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First Generation College Students at CSU
November, 2013
NATIONAL PATTERNS
First Generation Students• More likely to
– Be less academically prepared for college
– Have less knowledge of how to apply for college and for financial assistance
– Have more difficulty in acclimating themselves to college once they enroll
• More at risk for not completing a degree because they are more likely to
– Delay enrollment after high school
– Enroll in postsecondary education part-time
– Work full-time while enrolledTym, et al. (2004)
First Generation Students• Characteristics (Choy, 2001; Nunez and Cuccaro-Alamin, 1998)
– Older
– Lower income
– Part-time
– Live off-campus or with relatives
– Not be in a bachelor’s degree program
– Delay enrollment after high school
– Receive aid
– Work full-time
• Less likely to take loans (Schmidt, 2003)
• Disconnect between home and school cultures limits the effects of classroom learning as underserved students see few connections to their world. (Pell Institute, 2004)
Likelihood of Enrollment
• Likelihood of enrolling in any postsecondary institution, accounting for other factors:– 59% if parents had not gone to college– 79% if parents had at least some college– 93% among those where at least one parent had
degree
Proportions of First Generation Students by Institutional Type
less than 2-year 2-Year 4-Year0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80% 73%
53%
34%
Representation of First Generation Students by Institutional Type (Choy, 2001)
Not First Gen First Gen0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
12%
67%
Representation at For-Profit Institutions
Representation at For-Profit Institutions
Retention and Completion by First Generation Students at Four-Year Institutions
• Twice as likely to drop out (four-year institutions) before the second year (Choy, 2001)
• 1/3 as likely to earn a bachelors degree by age 24 (Mortensen)
FIRST GENERATION STUDENTS AT CSU
Trend in First Generation Student Enrollment
FA02 FA03 FA04 FA05 FA06 FA07 FA08 FA09 FA10 FA11 FA120%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
28.4%
25.8%
27.7%28.9%
27.5%
25.4%24.3% 24.6%
23.2%
25.8% 26.1%
Percent of First Generation Students in New Freshman Entering Cohorts
More than 1 in 4 students is first generation
First Generation Students by College
College of V
eterin
ary M
edicine and Biomedica
l Scie
nces
College of A
gricultu
ral S
cience
s
Intra-U
niversity
College of L
iberal A
rts
College of H
ealth and H
uman Science
s
College of N
atura
l Scie
nces
Warn
er Colle
ge of Natu
ral R
esource
s
College of B
usiness
College of E
ngineering
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
31.1%
27.5%26.5%
24.7% 24.2% 23.9%22.5%
20.0%
16.0%
First Generation Student Enrollment by College, FA12
University average = 26.1%
Graduation Rate Gap
FA98 FA99 FA00 FA01 FA02 FA03 FA04 FA05 FA06 FA07
NOT FIRST-GEN 0.680074 0.667539 0.6776 0.675849 0.656566 0.669811 0.673589 0.671 0.662 0.679
FIRST-GEN 0.558753 0.548052 0.57545 0.590164 0.592628 0.586278586278587
0.575703 0.584699 0.573 0.572
5%
15%
25%
35%
45%
55%
65%
75%
Rate of Graduation within Six Years for First Generation Students by Entering Fall (FA) Cohort
Average gap (10 years): 9.6 percentage points
Most recent cohort (FA07):10.7 percentage points
VARIABLES Model1 Model2 Model3 Model4 Model5 Model6 Residency (CO) 1.302*** 1.307*** 1.309*** 1.356*** 1.394*** 1.410***
(0.047) (0.047) (0.047) (0.048) (0.049) (0.049)
Asian Pacific 0.882* 0.877* 0.896 0.927 0.949
(0.127) (0.128) (0.130) (0.130) (0.131)
African American 0.645*** 0.651*** 0.901 0.954 1.020
(0.160) (0.160) (0.163) (0.164) (0.165)
Hispanic 0.729*** 0.724*** 0.822*** 0.897** 0.921*
(0.074) (0.075) (0.076) (0.077) (0.078)
Multi-Racial 0.802 0.797 0.821 0.842 0.868
(0.138) (0.138) (0.141) (0.142) (0.142)
Native American 0.644 0.640 0.729 0.768 0.799
(0.291) (0.291) (0.296) (0.296) (0.298)
Gender (female) 1.188*** 1.124*** 1.141*** 1.147***
(0.039) (0.040) (0.040) (0.040)
CCHE Index 1.040*** 1.039*** 1.039***
(0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
First Generation 0.701*** 0.729***
(0.044) (0.045)
Pell Recipient 0.789***
(0.058)
Constant 1.433*** 1.484*** 1.349*** 0.017*** 0.019*** 0.019***
(0.042) (0.042) (0.048) (0.228) (0.230) (0.230)
Observations 11645 11645 11645 11645 11645 11645
Model Chi2 31.159 059.776 079.497 485.675 550.366 567.016
dfModel 1 6 7 8 9 10
McFadden R2 0.0037 0.0070 0.0093 0.0560 0.0633 0.0651
Logistic Regression Analysis, Six-Year Graduation (IR, 2012)
“First Generation” characteristic has a powerful association with lower odds of graduation success, even after controlling for other relevant factors
(odds of six-year graduation are .729 as great as the odds for non-first generation students)
Controlling for other factors, students who are first generation stand about a 67% likelihood of degree completion as compared to a 73% chance for students who are not first generation, a difference of six percentage points. (Difference significant at the p=.01 level)
Institutional Research, 2103
Association of First Gen Status with Other Characteristics
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
Series3Non-Minority
(White, International, NR)
White(excludes Interna-
tionaland NR)
Percentage of New Freshmen Who Are First Generation, Fall 2012(*Data on Pell eligibility are from Fall 2011 Cohort)
Perc
enta
ge o
f Stu
dent
s Who
are
Firs
t Gen
erati
on
Minority Status Income Race/Ethnicity Residency
Y-axis indicates percentage of given population who are First GenerationSize of Bubble indicates popula-tion size
THE POWER OF LANGUAGE
The Power of Language
• Inventing the term “first generation” in the TRIO community, 1980
• “Clueless?” Or “Pioneer?”
• The power of acknowledgement (“honorary,” not patronizing)
• First Generation students as assets: motivated, thoughtful, receptive