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First Amendment
Adapted from “Journalism Matters” Ch. 2
“Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press;
or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a
redress of grievances.”
In Summary:
The First Amendment gives us our freedom of speech and freedom of
the press.
Government cannot censor what we say or print, unless it infringes
on someone else’s rights.
Different levels of courts:State Courts
Supreme Court
The Supreme Court has the ultimate ruling on all cases and the ability to make a ruling become law
for all states.
The Supreme Court has decided three cases directly relating to high
school student expression.
Tinker vs. Des Moines1969
Student punished for wearing a black armband to school in protest
of the Vietnam War.
What do you think happened?
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the student, stating that a
students free speech rights are protected in this case, as long as it does not disrupt the work of the
school or rights of other students.
Bethel School District vs
Fraser1986
Student was punished for using vulgar references and innuendos
during a school assembly.
What do you think happened?
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the school, stating that the
school can determine what speech is inappropriate and allows schools
to discipline the students.
Hazelwood School District vs
Kuhlmeir1988
The principal of the high school censored the stories in the school newspaper on teenage pregnancy
and the effects of family divorce on children.
What do you think happened?
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the school.
The Supreme Court stated that public school officials can censor
student expression in school activities like newspaper, yearbook,
school magazine or broadcast.
Copyright Law
Protects your original work from the use of others and you cannot use work done by someone else
without permission from the creator.
No copyrighted material may be reprinted or republished unless it is
done under the “fair use” exception granted by law.
Under the fair use law, part of a copyrighted work may be
reproduced without permission if, the following apply:
• the use is for a non-profit, educational purpose
• it doesn’t affect the potential sales market of the original work
• it doesn’t reproduce a large portion of the work
Ethics
Guidelines for journalists to follow as they gather and report news.
These guidelines:
1. Establish a sense of professionalism
2. Establish credibility with readers and viewers
(the public is confident it can believe what it reads and hears)
3. Provides a uniform measure for dealing with news-gathering
problems.
Code of Ethics
A journalist can be trusted to be accurate, honest, independent and
to keep promises.
Is respectful and sensitive to community standards and taste.
Has a high regard for personal privacy
Treats persons with courtesy and compassion
A journalist is fair and impartial
(What does impartial mean?)
Is concerned about completeness and the context of facts and
opinions used in stories.
Acknowledges and corrects errors
Listens to the questions and complaints from the public
A journalist strives for excellence and considers the public interest in
decision making.
Plagiarism
Taking someone else’s work and passing it off as your own.
Plagiarism is prohibited and may be illegal if the source of the work
is copyrighted.
Facts taken from a source should be attributed to that source and
verified.
Paraphrasing published information is acceptable.