THE FIRST WORLD WAR

PEDRO FLORES. IES SAN JUAN BAUTISTA. 4º ESO

Europe at the beginning of the 20th century

• Parliamentary systems:– U.K. and France became democracies.– Germany was also a constitutional regime with an authoritarian

ruler.– Spain, Portugal and Italy had weak constitutional regimes.

• Authoritarian regimes in the plurinational empires:– Austro-Hungarian empire.– Russian empire.– Turkish empire.– They will be affected by nationalism

THE ARMED PEACE

• PERIOD KNOWN AS ARMED PEACE OR BELLE EPOQUE

• NEW ECONOMIC ORDER: THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.

•NEW POLITIC ORDER: IMPERIALISM.

• NATIONALISMS

• MILITARY ALLIANCES

ECONOMIC RIVALRIES

CAUSES OF THE WAR

• II INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: CAPITALISM.

•CAPITAL AND GLOBALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY.

• NEW ECONOMIC POWERS: USA, JAPAN AND GERMANY.

•IN EUROPE, GERMANY IMPROVED MORE THAN GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE.

•GERMANY REMOVED MARKETS TO ENGLAND, THREATENING HERECONOMY.

•LATE GERMAN UNIFICATION.

• GREAT ECONOMIC WEIGHT OF GERMANY, BUT FEW COLONIAL POSSESSIONS

• GERMANY DEMANDED A NEW COLONIAL REALITY. FRANCE AND BRITAIN OPPOSED.

• TWO EPISODES OF RIVALRY: MOROCCAN CRISIS.

IMPERIALIST CONFRONTATIONS

• FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS (1905): CLAIM TO CREATE A FRENCH PROTECTORATE IN MOROCCO. OPPOSITION FROM GERMANY AND SPAIN.

• ALGECIRAS`S CONFERENCE (1906)

• SECOND MOROCCAN CRISIS (1911): FINALLY GERMANY ACHIEVED •FRENCH TERRITORIES. PART OF CONGO.

IMPERIALIST CONFRONTATIONS

NATIONALISM AND TERRITORIAL DISPUTES

Alsace and Lorraine.French territories conquered by Germany in 1871.

Trentino, South Tirol, Istria and Trieste.Austrian territories claimed by Italy.

Poland.Under Russian rule sicne 1815.

Austria-HungaryNationalist movements within the Empire.

Dardanelles Strait.GB and Russia will fight for it.Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Under Austrian rule since 1878, annexed by Austria in 1908.

Turkish Empire.In decadence since 19th century. Russia and Austria will fight for controlling the Balkans.

• DECAY OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE: GREECE, MONTENEGRO, SERBIA, ALBANIA, BULGARIA, ROMANIA AND MACEDONIA ...

• COLONIAL ASPIRATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN POWERS.

• NATIONALIST ASPIRATIONS OF NEW STATES: "THE GREAT SERBIA ".

• 1908: BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA WAS ANNEXED BY AUSTRIA.

• 1912: I BALKAN WAR

• 1913: II BALKAN WAR

NATIONALISM

CRISIS IN THE BALKANS

“If there is ever another war in Europe, it will come out of some damned silly thing in the Balkans”. Otto Von Bismarck- German Chancellor.

NATIONALISM

FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR (1870): PRUSSIA BEAT.

FRANCE HAS TO GIVE ALSACE AND LORRAINE. CRAVING FOR REVENGE.

BISMARCK WILL TRY TO ISOLATE TO FRANCE.

HOSTILITY FRANCE-GERMANY

MILITARY ALLIANCES

• 1872-1890: REALPOLITIK ( GERMANY) (OTTO VON BISMARCK)

• WHAT WAS THE GOAL?

BALANCE BETWEEN THE POWERS.

ISOLATION OF FRANCE.

HOSTILITIES

THE BISMARCKIAN SYSTEMS

MILITARY ALLIANCES

• 1890: NEW GERMAN KAISER WILLIAM II FIRED BISMARCK.

• WELTPOLITIK: MORE AGGRESSIVE AND IMPERIALIST POLICY

POWERS BEGIN TO CREATING ALLIANCES AND AGREEMENTS.

ARMS RACE.

THE ARMED PEACE

MILITARY ALLIANCES

THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

• FORMED AT THE BEGINNING BY GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND ITALY.

• ITALY WILL WITHDRAW AND JOIN TO THE OTHER ALLIANCE.

• TURKEY (1914) AND BULGARIA (1915) WILL JOIN THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

• ENTENTE CORDIALE (1904): FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN.

• TRIPLE ENTENTE (1907): FRANCE, GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA.

• JOINED IN CONFLICT: BELGIUM, ITALY, JAPAN, USA, SERBIA, ROMANIA, PORTUGAL, CHINA AND LATIN AMERICAN STATES.

MILITARY ALLIANCES

THE TRIPLE ENTENTE

MILITARY ALLIANCES

TRIPLE ENTENTE vs TRIPLE ALLIANCE

TRIPLEALLIANCE

TRIPLEENTENTE

GEOGRAPHICALLY CLOSERTERRITORIES

MORE DISPERSEDTERRITORIES

DEMOGRAPHICALLY 117 MILLIONSOF INHABITANTS

255 MILLIONSOF INHABITANTES.

ECONOMICALLY INDUSTRIALLYTOP

INEXHAUSTIBLE RAW MATERIALS

MILITARILY ARMY BEST EQUIPPED AND TRAINED. MORE AND BETTER

EQUIPMENT

NAVAL SUPERIORITY AND NUMBER OF

SOLDIERS.

• THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE WANT A QUICK VICTORY.

• US BREAK THE APPARENT BALANCE IN 1917.

THE POTENTIAL OF BOTH SIDES

THE CRISIS OF JULY 1914

• 28 JUNE 1914: MURDER OF FRANCISCO FERNANDO (HEIR TO Austro-Hungarian throne) AND HIS WIFE IN SARAJEVO (BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA)

• GAVRILO PRINCIP. TERRORIST OF "BLACK HAND"

THE OUTBREAK OF THE WAR

• “BLACK HAND”: TERRORIST ORGANIZATION WHOSE PURPOSE WAS THE INCORPORATION OF BOSNIA IN “THE GREAT SERBIA”

• AUSTRIA-HUNGARY BLAMED SERBIA TO COOPERATE WITH "THE BLACK HAND" AND THEY SENT AN ULTIMATUM. SERBIA REJECTED THE ULTIMATUM.

• JULY 28 1914: WORLD WAR I STARTED. THE ALLIANCES WERE PUT UP.

THE OUTBREAK OF THE WAR• 28TH JULY: AUSTRIA-HUNGARY DECLARES WAR ON SERBIA.

• RUSSIA, SERBIA'S ALLY, DECLARED WAR ON AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

• GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY`S ALLY DECLARES WAR ON RUSSIA AND FRANCE.

• BRITAIN, AN ALLY OF FRANCE, DECLARES WAR ON GERMANY.

• ITALY WITHDREW FROM THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE, LATER JOIN THE TRIPLE ENTENTE (THEY PROMISED COLONIAL TERRITORIES AFTER THE WAR)

ON JULY 28 BEGAN THE FIRST WORLD WAR.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WAR

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WARLARGE EXTENSION

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WARLONG LIFE

JULY 28, 1914

NOVEMBER 11, 1918

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WARNEW AND SOPHISTICATED WEAPONS

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WARUSE OF ADVERTISING

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WARHUGE MOBILIZATION

• CLOSE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE BATTLEFRONT AND REARGUARD.

• NEW PRODUCTION, WORK AND HEALTH ORGANIZATION.

•SHORTAGE OF RAW MATERIALS: RATIONS.

•GREAT BENEFIT: NEUTRAL COUNTRIES.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WARIMPORTANCE OF THE REARGUARD

THE PHASES OF THE WARTHE WAR OF MOVEMENTS (1914)

• OPERATIONS IN 1914 WERE BASED ON GERMAN EFFORTS TO DEFEAT TO FRANCE AND THEN ANNHILATE TO RUSSIA.

• STRATEGY BASED ON FAST MOVING TO SURPRISE YOUR ENEMIES. “BLITZKRIEG”.

• TWO FRONTS: WEST AND EAST.

THE PHASES OF THE WARTHE WAR OF MOVEMENTS (1914)

WESTERN FRONT• SHLIEFFEN PLAN: TO INVADE QUICKLY FRANCE AND BELGIUM.→→ The Germans in command of Van Moltke succeeded in the invasion of Belgiumand northern France without opposition. Moltke transfer troops to Russia.→→ The French commanding by Joffre reorganized his troops around the riverMarne and inflicted a heavy defeat to the Germans.→→ Moltke was replaced by Falkenhayn.

MOLTKE JOFFREFALKENHAYN

THE PHASES OF THE WARTHE WAR OF MOVEMENTS (1914)

EASTERN FRONT• SERBIA DEFEAT AUSTRÍA-HUNGRÍA.

• RUSSIA DEFEAT THE AUSTRIANS IN LAMBERG AND WILL SEIZE GALITZIA (POLAND).

• GERMAN GENERAL HINDENBURG WON THE RUSSIANS IN THE BATTLES OF TANNENBERG AND THE MASURIAN LAKES.

•THE SHLIEFFEN BLITZKRAIG STABILIZES THE FRONTS.

THE PHASES OF THE WARTHE TRENCH WARFARE (1915-16)

WESTERN FRONT• IT STARTED WHAT IS KNOWN AS “TRENCH WARFARE”.→→ Chemical war in Ypres (Belgium) by Germany.→→ Total war in the battle of Verdun.→→ Allied counteroffensive in the Somme.

WESTERN FRONT•ITALY JOINED IN THE WAR WITH THE ENTENTE..• NAVAL BATTLE IN JUTLAND BETWEEN ENGLAND AND GERMANY.

• SINKING OF THE "LUSITANIA" (AMERICAN SHIP). US RETHINKS HIS ENTRANCE IN THE WAR.

THE PHASES OF THE WARTHE TRENCH WARFARE (1915-16)

THE PHASES OF THE WARTHE TRENCH WARFARE (1915-16)

EASTERN FRONT• GERMANY OCCUPIED POLAND RUSSIA AND LITHUANIA.

• AUSTRIA-HUNGARY RECOVERED SERBIA AND GALITZIA.

• BULGARIA IS IN WAR WITH THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

• RUMANIA IS IN THE WAR WITH THE TRIPLE ENTENTE.

• DEMORALIZATION IN TROOPS AND SOCIETY.→→ Long and costly war: In lives and supplies.→→ Soldier Riots, hardly repressed.→→ Strikes in the industries.

TWO KEY FACTS

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION U.S IS IN THE WAR

THE PHASES OF THE WARTHE 1917 CRISIS

• BREST-LITOVSK TREATY: RUSSIA WITHDREW OF THE WAR.

• 2ND BATTLE OF THE SOMME: LAST GERMAN OFFENSIVE. ALLIES COUNTERATTACK AND PITCH THE GERMANS TO BELGIUM.

• BULGARIA AND TURKEY GAVE UP IN SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER.

• AUSTRIA-HUNGARY SIGNED THE PEACE ON NOVEMBER 3

• REVOLUTION IN GERMANY: WILHEM II ABDICATES AND THE NEW GOVERNMENT OF EBERT SIGNS THE PEACE ON NOVEMBER 11.

THE PHASES OF THE WARTHE END OF THE WAR (1918)

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE PEACE

THE CONFERENCE OF PARÍS: 4 ACTORSLLOYD GEORGE(G.B)WILSON (USA) ORLANDO (ITALY) CLEMENCEAU (FRANCE)

EXPIRED COUNTRIES WERE NOT INVITED

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE PEACE

• FRANCE-CLEMENCEAU: Harder and intransigence posture against Germany. France will pay ".• GREAT BRITAIN-LLOYD GEORGE: more conciliatory position. They didn´t want to punish Germany in excess.• USA: “WILSON`S 14 POINTS”. → No secret alliances → Free passage through international waters and fewer trade obstacles. → + 55% of country's indigenous population will be independent → New countries: democratic regimes.• ITALY-ORLANDO: It didn`t receive the territories that were promised

CLEMENCEAU LLOYD GEORGE WILSON ORLANDO

THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

• France recovers Alsace and Lorraine• France got the mines of Sarre.• Polish Corridor.•´Valley of Niemen River: Lithuania

• Belgium got Eupen and Malmendy:• Sclhessweig was annexed to Denmark. • Danzig and Memel: Free towns.• Germany lost all of its colonies.

GERMANY LOST 76.000 km2 (13% of the territory) and 6,5 millions of Inhabitants (10% of his population).

TERRITORIAL CLAUSES

THE TREATY OF VERSAILLESMILITARY CLAUSES

• REDUCTION OF THE ARMY: No more than 100.000 soldiers and 4000 generals.• PROHIBITION OF MILITARY SERVICE REQUIRED.• DELIVERY OF MATERIAL AND FLEET OF WAR•PROHIBITION OF MAKING NEW WEAPONS• DEMILITARISATION OF “RENANIA”• REPAIR OF WAR: 132,000 MILLIONS OF MARKS = 400,000 MILLION DOLLARS.• NO ACCESS TO THE SDN (SOCIEDAD DE NACIONES)• PERPETUAL PROHIBITION OF “ANSCHLUSS”: UNION GERMANY-AUSTRIA.

• It was reduced to a little country with 8 millions of inhabitants• The Austro-Hungarian Empire emerged 3 new countries: Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.• Huge territories were given to two new countries: Poland and Yugoslavia.• Italy also got territories in the Balkans.

THE TREATY OF SAINT GERMAIN

THE TREATY OF TRIANON-HUNGARY• It was reduced to a little country with 7 millions of inhabitants.• It lost Croatia(to Yugoslavia), Transilvania (to Romania) y Eslovaquia (Checoslovaquia). THE TRETY OF NEUILLY-BULGARIA.• Cession of territories to Yugoslavia, Romania and Greece. No landlocked.

THE TREATY OF SEVRES- TURQUÍA• Total disintegration of the empire: It is reduced to the Anatolian peninsula.• Lost in the Middle East: Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Lebanon and parts of Arabia.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE WARDEMOGRAPHIC

• VERY HIGH NUMBER OF DEATHS: 10 MILLIONS OF INHABITANTS.• MANY CIVILIAN DEATHS.• OTHER CONSEQUENCES: Wounded, mutilated, orphans and widows.

CONSECUENCIAS DEMOGRÁFICAS

DEATHS 9.272.000

WOUNDED 6.5000.000

WIDOWS 4.250.000

ORPHANS 8.000.000

• EXTREME MATERIAL DESTRUCTION: Russia and France were the most affected countries. Crops, infraestructures and cities totally destroyed.• LOSS OF WEALTH OF COUNTRIES: About 25% average.• NEED FOR INDUSTRIAL CONVERSION.• ENDEBT COUNTRIES

CONSEQUENCES OF THE WARECONOMIC