o the
"uilding%