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First Aid never take long to learn but can help to save lives.This booklet has information about

how to react and act to common injuries & emergencies.

House of Development for Agri. Cont. Co. WLLKuwait

First Aid

All content within First Aid booklet of HOD is provided for general information only, and shouldnot be treated as a substitute for the medical advice of your own doctor or any other healthcare professional. The HOD is not responsible or liable for any diagnosis made by a userbased on the content of the First Aid booklet of Royal Gardens. Always consult MedicalInstitute or Doctor if you're in any way concerned about your health.

Disclaimer

HouseofDeve

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First Aid

House of Development for Agri. Cont. Co. WLLKuwait

What is First Aid?

Immediate HELP

First aid - the care given before emergency medical help arrives - can literally mean thedifference between life and death.

But knowing the correct thing to do if someone has a nosebleed or cut is also important.

In this section

Why learn first aid?Know how to react toeveryday accidents - andwhat not to do

Your duties as a firstaiderThe steps to follow ifyou're going to adminsterfirst aid

First aid kitFind out which items youneed in your first aid kit

First aid trainingHow to gain a certificatefrom a recognised first aidtrainer

Why do I need to know First Aid?

A blocked airway can kill someone in three to four minutes, but it can take more than eight minutes foran ambulance to arrive. So a simple procedure such as opening someone's airway can save their lifewhile they're waiting for emergency medical help.

The latest government figures, from 2002, estimate 2.7 million people in the UK went to A&E becauseof an accident in their home.

Of these, 910,000 were aged under 16.

Sadly, almost 4,000 people in England and Wales died because of accidents in or around their homein 2004, according to the Office for National Statistics.

This means you're more likely to give first aid to someone you know than a stranger. Knowing what todo will allow you to react rapidly if an accident does happen.

Top ten home accidents and injuries

1. Falls (1,248,000)2. Strikes and collisions (530,000)3. Cuts and tears (230,000)4. Foreign bodies (128,000)5. Acute overexertion, for example moving furniture (90,000)6. Burns, scalds (84,000)7. Pinching or crushing injuries (79,000)8. Bites, stings (72,000)9. Puncture wounds (54,000)10. Suspected poisonings (33,000)

What not to doThere are many misconceptions surrounding first aid, some of which can cause serious harm.

Top ten first aid misconceptions

1. You should put butter or cream on a burn. The only thing you should put on a burn is coldwater - keep the butter for cooking.

2. If you can’t move a limb, it must be broken/If you can move a limb, it can’t be broken.The only accurate way to diagnose a broken limb is to x-ray it.

3. The best way to treat bleeding is to put the wound under a tap. If you put a bleedingwound under a tap you wash away the body's clotting agents and make it bleed more.

4. Nosebleeds are best treated by putting the head back. If you put the head back during anosebleed, all the blood goes down the back of the airway.

5. A tourniquet is the best way to treat serious bleeding. It's harmful to stop the blood flow toa limb for more than 10-15 minutes.

6. If someone has swallowed a poison you should make them sick. If you make someonesick by putting your fingers in their mouth, the vomit may block their airway.

7. If you perform CPR on someone who has a pulse you can damage their heart. Theevidence is that it isn’t dangerous to do chest compressions on a casualty with a pulse.

8. You need lots of training to do first aid. You don’t - what you mostly need is common sense.You can learn enough first aid in ten minutes to save someone's life.

9. You need lots of expensive equipment to do first aid. You don’t need any equipment to dofirst aid, there are lots of ways to improvise anything you need.

Use our guide to check what items to include in your home first aid kit.

6 x medium dressingsFor dressing more serious wounds. Dressings control bleeding and prevent infection.

2 x large dressingsFor dressing serious wounds. Dressings control bleeding and prevent infection.

2 x extra-large dressingsFor dressing serious wounds. Dressings control bleeding and prevent infection.

4 x alcohol-free cleansing wipesFor cleaning wounds when it's not possible to use water. Avoid antiseptic wipes as theycan trigger allergic reactions.

2 x disposable glovesFor protection when dressing wounds involving blood and bodily fluids. Use once anddiscard.

6 x safety pinsFor securing the ends of bandages and slings.

1 x pack of plastersFor minor wounds and cuts. Make sure you choose one sufficiently large to cover thewound completely. Note that some people are allergic to the adhesive.

1 x pack of blue plastersUse to cover wounds when preparing food.

3 x triangular bandagesFor use folded as a bandage, opened out as a sling, or as a dressing for large wounds.

1 x resuscitation face shieldThis creates a one-way protection between you and a casualty who needs rescuebreaths and is bleeding around the mouth.

1 x scissorsFor trimming dressings and bandages.

1 x tweezersFor removing small objects such as splinters.

1 x thermometerFor getting an accurate measurement of a patient's temperature to help you decide ifthey need medical attention.

2 x sterilised padsFor use as dressings.

2 x crepe bandagesFor supporting joints, limiting movement or swelling and securing dressings.

First Aid Kit

Learning First Aid - Practical Training

There are many recognised first aid training organisations around the country, so itshouldn't be difficult to find a course near your home.

Alternatively, if you work, your employer may provide or subsidise first aid training. Ifyou're the parent of a young child, your health visitor may know of suitable first aidcourses.

Courses vary in length - some are as short as half a day.

When it finishes, you’ll be tested by a qualified first aider in the essential skills you’velearned. If you pass, you’ll receive a certificate.

Charges vary depending on the trainer, and the type and length of course you choose.

Training checklist

1. How much does the training course cost?2. What are the trainer's qualifications?3. What experience does the trainer have?4. When and where will the training session take place?5. Will I get an opportunity to practise before my assessment?6. Will there by a written part to the assessment or is it just practical?7. What happens if I'm not competent in any part of the training?8. How many people will be in my training session?9. What insurance does the trainer have?

Responsibilities of First Aider

Being a first aiderFirst aid is based on knowledge, training and expertise. A first aider will have completeda practical training course under the supervision of a recognised first aid organisation.

If you're present at the scene of an accident, or during a medical emergency, you needto go through the following stages:

Assess the situation

Take control of your feelings, don’t act impulsivelyLook for continuing danger, to the casualties and to yourselfDecide whether to call for emergency help

Assess the casualtiesQuiet casualties should always be your first priority

A quiet casualty may be an indication that the person is unconscious. Quiet casualtiesshould always be your first priority.

Prioritise treatment of casualties according to severity of injuryCheck response by asking casualties whether they are all rightCheck airwayCheck breathingIf a casualty isn't breathing, ask somebody to call 999 immediately and give 30chest compressions followed by two rescue breathsContinue this sequence until emergency help arrives or the casualty starts toshow some response

Further assistance to casualties

Aim to give all casualties early and effective helpArrange for casualties to be taken to hospital where necessaryRemain with casualty until help arrivesPrevent cross-infection between yourself and the casualtyTake care of casualty’s possessions and ensure they accompany the casualty tohospital

Skill Index

In this section

Bleeding and burns

Bleeding

BruisesBurns and scalds

Cuts and grazesHeatstroke - adult

Nosebleeds

ShockSunburn

Bone, joint and

muscle problemsBack injury

CrampEye injuries

Fractures to pelvisHead injuries

Strains and sprains

Medical conditions

Convulsion

Diabetic emergencyEpileptic seizure

StrokeHeart attack

Hypothermia - adult

Poisoning andallergic reactions

Anaphylactic shock -adult

BitesFood poisoning

StingPoisoning

Respiratoryproblems

Asthma attackChoking adult

Panic attack

Resuscitation

Opening the airwayRescue breaths

Resuscitation - adultRecovery position

Modified recovery position

Scene of anemergency

At the scene of anaccident

Automated external

defibrillatorDrowning

Electrocution

Minor wounds can be treated by a first aider, but more serious wounds should betreated by medical professionals.

What is it?The severity of bleeding depends on the location, size and depth of the wound causingit. If the bleeding's severe, it can be dramatic and distressing.

First aid aims

Control bleedingMinimise shockPrevent infectionPrevent cross-infection between the casualty and yourself and, if necessary,arrange for casualty to go to hospital

Actions

Check whether there's an object embedded in the woundIf there's nothing embedded, press on wound with your hand, ideally over a cleanpad, and secure with a bandageRaise wound above level of casualty's heartIf blood seeps through the bandage, put another one on topIf blood comes through second bandage, remove both and apply a fresh oneIf there's an object embedded in the wound, firmly push together the edges of thewound to try to stem blood loss

Bleeding & Burns - Bleeding

Bleeding & Burns - Briuses

Bruises can be treated by a first aider, although a casualty should seek medicalhelp if the bruise is around their eyes.

What are they?Bruises are the result of internal bleeding under the skin. The older you are, themore easily bruising occurs. Bruises normally fade within a few days and aren'tusually dangerous.

First aid aims

Minimise swellingReduce discomfort

Actions

Raise affected limb, support it and make casualty comfortableApply a cold compress - a small towel wrung out in cold water, a bag ofice cubes or a packet of frozen peasKeep compress on injured area for about 30 minutes, changing itperiodically to keep it cold

Bleeding & Burns - Briuses

Bruises can be treated by a first aider, although a casualty should seek medicalhelp if the bruise is around their eyes.

What are they?Bruises are the result of internal bleeding under the skin. The older you are, themore easily bruising occurs. Bruises normally fade within a few days and aren'tusually dangerous.

First aid aims

Minimise swellingReduce discomfort

Actions

Raise affected limb, support it and make casualty comfortableApply a cold compress - a small towel wrung out in cold water, a bag ofice cubes or a packet of frozen peasKeep compress on injured area for about 30 minutes, changing itperiodically to keep it cold

Bleeding & Burns - Burns & Scalds

Small scalds and burns can be treated by a first aider, but often medical attention is needed.

What are they?Burns are caused by dry heat and scalds are caused by wet heat.

Both burns and scalds damage the body by removing the layer of skin thatprotects the body from infection.

Symptoms

Extreme painShock, depending on severity of burnSwelling around site of burnRedness and blisteringCharred skin on a very deep burn

First aid aims

Halt the burningAlleviate painMinimise risk of infection

Actions

Stop the burning by applying running cold water to site of burn for at leastten minutesCover wound using a clean pad or cling film to prevent infectionRemove any jewellery near burn siteTreat for shock

Bleeding & Burns - Cuts & Grazes

Most cuts and grazes can be treated by a first aider.

Cleaning the wound

Wash wound gently with water and mild soapRemove any debris and dirtPress clean pad on wound to halt bleedingCover with sterile adhesive bandageInspect regularly and remove bandage when a scab has formed

When to seek medical adviceSee a doctor if:

You're unable to clean all the dirt from the woundThe cut is more than 1cm long, or is deep

Further actionGet help if:

Bleeding persistsCasualty shows symptoms of shock

Further informationSee bleeding for information on how to treat more serious injuries.

Bleeding & Burns - Heatstrokes

What is it?Heatstroke is when the body is unable to cope with prolonged exposure to heat.This can be as a result of overexertion in hot weather, or because of a fever.

Older people are more at risk of heatstroke because their bodies can't cope aswell with changes in temperature.

Symptoms

RestlessnessHeadache and dizzinessFlushed, hot skinRaised body temperature

First aid aims

Lower casualty's body temperatureArrange for casualty to go to hospital

Actions

Lie casualty downWrap in a cold, wet sheet and fan until their temperature falls, then replacewet sheet with a dry oneMonitor casualty carefully

Further actionIf the casualty's temperature rises again, repeat cooling actions.

Nosebleeds aren't usually serious and can be treated by a first aider.

What causes them?

Sneezing and blowingInfectionHigh blood pressureHead injury

Actions

Sit the casualty down, leaning forwardAsk them to breathe through their mouthPinch the soft part of their nose (or they can do it themselves) for tenminutesReassure them

Further actionIf the bleeding doesn't stop after ten minutes, pinch the nostrils again for twofurther periods of ten minutes.

If the nosebleed is severe or the bleeding doesn't stop after 30 minutes, callHE&S Division or 997.

Bleeding & Burns - Nosebleeds

What is it?Shock is the result of a dramatic drop in blood pressure. It can follow massiveloss of blood or fluids (the latter in the case of burns or prolonged vomiting). Itcan also occur as a result of anaphylactic shock.

Symptoms

Pale, cold skin, grey-blue in colourSweatingNausea and thirstRestlessness, yawningGradual loss of consciousness

First aid aims

Recognise and treat symptomsImprove circulationArrange for casualty to attend hospital

Actions

Treat any obvious injuriesReassure casualty, lie them down with their legs raisedLoosen any tight clothing to encourage circulationCall 997Warm the casualty with blankets, if possible

Further actions

Monitor casualty’s breathing and level of responsePrepare to offer resuscitation if necessary.

Bleeding & Burns - Shocks

Bleeding & Burns - Shocks

What is it?Shock is the result of a dramatic drop in blood pressure. It can follow massiveloss of blood or fluids (the latter in the case of burns or prolonged vomiting). Itcan also occur as a result of anaphylactic shock.

Symptoms

Pale, cold skin, grey-blue in colourSweatingNausea and thirstRestlessness, yawningGradual loss of consciousness

First aid aims

Recognise and treat symptomsImprove circulationArrange for casualty to attend hospital

Actions

Treat any obvious injuriesReassure casualty, lie them down with their legs raisedLoosen any tight clothing to encourage circulationCall 997Warm the casualty with blankets, if possible

Further actions

Monitor casualty’s breathing and level of responsePrepare to offer resuscitation if necessary.

Sunburn is caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays, either directly fromthe sun or by light reflected from snow at high altitudes.

SymptomsReddened skin, which may be sore or itchy.

First aid aims

Remove casualty from sunRelieve discomfort

Actions

Bring the casualty indoors out of sun's raysGive plenty of cold drinksCool skin by sponging with cold waterApply calamine lotion or aftersun cream to the affected skin

Further actionIf the casualty seems dizzy, has a headache or a temperature, they may haveheatstroke.

Bleeding & Burns - Subburns

Bone Joint & Muscle - Back Injuries

Injuries to the spine can cause paralysis, so first aiders must treat suspected backinjuries very carefully.

What are they?The spine, or backbone, protects the spinal cord, which controls many bodyfunctions. Back injuries can be caused by pinching or displacement of nerves, orby spinal fracture.

SymptomsSuspect a spinal injury after an awkward fall or awkward injury. Look for:

Localised tenderness around the back or neckShooting pains in casualty's limbsLimbs feeling heavy or tinglingLoss of sensation in limbs below level of injuryBreathing difficulties

First aid aims

Prevent further injuryGet casualty to hospital

Actions if casualty is conscious

Call 999Do not attempt to move casualtyOffer reassuranceSteady and support casualty’s head in your hands

Actions if casualty is unconscious

Check airway and breathingPlace casualty in modified recovery position if you have help

Bone Joint & Muscle - Cramp

What is it?Cramp is typically caused by fatigue or strain, for example when exercising. It's apainful, involuntary muscle contraction, which usually occurs in the legs and feet.

First aid aims

Relieve pain and discomfort

Actions

For cramp in the foot, massage the footFor cramp in the lower leg, straighten the leg and massage the muscleswhile pulling the foot upwards towards the shinFor cramp in the upper leg, straighten the casualty's leg and massage theaffected muscle until the pain passes

What is it?Foreign bodies (such as eyelashes) in the white of the eye can cause discomfortuntil they're removed.

Eye injuries are caused by objects embedded in the eye (such as grit or pieces ofdebris from an explosion). Only a health professional should attempt to removeanything embedded or resting on the coloured part of the eye.

Symptoms

Redness and watering of eyeEyelids closingBlurred visionPain

First aid aims

Prevent any further injury to the eye

Actions

Sit casualty in a good lightAdvise casualty not to rub or touch the eyeSeparate eyelids carefully and examine the eyeIf there's a free-floating object clearly visible in the white of the eye, try toremove itUse clean water to wash it out or the corner of a clean handkerchief

Further actionIf it's not possible to remove the object, arrange for the casualty to attendhospital.

Bone Joint & Muscle - Eye Inuries

Bone Joint & Muscle - Facture to Pelvis

Pelvic fractures are potentially serious because the pelvic bones protect vitalorgans. Casualties with pelvic fractures should be immobilised.

Symptoms

Casualty may be unable to standPain in hip or back region increases with movementSigns of shockPossible internal bleeding

First aid aims

Get emergency helpMake casualty comfortable until help arrives

Actions

Lie casualty on their back with legs in position that's most comfortableImmobilise legs by bandaging them togetherCall 999

Further actionTreat the casualty for shock, if necessary.

All head injuries are potentially serious and require medical attention.

What are they?Head injuries may produce concussion - a period of unconsciousness followedby complete recovery.

Other head injuries may produce compression of the brain, which is lifethreatening. A head wound can indicate deeper damage, such as a skull fracture.

Skull fractureRecognition

Wound or bruise to headSoft area on scalpImpaired consciousnessLeakage of clear fluid from nose/ear

Treatment

Call 999Control any bleeding from the headIf there is discharge from an ear, cover ear with a sterile dressing but don'tplug it

Cerebral compressionRecognition

ConfusionHeadacheHeavy, slow breathingAsymmetrical pupilsHigh temperature, flushed face

Treatment

Call 999If the casualty is conscious, support them in a comfortable position

Bone Joint & Muscle - Head Injuries

Bone Joint & Muscle - Strains & Sprains

Strains and sprains are often the result of taking part in sport.

Strains are injuries to the muscles moving the bones (usually sustained byoverstretching). Sprains are injuries to the joints.

Symptoms

Sharp pain and tendernessSwelling and distortion of limbSigns of bruisingDifficulty moving injured part of body

First aid aims

Reduce pain and swellingGet medical help, if necessary

ActionsRICE procedure:

R - rest and support affected limbI - apply ice or a cold compress to reduce swellingC - compress by applying gentle, even pressure on the limb and pad itwith foam or cotton wool, secured with a bandageE - elevate limb to reduce blood flow to affected area

This treatment may be sufficient to relieve the symptoms, but if you're in doubtabout the severity of the injury treat it as a fracture and seek medical advice.

Further actionIf the injury seems serious, get medical help.

Convulsions are upsetting but don't normally cause long-term harm.

What are they?In children, seizures (sometimes called fits or convulsions) are usually caused byraised body temperature.

SymptomsThese include obvious signs of fever, such as hot, flushed skin, sudden loss ofconsciousness, convulsive movements, such as jaw clenches, and the bodybecoming rigid.

First aid aims

Treat casualty for unconsciousnessProtect casualty while unconsciousArrange for medical help where necessary

Actions - minor fit

Sit casualty down, reassure them and remove any dangerous objects fromaround them

Actions - major fit

Try to break any fall but don't restrain casualtyClear any dangerous objects from around themLoosen clothing where possible and protect their head

Further actionWhen the convulsions are over, ensure the person's airway is open and checktheir breathing.

Place the person in the recovery position.

Sponge their skin with tepid water to help keep them cool.

Medical Conditions - Convulsions

Medical Conditions - Diabetics Emergencies

What is it?Abnormal fluctuations in blood sugar can lead to someone with diabetesbecoming unwell and, if untreated, losing consciousness.

There are two conditions associated with diabetes - hyperglycaemia (high bloodsugar) and hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar).

A first aider is most likely to encounter hypoglycaemia, which affects brainfunction and can lead to unconsciousness if untreated.

Signs and symptomsHypoglycaemia:

HungerFeeling 'weak' and confusedSweatingDry, pale skinShallow breathing

Hyperglycaemia:

ThirstVomitingFruity/sweet breathRapid, weak pulse

First aid aimsHypoglycaemia:

Raise blood sugar level as quickly as possibleGet casualty to hospital, if necessary

Hyperglycaemia:

Get casualty to hospital as soon as possible

Hyperglycaemia:

Get casualty to hospital as soon as possible

ActionsHypoglycaemia:

Sit casualty downOffer casualty food or a sweet drinkIf there's an improvement, offer more to eat or drinkKeep casualty resting

Hyperglycaemia:

Call 999 immediately

Further actionsIf the casualty loses consciousness

Open airway and check breathingPlace them in recovery positionPrepare to give resuscitation

Medical Conditions - Epileptic Seizures

Epileptic seizures can be minor or major. Someone having a major fit may loseconsciousness suddenly and require first aid.

What are they?Epileptic seizures are due to recurrent, major disturbances of brain activity. Justbefore a seizure the person affected may have a brief warning period with, forexample, a strange feeling, or a particular smell or taste.

SymptomsSymptoms of a minor epileptic fit may include sudden blankness, twitching limbsand strange noises, for example, smacking of lips.

A major fit may involve sudden loss of consciousness, absence of breathing,convulsive movements, such as jaw clenches, and the body becoming rigid.

First aid aims

Treat casualty for unconsciousnessProtect casualty while unconsciousArrange for medical help, if necessary

Actions

Protect casualty from their surroundings to avoid injuryAllow seizure to run its course and keep monitoring the casualtyOnce seizure is over, place casualty in recovery positionKeep reassuring casualty and monitor their conditionCall an ambulance if casualty is unconscious for more than ten minutes,the seizure continues for more than five minutes, they have repeatedseizures, it's their first seizure, or if they're not aware of any reason for theseizure

Medical Conditions - Heart Attack

What is it?A heart attack is when one of the arteries carrying blood to the heart becomesblocked, often by a blood clot. This can result in a lack of oxygen to the heart,which may then stop.

The term 'heart attack' is the common name for myocardial infarction (MI).

Symptoms

Severe chest pain that doesn't ease with restBreathlessness and nauseaGiddinessSense of doomIrregular pulseAshen, cold skin and blue lips

First aid aimsMake casualty comfortable and get emergency help.

Actions

Sit casualty in a supported position with knees bentCall 999, ask for an ambulance and say you suspect a heart attackAllow the casualty to take any medicine they have for an existing heartproblem

Further actionMonitor the casualty's condition and be prepared to give resuscitation if they loseconsciousness.

What is it?Hypothermia occurs if body temperature drops below 35?C (95?F). It's a result ofthe body's inability to adapt to low temperatures.

Older people are particularly at risk because their bodies can't cope as well withtemperature changes and they may be less able to generate body heat throughactivity.

Symptoms

ShiveringCold, pale, dry skinSlurred speech and clumsinessPossible loss of consciousnessSlow, shallow breathing

First aid aims

Prevent further body heat lossWarm the casualtyGet medical help

Actions

Warm casualty gradually by wrapping in layers of blankets in a warm room(25?C/77?F)Don't try to put casualty in a bathPut casualty to bed and keep well covered (including a hat)Offer warming drinks

Further actionCall a doctor.

Medical Conditions - Hypothermia

Poisoning & Allergic Reactions - Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is an extreme allergic reaction, which can be fatal and must be takenextremely seriously. First aid can help, but an adult having an anaphylacticreaction also needs medical attention.

What is it?Anaphylaxis is an extreme allergic reaction to certain foods, insect stings ordrugs, which results in rapid chemical changes in the body.

Symptoms

Blood vessels dilate, producing red, blotchy skinAir passages become constricted, resulting in breathing difficultiesFace and neck may swellHeart, brain and lungs may suffer from a dramatic drop in oxygen supplyCasualty may wheeze and gasp for air

First aid aims

Get emergency helpResuscitate, if necessary

Actions

Call 999 and give any details you have of cause of reactionHelp casualty to sit in a position that helps with breathingLoosen any tight clothingCheck to see if casualty is carrying medication and encourage them to useit

Further actionsIf the casualty loses consciousness

Call 999Lie them downOpen airwayPrepare to start resuscitation

Poisoning & Allergic Reactions - Bites

While it's rare for people in the UK to be seriously injured by an animal or snakebite, it's important the casualty gets first aid and medical attention.

Snake bite - symptomsThese may include puncture marks, pain, swelling, vomiting and disturbed vision.

Snake bite - actions

Call 999Lie casualty down and keep them still and quietKeep heart higher than level of biteWash bite area with soap and water, and cover with sterile dressingSecure and support limbTry to identify type of snake to inform medical team

Animal bites – cleaning the wound

Wash superficial bites with soap and waterPat wound dry and cover with adhesive dressingFor more serious bites, apply pressure to the wound

Animal bites – further actions

Lift and support bitten limb above level of the casualty’s heartCover wound with sterile dressingTake or send casualty to hospital

Poisoning & Allergic Reactions - Food Poisoning

Casualties with food poisoning normally need rest and plenty of fluids torehydrate them.

What is it?Badly prepared or incorrectly stored food produces bacteria and toxins. Thesecause inflammation of the gut.

Alcohol and drugs can function as poisons in certain circumstances.

Symptoms

Abdominal crampsNausea and vomitingDiarrhoeaDehydrationChills and fever

First aid aims

Encourage the casualty to take plenty of fluidsSeek medical advice if necessary

Actions

Rehydrate casualty with plenty of fluidsEncourage casualty to restSeek medical advice if necessaryWatch to see if condition worsens or there are symptoms of shock

Further actionIf the casualty's condition worsens, call 999.

Poisoning & Allergic Reactions - Stings

Some insects and animals sting as a defence mechanism. Common signs andsymptoms include pain, a visible sting, redness and swelling around the site ofthe sting.

Insect stings

Remove the sting straight away if it's visible by brushing or scraping itsideways with your nail, the edge of a credit card or the blunt edge of aknifeApply ice pack or cubesWatch for adverse reaction, such as anaphylactic shock

Stings in the mouth

Give casualty an ice cube or cold drink to minimise swellingTake casualty to hospital or call 999

Jellyfish stings

Wash with vinegar or salt waterPut a light compression bandage above the stingWatch casualty for adverse reaction, such as anaphylactic shock

Poisoning & Allergic Reactions - Poisoning

If you suspect someone has been poisoned, you should make sure they seekprofessional medical attention.

What is it?A poisonous substance can damage the body, temporarily or permanently. It canbe taken accidentally, for example by a child, or intentionally, as in attemptedsuicide.

Alcohol and drugs can function as poisons in certain circumstances.

SymptomsThe effects of poisoning depend on the substance that has been swallowed.Look for:

Pain and nauseaPossible vomitingLethargy and sleepinessUnconsciousnessCardiac arrest

First aid aims. .

Check around casualty for dangerMaintain an open airwayArrange for casualty to be taken to hospital

Actions - if casualty is conscious

Check for danger at scene of poisoningAsk what they have swallowedNever attempt to induce vomiting

Actions - if casualty is unconscious

Check for responseMaintain an open airway and start resuscitation if necessaryCall 999

Respiratory Problems - Asthma

Asthma attacks can be triggered in many ways and can range from mild to verysevere.

What is it?Asthma is caused by a swelling of the airway linings. The airways narrow,causing breathing difficulties.

Symptoms

Severe difficulty breathingWheezingDistress and anxietyExhaustion from effort of breathingGrey/blue skinDry cough

First aid aims

Ease casualty's breathingGet emergency help, if needed

Actions

If this is their first attack, reassure casualty and help them to relaxIf casualty has asthma medication, help them to take itIf this is their first attack, or the inhaler has no effect after five minutes,seek medical advice

Further actionIf the attack is severe, or the casualty does not respond to medication, call 999.

Respiratory Problems - Choking

Choking can result in the loss of consciousness but is often not as serious asthis.

What is it?A severe obstruction is when a person is unable to speak, cry, cough or breathe.A mild obstruction is when a person finds it difficult to breath, but is able tospeak, cry, cough or breathe. They are able to clear the obstruction without help.

First aid aims

Relieve the obstructionArrange for medical help if necessary

ActionsIf the obstruction seems to be mild, get the casualty to continue coughing.

If the obstruction is severe, follow this pattern

First stage - back blows

Give up to five blows between the shoulder blades with the heel of yourhandCheck the mouth quickly after each one and remove any obviousobstruction

Second stage - abdominal thrusts

If obstruction is still present, give up to five abdominal thrustsPlace a clenched fist above the casualty's navel, grasp your fist with yourother hand and and pull inwards and upwardsCheck the mouth quickly after each one

Third stage

If obstruction does not clear after three cycles of back blows andabdominal thrusts, dial 999Continue until help arrives and resuscitate if necessary

If casualty loses consciousness

Begin resuscitation and continue until help arrives

Respiratory Problems - Panic Attack

A panic attack is distressing for the person experiencing it and difficult to respondto, but it isn't harmful.

What is it?A panic attack is a sudden rush of overwhelming fear that often occurs withoutwarning or any obvious reason.

Symptoms

Hyperventilation and fast breathing result in lack of carbon dioxide in bloodPalpitationsNervous behaviourDifficulty swallowing or breathingTrembling

First aid aims

Calm the casualtyEncourage them to regain control and seek medical advice

Actions

Take casualty to a quiet placeBe reassuring but firmRemain with casualty until panic attack is overAdvise casualty to see their GP

Resuscitation - Opening Airway

If a casualty loses consciousness, the tongue may fall back into the throat andblock the passage of air from the mouth and nose into the lungs. Ensuring theairway is open is vital to the casualty's survival.

Actions

Place one hand on casualty's forehead and gently tilt back their head andlift the chinKeeping the airway open, check for breathing - look, listen and feel forbreathingLook for chest movement, listen for sound and feel for breath on yourcheekDo this for no more than ten seconds

If the casualty is breathing

Bring the casualty's far arm across their chestHold back of casualty’s hand against opposite cheekWith your other hand, pull up the far leg just above the knee, keeping thefoot on the groundKeeping the casualty's hand pressed against their cheek, pull on the farleg and roll the casualty towards you and on to their sideAdjust upper leg so both hip and knee are bent at right angles

If the casualty isn't breathing

Call 999 and give resuscitation until casualty starts breathing again orexpert medical help arrives

Resuscitation - Rescue Breaths

'Rescue breaths' is the new term for mouth-to-mouth-resuscitation. If a casualtyisn't breathing on their own, you may have to give rescue breaths.

By breathing air into a casualty's lungs you introduce vital oxygen into theirsystem.

This may be enough to get the casualty breathing again independently, but if itisn't you'll need to combine rescue breaths with chest compressions -cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

Actions

Place a hand on casualty's forehead and gently back tilt their headLook in their mouth and remove any obvious obstructionsPlace fingertips of your other hand under casualty's chin and lift gentlyTaking your hand from their forehead, pinch soft part of their noseOpen their mouth and take a deep breath, filling your lungs with airPlace your lips around casualty's mouth, ensuring a good sealBlow steadily, watching to see casualty's chest riseKeeping casualty's head tilted, remove your mouth and watch their chestfall

Further actionRepeat this once, to give two rescue breaths in total, and then check for signs ofcirculation by looking, listening and feeling for movement, breath or improvedcolour.

If there's no circulation, start resuscitation.

Resuscitation - Resucitation-Adult

Knowing how to perform resuscitation could save somebody’s life.

What is it?This technique is for an adult casualty who is unresponsive and isn't breathingnormally.

Actions

Check for vital signs

Check response – gently shake their shoulder and ask if they're all rightIf there's no response, shout for help and open casualty’s airwayCheck for breathing – look for chest movement, listen for sounds ofbreathing and feel for casualty’s breath on your cheekDo this for ten secondsIf casualty isn't breathing, make sure an ambulance is on its way and givechest compressions

Giving chest compressions

Place your hands on centre of casualty's chest and, with the heel of yourhands (which should be linked one over the other), press down 30 timesDepress chest to a third of its depth (4-5cm)Do this at a rate of 100 times a minuteAfter performing 30 chest compressions, tilt casualty's head and lift theirchinGive two rescue breaths

Further actionContinue this sequence until emergency help arrives or the casualty starts toshow some response.

See resuscitating babies or resuscitating children if the casualty is not an adult.

If a casualty is unconscious but breathing, it's often a good idea to put them inthe recovery position.

Why use the recovery position?

It prevents the casualty's tongue from blocking their airwayIt promotes drainage of fluids, such as blood or vomit, from their mouthIt keeps the casualty in a safe position if they have to be left alone

Action – step one

Kneel beside casualtyRemove any fragile objects, such as their glassesPlace the arm nearest you at right angles to casualty’s body, with palmfacing upwards

Action – step two

Bring casualty's far arm across their chestHold back of casualty’s hand against opposite cheekWith your other hand, pull up the far leg just above the knee, keeping thefoot on the ground

Action – step three

Pull the knee towards you, rolling the casualty towards you and on to theirsideKeep the casualty’s hand pressed against their cheek, as this helps tokeep their airway openTilt back their head and adjust the hand under the cheek, if necessary, toensure head remains tiltedCheck for breathingAdjust upper leg so both hip and knee are bent at right anglesMonitor the casualty’s condition until help arrives

Resuscitation - Recovery Position

Resuscitation - Modified Recovery Position

What is it for?This position is for use with a casualty with a suspected spinal injury who'sunconscious but breathing. The aim is to keep the head and neck aligned withthe body at all times.

If you need to put a casualty in the modified recovery position, it's important youhave other people to help.

Step oneSteady and support the casualty's head by putting your hands over their ears.Ask a helper to support and straighten the casualty's legs.

Step twoPosition the casualty's arm nearest to you at right angles to their body. Thehelper grasps the casualty's opposite thigh and draws up his knee. The helperbrings the casualty's other arm across their chest.

Step threeThe helper pulls the casualty towards him until they're resting on their side. Keepthe casualty's head in line with their spine.

Step fourThe helper adjusts the casualty's top leg and tucks their arm under their cheek.The helper needs to hold the casualty's body in place while you steady the headand neck.

Scene of an Emergency - At the scene of an Accident

First, you should assess the scene for danger. You cannot help anyone if you areinjured.

Make the area safeEnsure it's safe to treat the casualties at the site. For example, at the site of aroad accident you need to stop the flow of traffic.

Assess the situation

Look out for any continuing danger, to yourself and othersMake a first assessment of the casualties - is anybody in immediatedanger?Is there anybody to help you?Do you need to call the emergency services?

Quiet casualties should always be your first priorityA quiet casualty may be an indication that the person is unconscious. Quietcasualties should always be your first priority.

A casualty who is bleeding heavily or is obviously in pain is upsetting, but a quietcasualty could be in the most serious condition and you should always attend tothem first.

ActionsCheck casualties using this list:

Response: is the casualty conscious?Airway: can the casualty breathe normally?Breathing: is the casualty breathing normally?

Further actionsAsk others to help you to:

Make the area safeCall for helpMaintain dignity of casualties, for example by screening them from viewAdminister general help in supporting limbs, offering reassurance and soon

Scene of an Emergency - Defibrillation

During a cardiac arrest, the heart continues to beat but in an uncoordinated way.This means it no longer pumps blood to the brain and other key organseffectively.

Delivering an electronic shock to the heart can restore a normal rhythm.

You should only use an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) if you've beentrained to use one and can perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

The AED is attached to the person’s chest using adhesive pads. It analyses thecasualty's heart rhythm automatically and advises the operator on whether anelectronic shock is required.

The shock is delivered by pressing a button on the AED.

Actions

Call 999Continue with CPR while the AED is prepared and the adhesive pads areattachedThe AED will give a series of visual and verbal prompts as soon as it'sswitched onFollow the prompts until the emergency services arrive and take over

Further actionsIf the casualty starts breathing normally, place them in the recovery position.

Leave the AED attached.

Anyone who has been prevented from drowning should always get professionalmedical treatment even if they seem to have recovered.

What is it?Drowning normally occurs when air can't get into the lungs, usually because asmall amount of water has entered them. Drowning can also be caused by athroat spasm.

First aid aims

Restore breathingKeep casualty warmTake casualty to hospital

Actions

If you are rescuing casualty from water, keep their head lower than bodyat all times (to prevent inhalation of fluids)Lay casualty on back, open airway and check breathingCover in warm blanket and reassure themDon't attempt to force water from casualty's stomach

Further actions

Prepare to offer resuscitation if neededWatch the casualty for symptoms of hypothermia and treat accordinglyPlace casualty in recovery position so water can drain from their mouthCall 999, even if they seem to have recovered completely

Scene of an Emergency - Drowning

If you try to help a victim of electrocution, it's essential to check they're not still'live'.

What is it?An electrical current passing through the body can stop breathing and disrupt theheart's activity. The casualty's body may still be 'live' when help arrives.

SymptomsThe casualty's body may still be in spasm and unable to release whatevercaused the electrocution. There may be burns to the body where the current hasentered and exited. The casualty may be unconscious.

First aid aims

Ensure casualty can be rescued without danger to anyone elseDisconnect casualty from electricity sourceTreat any further problems, such as burns

Actions

Don't touch casualty because they may be 'live'Disconnect casualty from power source, either at the mains or by pushingaway whatever is conducting the current using an insulating material, forinstance a wooden stickCheck casualty's responseOpen airwayPrepare for resuscitationCall 999

Further actionPrepare to treat any burnssustained by casualty.

Scene of an Emergency - Drowning

Scene of an Emergency - Electrocution

If you try to help a victim of electrocution, it's essential to check they're not still'live'.

What is it?An electrical current passing through the body can stop breathing and disrupt theheart's activity. The casualty's body may still be 'live' when help arrives.

SymptomsThe casualty's body may still be in spasm and unable to release whatevercaused the electrocution. There may be burns to the body where the current hasentered and exited. The casualty may be unconscious.

First aid aims

Ensure casualty can be rescued without danger to anyone elseDisconnect casualty from electricity sourceTreat any further problems, such as burns

Actions

Don't touch casualty because they may be 'live'Disconnect casualty from power source, either at the mains or by pushingaway whatever is conducting the current using an insulating material, forinstance a wooden stickCheck casualty's responseOpen airwayPrepare for resuscitationCall 999

Further actionPrepare to treat any burnssustained by casualty.