First Aid Advance - Officers

8/6/2019 First Aid Advance - Officers

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/first-aid-advance-officers 1/61

11 11

INTRODUCTION OF FIRST AID

DEFINITION: First aid is the immediate help given to

the sick or injured person at the spot before proper medical

treatment.

AIM/OBJECT:1. To save life through:

(a) Artificial respiration.

(b) Stop Haemorrhage (bleeding).

2. Prevent his condition from becoming worse by:(a) immobilization of fracture.

(b) Cover the wound

3. To Promote recovery by:

Re-assurance



GENERAL PRINCIPLES/ASSESSMENT OFFIRST AID

Following are the general principles which are adopted in first aid:

� Act quickly, quietly, gently and with present mind.

� Safety of casualty and of yourself.

� Assessment of casualty that which one need priority is tobe established.

� Apply ABC rule (Airway, breathing, circulation).

� Stop haemorrhage (bleeding).

� Immobilize fracture cases.

� Observe for shock.

� Nothing is to be given by mouth to unconscious person.

� Evacuate the casualty to nearest hospital.



PRIORITIESW

henever an injury is received, the first and mostimportant thing is the setting of priorities. In doing

so, two types of surveys are carried out. They are:

� Has a patient have clear Airway.� Is breathing adequately. If not breathing, start

artificial respiration.

� Has adequate circulation. If not start CPR

(Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation).� Control server bleeding.

� If casually is breathing but unconscious, turn

him into recovery position.



CONDUCT A SECOND SURVEY

After the primary survey is completed, carry

out secondary survey in following manner.

� Cover all serious wounds and burn.

� Immobilize fracture/dislocations or suspected

fracture case.

� Get the casualty to Hospital as soon as

possible.





BREATHING SYSTEM

INSPIRED AIR EXPIRED AIR

NITROGENNITROGEN 79%79% 79%79%

OXYGENOXYGEN 20%20% 16%16%

CARON DICARON DI

OXIDEOXIDE

0.04%0.04% 4.04%4.04%



CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

Definition: It is an artificial method to restore function of the heart and lungs.(an emergency life saving method)

Method:

1. Apply ABC Rule

a. To clear the Airway.

b. To provide Breathing .

c. To check circulation (Pulse).

2. Position

In supine position on hard surface (ground or planks).

3. One man Method

02 Puff 8 compressions

4. Two man Method

01 Puff 4 compressions



SNAKE BITE

Types of Snakes

1. Poisonous snakes

2. Nonpoisonous snakes.

Classification of Poison:

a. Viperine

(1) Haemorrhagic: It destroys lining of blood vessels

(2) Haemolytic It destroys blood cells (RBC, WBC

& Platelets).

b. Colubrine It blocks nerve cells and produces

respiratory failure and shock.



SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Signs and symptoms of snakebite are:a. Viperine

(1) Pain, Oedema and discolouration of skin.

(2) Faintness, Nausea and vomiting.

(3) Loss of sight.

(4) Rapidly fall in blood pressure.

(5) Shock.

(6) Death may occur in 24 to 48 hours

b. Colubrine(1) Pain, nausea and vomiting.

(2) Feel difficulty in breathing.

(3) Paralysis.

(4) Convulsion, Apnea and Death.



FIRST AID TREATMENT

Following first aid treatment is to be given to patients

a. Reassurance the casualty.

b. Stay quiet, do not move the casualty, unnecessary movement

cause rapidly of poison.

c. Keep the casualty laying but keep the bitten part down.

d. Apply tourniquet, do not tie it very tight and loose it after every

15-20 minutes for 30 seconds to one minute for the

maintenance of blood circulation.

d. Apply cold application on bitten area.

g. Do not allow the patient to sleep

h. Observe for shock

j. Evacuate to hospital

NOTE: Acknowledge to casualty about injection of antivenim.



DOG BITE

INTRODUCTION

Dog saliva has germs that are known as rabies.

Rabies can only be infected if the animal ismedically examined.



DOG BITE

FIRST AID TREATMENT

a. Control bleeding (in serious wounds)

b. Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and

water/available antiseptic lotion.

c. Cover the wound with sterilized dressing.

d. Cases of dog bite should be reported to the

medical officer/hospital.e. Give him acknowledge that, all dog bite cases

required anti-rabies vaccination.



POISONS

INTRODUCTION

Any substance, which enters into the body in

large quantity and becomes harmful for life is

called poison.

CLASSIFICATION OF POISON

A Corrosive: These are chemicals which

produce burn, acid and alkalis.

B. Narcotics: These are substances e.gbarbiturate, opium derives, which produce

drowsiness, stupor and coma.

C. Irritants: Rotten foods and fruits, which

produce food poisoning.



POISONSHOW POISON ENTER INTO THE

BODY

a. BY MOUTH: Through swallowing.

b. BY NOSE: Through inhalation.

c. BY SKIN & VEINS: Through injection &

snakebite



FIRST AID TREATMENT

Induce vomiting in case of narcotics and irritant poisoning

mix salt and water at ratio one tablespoon of salt in one

glass of water for drink. Search the pocket of the casualty

and surrounding area for any doubtful material:

Induced vomiting in following cases:

a. Barbiturate poisoning.

b. Acid and alkalis poisoning.

c. Give plenty of water to casualty to neutralize the

present or expected action of poison.

d. Observe vital signs.

e. Evacuate the casualty to hospital as soon as possible



BREATHING SYSTEM

DEFINITION:

Breathing system is called respiratory system, which

consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial trees

and lungs.

RESPIRATION

The act of inspiration and expiration is called respiration.



ASPHYXIA

DEFINITION:

It is condition in which lack of oxygen and excess of

carbon dioxide in body tissues due to

a. Inability to breath

b. Less O2 in air breather

CAUSES

Following are the causes of asphyxia

a. Spasm:- Caused by the food going down in the

wrong way e.g as water in drowning.



b. Obstruction:Caused by falling of tongue back in

the throat as an unconscious patient

c. Suffocation: By tie collar, hanging and pressure in

crowd.

d. Miscellaneous Caused :- Head injury, Spinal

injuries, brain diseases and due to some drugs.



ASPHYXIA

SIGN & SYMPTOMS:a. Difficulty in breathing

b. Cyanosis(Face, lip and nails become blue)

c. Consciousness is gradually lost.

d. Fits may occur

FIRST AID TREATMENT OF ASPHYXIA

a. Remove the patient from the cause or cause fromthe patient

b. Loosen all tight clothing clear the airway.c. Artificial respiration if breathing ceased.

d. Keep the patient warm.

e. Provide easy breathing facilities

f. Evacuate the patient to hospital.



UNCONSCIOUS CASUALTIES

INTRODUCTIONUnconsciousness means the state of insensibility in whichthe casualties are unaware of their surroundings and theyare unable to make purposeful movement. When respondssluggishly and than fall sleep this is called Drowsiness´W

hen patient react to pin prick, this state is called stupor.When he does not react, it is called coma condition or complete loss of consciousness.

CAUSES

Followings are the causes of unconscious casualtiesa. Asphyxiab. Epilepsyc. Head injuryd. Drug poisoning.E. Electric shock

f. Blast injuries of lungsg. Diabetes



UNCONSCIOUS CASUALTIES

FIRST AID TREATMENT OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS

a. Lay down the casualty in comfortable recoveryposition.

b. Loosen all tight clothing.

c. Apply ABC rule.i. Clear airway.

ii. Artificial respiration, if breathing ceased.

iii. Circulation (stop bleeding CPR if required)

d. Do not leave the casualty un-attendant.e. Nothing by mouth to unconscious casualty.

f. Evacuate the casualty to to hospital as soon aspossible.



DROWNING

FIRST AID TREATMENT

a. Remove the casualty from water.

b. Clear the airway, remove foreign bodies from themouth like artificial denture and mud etc.

c. If heart beat cease, start CPR.

d. Give him hot drinks, coffee, tea etc.

e. Give him blankets, to keep warm.

f. Replace the wet clothing with dry clothing.

g. Stop bleeding if any and apply sterilize dressing

h. Evacuate him to nearest hospital.



DISLOCATION

DEFINITION

Displacement of bone from the joint is called dislocation.

CAUSES

a. Direct violence.b. Indirect Violence.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

a. Pain at the joint.

b. Deformity.c . Loss of function.

d. Swelling

e. Shock may or may not be Neurogenic



DISLOCATION

FIRST AID TREATMENT

a. Place the patient in comfortable position.

b. Treat as a fracture case.

c. Never do reduction without experience.

d. Relieve the pain.

e. Observe for shock.f. Evacuate the victim to hospital



HEAD INJURIES

SIGN AND SYMPTOMSa. Headache.

b. visual disturbance.

c. Loss of consciousness.

d. Paralysis.

e. Nausea and vomiting.

f. Convulsion, shock & death may occur



HEAD INJURIES

FIRST AID TREATMENTa. Lay down the casualty in comfortable position.

b. Clear the airway and start artificial respiration CPR if

required.

c. To assess & record the level of response.

d. Control bleeding.

e. Reassurance to the casualty.

f. Record vital sign (BP Plus and respiration).

g. Evacuate the casualty to hospital



CHEST INJURIES

INTRODUCTIONChest cavity contains heart, lungs and major blood vessel.

They are protected by ribs and sternum (breast bone).

Chest injuries cause severe internal damage.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

a. Difficulty and painful breathing.

b. Shock.

c. Coughed up frothy red blood.

d. Cyanosis (blueness) of lips and nail.

e. Blood bubbling our of the wound.



CHEST INJURIES

FIRST AID TREATMENTa. Manage casualties in upright sitting position, incline

toward the injured side.

b. Cover the wound with sterilized dressing.

c. Record vital signs.

d. To minimize the risk of shock.

e. Restrict unnecessary movement.

f. Avoid talking coughing and sneezing.

g. Evacuate him to hospital





BLAST INJURIES

SIGN AND SYMPTOMSa. Severe degree of shock

b. Difficulty in breathing, respiration may be rapid &

shallow.

c. Pain chest & at the site of wound & cough also.

d. Fracture may be, may not be.

e. Blueness of the face & lips.

f. Unconsciousness in serious cases.



BLAST INJURIES

FIRST AID TREATMENTa. Raise the head & shoulders of the patient.

b. Keep the patient warm, quiet & rested.

c. Loose the tight clothing to ensure unrestrictedbreathing.

d. In case of asphyxia, artificial respiration as soon as

possible.

e. Treat the fracture & wound accordingly.

f. Relieve pain by all possible means.

g. Reassure the conscious patients.

h. Evacuate him to hospital



ABDOMINAL INJURIES

INTRODUCTION Abdominal cavity contains stomach, small and large

intestines liver, spleen, kidney and pancreas etc. The

severity of abdominal injury cause internal bleeding, which

is the major source of infection..

SIGN AND SYMPTOM

a Severe pain.

b. Bleeding external/internal.

c. Blood pressure low.

d. Shock.

e. Face pale skin, cold and clammy.

f. Restlessness.



ABDOMINAL INJURIES

FIRST AID TREATMENT

a. Lay down casualty in comfortable position.

b. Apply ABC rule.

c. Control bleeding with sterilized dressing.

d. If the casualty cough or vomit press firmly on thedressing to stop abdominal contents pushing outthrough the wound.

e. To minimize the risk of infection.f. Observe for shock.

g. Vital sign record.

h. Evacuate to hospital



HEAT STROKE

DEFINITION1. Heat stroke is caused by excessive exposure to

heat not necessary the direct rays of the sun.

2. The failure of heat controlling Centre in the brain

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

a. Headache

b. Irritability and disturb vision

c. Skin hot, red and dry

d. Orally temperature 105F to 109F

e. Convulsion.

f. Pulse rapid.

g. Unconscious, death may occur



HEAT STROKE

FIRST AID TREATMENT

1. Place the patient in cool place in supine position.

2. Reduce the temperature rapidly not below 101F.3. Cover the body with sheet soaked in ice water.

4. Evacuate him to hospital

SIG

N AND SYMPTOMSa. Do not give him stimulant.

b. Never give morphine



HEAT EXHAUSTION

DEFINITIONHeat exhaustion is caused by the loss of salt and water

from the body

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

a. Profuse sweating.

b. Fainting, Nausea and vomiting.

c. Muscular cramp.d. Temperature subnormal.

e. Skin cool, pale and moist.

f. Respiration shallow.



HEAT EXHAUSTION

FIRST AID TREATMENT

a. Remove the casualty in cool place.b. Prevent him from shock.

c. Give him water and salt (ORS)

d. Give him stimulant e.g tea and coffee.

PREVENTIVE MEASURE

a. En-Courage to drink excess amount of water.

b. Use ORS (Oral Re-hydration salt) in water whenworking in the hot atmosphere.

CAUTION:

Excessive amount of salt should be avoided as it maycause condition as thirst, gastro intestinal irritation diarrheaand abdominal cramp.





FIRST AID MANAGEMENT AT SITE

1. Priority and assessment.

2. Clear air way.

3. Stop bleeding.

4. Immobilize the fractured part.

5. Cover the wound if any

6. Re-assure the patient if conscious.

7. Evacuate to nearest hospital



SHIFTING PROCEDURE IN AN

AMBULANCE

1. Use of various stretchers as per space.

2. Type of stretchers

i. Army field stretchers.

ii. Neil Robert son stretchers.

iii. Wire mash stretchers

iv. Improvised (bed sheet, blanket etc).



SHOCK

DEFINITION

Shock is caused due to sudden depression of vital

functions of the body. The severity of shock depends upon

the severity of injury.

TYPES OF SHOCK

a. Psychogenic/Psychotic shock: It is caused by good

or sad news and sudden emotional excitement.

b. Cardiogenic Shock:- It is caused by heart failure.



SHOCK

c. Neurogenic Shock It is caused by severe pain I.efracture, burn and injuries.

d. Electric Shock It is caused by heavy electric current

transferring the never path

e. Wound shock It is caused by severe wounds. It is

most commonly seen in battle field and road traffic

accidents.

f. HAEMORRGAGIC SHOCK This type of shock

caused due to severe Haemorrhage, lose of blood



SHOCK

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

a. Skin pale, cold and clammy.

b. Profuse sweating.

c. Pupil dilated.

d. Respiration shallow, irregular and fast.

e. Nausea, thirst and anxiety.

f. Fainting/Giddiness

g. Blood pressure low.

h. Pulse rapid and weak



SHOCK

FIRST AID TREATMENT

a. Remove the patient from the cause or remove the

cause form the patient.

b. Lay down the casualty in comfortable position.

c. Clear the air way.

d. Loosen the tight clothing.

e. Artificial respiration if breathing ceased.

f. Elevate the feet.

g. Keep the patient warm.

h. Evacuate to hospital a soon as possible.



WOUND

DEFINITIONWound is abnormal breaking of skin and tissues of body.

CLASSIFICATION OF WOUND

a. Open Wound:- Breakage in the skin and tissues.

b. Closed Wound:-There in no break in the skin.

TYPES OF WOUND

a. Bruises: It is caused by blunt object which results

breaking of small blood vessels beneath the skin due to

which becomes blue or black.



WOUND

b. Abrasion: It is caused by rubbing of skin on ground

with a little bleeding.c. Incised Wound: Caused by sharp object and bleed

heavily.

c. Stab Wound:- It is caused by sharp pointed objects.

The wound looks small but it goes deep.

e. Lacerated Wound: It is caused by blow of stone to

the skin.Unmanaged cuts

f. Gun shot Wound:- Bullet makes a small wound,where they enter and make a large wound where

make their exit. Piece of cloth or metal may be left in

the wounds.

. Other Wound:- B animal bite as do , cat and snake.



WOUND

FIRST AID TREATMENT


b. Expose the injured area for examination.

c. Remove the foreign body, which is visible and easilyremovable.

d. Stop bleedinge. Clean the wound

f. Relieve pain.

g. Re assurance the patient

h. Evacuate the patient to hospitalPRECAUTION:-

Give him knowledge about injection TT 1/2cc in wound and

external injuries



HAEMORRHAGE

DEFINITIONThe escape of blood from the blood vessels of the body

TYPES OF HAEMORRHAGE

a. Arterial Haemorrhage: Escape of blood from theartery. It is bright red in colour, faster jet in flow.

b. Venous Haemorrhage:- Escape of blood from the

vein, it is dark red in colour and steady inflow.c. Capillary Haemorrhage:- Escape of blood from

the capillaries. It oozes from the wound. It is

intermediate in colour.





HAEMORRHAGE

FIRST AID TREATMENT


b. Clear the air way.

c. Artificial respiration if breathing ceased.

d. Control bleeding by following methods.

i. Direct pressure (apply dressing)

ii. Indirect pressure by applying tourniquet, laces,belt or handkerchief.

Iii. Cold application

e. Evacuate the casualty to hospital

BURN AND SCALDS



BURN AND SCALDS

INTRODUCTION

BURN:

Destruction of skin and tissues due variety of to heat anddry chemical is called burn

SCALD:

Destruction of tissues due to moist heat is called scalds.

CAUSES:

a. Flamesb. Radiation

c. Corresive chemical i.e acid and alkalis etc.

d. Hot water and oil

e. Steam.



BURN AND SCALDS

SIG

N AND SYMPTOMSa. Severe pain

b. Shock (due to sever pain and loss of fluids)

c. Difficulty in breathing.

d. Thirst and vomiting.

e. Loss of fluid.

f. Pulse increased.

g. Unconscious may be.



FIRST AID TREATMENT OF BURN

1. REMOVE THE PATIENT FROM THE CAUSE/CAUSE

FROM THE PATIENT.

2. PLACE THE PATIENT IN COMPORTABLE POSITION.

3. REMOVE ALL THE CLOTHING FROM BURN AREA

EXCEPT THAT WHICH ARE STICKED WITH BODY.

4. DO NOT BREAKE BLISTER.

5. APPLY COLD WATER ON BURN AREA.

6. APPLY STERILIZED DRESSING.

7. RELIEVE PAIN.

8. GIVE PLENTY OF WATER FOR DRINK.

9. PREVENT FROM INFECTION.

10. EVACUATE TO THE HOSPITAL.



DEGREES OF BURN

IST DEGREE:

Redness of skin without blister

2ND DEGREE:

Redness of skin with blister

3RD DEGREE

Destruction of full thickness of skin deep tissue

and some time bone also.

BANDAGES



BANDAGES

DEFINITION

These are the material, which are used to cover the

wound, control bleeding absorb the secretion and protect

from germs/dust infection etc. These are free from micro-

organisms.

TYPES

a. Simple bandage (Compressed/Un-Compressed)

b. Triangular c. Suspensary bandage

d. Manitaile bandage

e. Crepe bandage (Crab)

f. Finger bandage



APPLICATION OF BANDAGES

a. Clean the wound from inner to outer side with

bandage cloth/cotton & antiseptic lotion.

b. Do not touch the wound directly with out gloves.

c. Bandage should be applied from the side of the wound

and from inner to out ward.



FRACTURE

DEFINITION:-

Breaking of bone due to any cause is called fracture.

CAUSES:

Fracture causes due to direct violence and indirect

violence and due to some diseases like TB and cancer of

bone etc.

CLASSIFICATION

a. Simple: Bone is broken but surrounding skin

is intact.

b. Compound: Bone is broken with open wound

FRACTURE



FRACTURE

TYPES:

a. Green stick Fracture Bone shaft is bent and

cracked but not completely broken. It is most

common in children.

b. Comminuted FractureBone is broken into more

than two pieces.

c. Complicated Fracture Bone is broken with tissue

surrounding area also injured.

d. Impact Fracture The edges of broken bone aredriven into one another.

e. Depressed Fracture In this fracture a fragment of

bone is driven the surrounding of the bones. This is

common in skull bone.



FRACTURE

f. Pathological Fracture:- It is due to weakness of bone caused by diseases like cancer and TB of Bones

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

a. Severe pain at the site of fracture.

b. Loss of function of that part.

c. Deformity of fracture part.

d. Crepitus (sound of broken bone).

e. Colour change and swelling.

f. Unnatural movements

g. Restlessness.

h. Unconsciousness may be and may not be.



SLINGS AND IMMOBILIZATION

SLING

S:DEFINITION:

Slings are those materials which are use to support or

dress the effected part.

IMMOBILIZATION

DEFINITION

It is a procedure to support and restrict the movement of

fractured part



Date post:	07-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	farooq-ahmed
View:	217 times
Download:	0 times

First Aid Advance - Officers

Documents