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THE GROWTH OF A YOUNG NATION
AMERICA EXPANDS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY
THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA
Election of 1800 pitted Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party vs. John Adams and his Federalist Party
While Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 electoral votes, he tied his running mate, Aaron Burr
For six days the House of Reps took vote after vote until 36 votes later – Jefferson prevailed (Led to 12th Amendment)
3rd President of the U.S. 1800-1808
1800 Election Results
SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT
Jefferson’s theory of government, known as Jeffersonian Republicanism, held that simple, limited government was the best for the people
Jefferson decentralized the government, cut costs, reduce bureaucracy, and eliminate taxes
Jefferson Memorial
JOHN MARSHALL AND THE POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT
Before leaving office, John Adams (2nd President), attempts to “pack” the Federal courts with Federalists Judges
Jefferson argued this was unconstitutional
Supreme Court Chief Justice Marshall rules in Marbury v. Madison (1803) that part of the Judicial Act was unconstitutional
Established principle of Judicial Review – the ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
By 1803, French leader Napoleon had abandoned his dreams of an American Empire
He needed money to fight European wars, so he accepted Jefferson’s offered of $15,000,000
More than doubled the size of our country
Lewis and Clark ordered to go explore new territory
MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT
After two terms, Jefferson is succeeded by James Madison
Madison was two-term President 1808-1816
Known as the “Father of the Constitution, Madison also is known for his leadership during the War of 1812
4th President 1808-1816
WAR OF 1812 – U.S. vs. BRITAIN
Causes: British “impressment” (seizing Americans at sea and drafting them into their navy) upset Americans
The War: 1814 – British sack D.C. Burn White house
Andrew Jackson leads great victory in New Orleans
Treaty of Ghent signed, Christmas Eve, 1814
British Impressment of U.S. seamen upset Americans
RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812
Results of the war included:
End of the Federalist Party (opposed war)
Encouraged industries in U.S.
Confirmed status of U.S. as a strong, free, and independent nation
Despite the burning of the President’s mansion, the U.S. emerged strong
NATIONALISM SHAPES POLICY
James Monroe was elected president in 1816
Immediately, Nationalism clearly established as key concern of administration
Treaty with Britain to jointly occupy the Oregon Territory
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) secured Florida & southern- most areas of SE America
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
In the early 19th Century, various European countries hinted at increased colonization
In his 1823 address to Congress, Monroe made it clear to Europe: Don’t interfere with Western Hemisphere (Monroe Doctrine)
What idea does this political cartoon convey?
THE AGE OF JACKSON
During a time of growing Sectionalism, Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828, ushered in a new era of popular democracy
REGIONAL ECONOMIES CREATE DIFFERENCES
The Northeast continued to develop industry while the South and West continued to be more agricultural
The Industrial Revolution reached America by the early-mid 19th century
New England first to embrace factory system
Especially in textile (fabric) mills
SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL
Meanwhile, the South continued to grow as an agricultural power
Eli Whitney’s invention of the Cotton Gin (1793) made producing cotton even more profitable
The South became a “Cotton Kingdom”
More labor was needed – 1790 = 700,000 slaves
1820 = 1,500,000 slaves
Cotton Gin quickly separated cotton fiber from seeds
BALANCING NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM
Economic differences created political tension between North & South
As the regions moved apart, politicians attempted to keep nation together
House Speaker Henry Clay’s American Plan called for a protective tariff, a National Bank, and an improved infrastructure to help travel
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE
In 1818 settlers in Missouri applied for statehood
Northerners and Southerners disagreed on whether Missouri should be admitted as a “free” state
Henry Clay organized a compromise in which Missouri was “slave” but Maine would be “free”
Also Louisiana Territory split at 36 30’ north latitude HENRY CLAY: THE GREAT
COMPROMISER
MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820
ELECTION OF ANDREW JACKSON
Jackson, hero of the common man, won election in 1828 in part because the right to vote had been expanded to more citizens
In the 1824 election, won by John Quincy Adams, 350,000 white males voted
In 1828, over 1,000,000 white males voted
Many of the new voters supported the rugged westerner Jackson who also won re-election in 1832
ANDREW JACKSON IS ON THE $20 BILL
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
As part of his political philosophy, Jackson sought to grant political power to the common people
Called The Spoils System or Jacksonian Democracy, Jackson hired his own supporters to replace the previous administration’s staff
Jackson gave away many jobs to his friends and political allies
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830
Congress, with Jackson’s support, passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830
Under this law, the federal government funded treaties that forced tribes west
The Cherokee Tribe in Georgia refused and were supported by the Supreme Court
Jackson refused to abide by the Court decision Jackson said, “John Marshall (Supreme Court
Chief Justice) has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”
Trail of Tears followed the Court ruling as U.S. troops rounded up the Cherokee and drove them west, mostly on foot. . .thousands died
INDIAN REMOVAL - 1830
TARIFF OF “ABOMINATION”
In 1824 and again in 1828, Congress increased the Import Tariff of 1816
Southerners called the 1828 Tariff, “a Tariff of Abominations,” and blamed it for economic problems in the South
THE NORTH
THE SOUTH
TARIFFS
NULLIFICATION THREAT
In an attempt to free South Carolina from the tariff, John Calhoun (Jackson’s VP from S.C.), developed the Theory of Nullification
He believed if a state found an act of Congress to be unconstitutional, it could declare the law void within its borders
Tensions only relieved by a Clay Compromise Tariff in 1833
JACKSON’S BANK WAR
Jackson opposed National Bank so he created Pet Banks – so called because they were favored by Jackson’s Democrats
Many felt Jackson was acting more like a King than a president
In 1832, his opponents formed a new party – the Whigs
PANIC OF 1837
In 1836, Democrat Martin Van Buren won the Presidency
He inherited problems from the “Bank Wars”
Jackson’s Pet Banks printed money without Gold backing
In 1837 a panic set in and many banks closed, accounts went bankrupted, and unemployment soared
MARTIN VAN BUREN 1837-1841
HARRISON & TYLER Whig William Henry
Harrison defeated Democrat Van Buren in the election of 1840
Harrison, known as “Tippecanoe” for a battle he won against natives, died a month into his term
His VP, John Tyler became president HARRISON
1841
TYLER 1841-1845
MANIFEST DESTINY
In the 1840s Americans became preoccupied with expansion
Many believed that their movement westward was predestined by God
Manifest Destiny was the belief that the U.S. would expand “from sea to shining sea”
UNITED STATES EXPANSION BY 1853 - MANIFEST DESTINY
FAMOUS TRAILS WEST
No highways existed, thus wagon trails served as the roads to the West
Santa Fe Trail ran from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico
Oregon Trail stretched from Independence to Oregon City, Oregon
Mormons especially utilized the Oregon Trail on their way to Salt Lake City
MEXICO CONTROLS TEXAS
After 300 years of Spanish rule, Mexican settlers felt at home in Texas territory
Mexico won their independence from Spain in 1821 and Texas was theirs
Mexican officials offered land to Americans to make the area more stable
Americans soon outnumbered Mexicans in Texas – trouble started
TEXAS INDEPENDENCE
Stephen Austin established a colony of Americans in Texas
Conflicts intensified between Mexicans and Americans in Texas
One issue was the slaves many Americans had brought with them
Mexico had outlawed slavery in 1829
REMEMBER THE ALAMO Mexican President Santa
Anna was determined to force Texans to obey Mexican law
Santa Anna marched his troops toward San Antonio – at the same time Austin issued a call to arms for all American Texans
American forces moved into a mission known as the Alamo in 1836
After 13 days the Mexican troops scaled the walls and slaughtered all 187 Americans
THE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO
MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR 1844 presidential election
winner, James Polk, eagerly wanted to annex Texas as part of the U.S.
Negotiations failed and U.S. troops moved into Mexican territory in 1845
America victories soon followed, and in 1848 Mexican leader Santa Anna conceded defeat
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed – U.S. gets (larger) Texas, New Mexico & California
MEXICAN PRESIDENT SANTA ANNA
CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH
After gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill, migration to California rose from 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in 1850
Folks who rushed to San Francisco in 1849 became known as Forty-niners
By 1857, the total amount of gold mined in California topped $2,000,000,000