FISH AND ANIMAL PROTEIN CONSUMPTION AND AVAILABILITY IN
TIMOR-LESTE
National Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries
Supported by the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme for South and Southeast Asia Timor-Leste
2011
2
REGIONAL FISHERIES LIVELIHOODS PROGRAMME
FOR SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA (RFLP)
FISH AND ANIMAL PROTEIN CONSUMPTION
AND AVAILABILITY IN TIMOR-LESTE (Activity Code 1.2.3; 2010-2011 work plan)
For the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme for South and Southeast Asia
Prepared by
AMSAT INTERNATIONAL
June 2011
3
Disclaimer and copyright
“This publication has been made with the financial support of the Spanish Agency of International Cooperation
for Development (AECID) through an FAO trust-fund project, the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme
(RFLP) for South and Southeast Asia. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the opinion of
FAO, AECID, or RFLP.”
All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational and
other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders
provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or
other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for
such permission should be addressed to:
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Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch
Communication Division
FAO
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or by e-mail to:
© FAO 2011
Bibliographic reference
For bibliographic purposes, please reference this publication as:
AMSAT International (2011). Fish and animal protein consumption and availability in Timor-Leste. Regional
Fisheries Livelihoods Programme for South and Southeast Asia (GCP/RAS/237/SPA) Field Project Document
2011/TIM/02.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................................................... 10
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 11
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 13 1.1 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 SURVEY LOCATIONS ................................................................................................................ 13 1.4 OUTPUT ................................................................................................................................... 14 1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT .................................................................................................... 14
2 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 15 2.1 QUANTITATIVE SURVEY .......................................................................................................... 15
2.1.1 Selection of respondents .................................................................................................. 15 2.1.2 Sampling design ............................................................................................................... 16 2.1.3 Survey constraints in Oecussi .......................................................................................... 17 2.1.4 Respondents and their households ................................................................................... 17 2.1.5 Weightings........................................................................................................................ 18 2.1.6 Coastal, non-coastal and urban categories ..................................................................... 18
2.2 QUALITATIVE .......................................................................................................................... 19 2.3 ENUMERATORS ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.4 QUESTIONNAIRE ...................................................................................................................... 21 2.5 DATA ANALYSIS OF THE COLLECTIVE RESULT RELATED TO OECUSSI DISTRICT ..................... 21
3 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ...................................................................................................... 22 3.1 POPULATION PROFILE .............................................................................................................. 22 3.2 AGE DISTRIBUTION .................................................................................................................. 22 3.3 MARITAL STATUS .................................................................................................................... 23 3.4 HOUSEHOLD SIZE ..................................................................................................................... 24 3.5 GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION ................................................................................. 26 3.6 RELIGION ................................................................................................................................. 28 3.7 EDUCATION LEVEL .................................................................................................................. 28 3.8 OCCUPATION ........................................................................................................................... 31 3.9 OWNERSHIP OF CATTLE, BOATS AND GOODS .......................................................................... 33 3.10 MONTHLY INCOME ................................................................................................................ 34
4 ANIMAL MEAT OR FISH CONSUMPTION IN TIMOR-LESTE ....................................... 38 4.1 HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOUR ................................................................................ 38 4.2 FREQUENCY OF MEAT OR FISH CONSUMPTION ........................................................................ 39 4.3 TYPES OF PROTEIN CONSUMED ................................................................................................ 43 4.4 TYPES OF FISH/SEAFOOD USUALLY CONSUMED ...................................................................... 44 4.5 COOKING PREFERENCES FOR FISH/SEAFOOD ........................................................................... 46 4.6 REASONS FOR CONSUMING FISH/SEAFOOD .............................................................................. 47 4.7 REASONS FOR NOT CONSUMING FISH/SEAFOOD ...................................................................... 49 4.8 SOURCES OF FISH/SEAFOOD ..................................................................................................... 52 4.9 DISTANCE FROM SOURCES OF FISH/SEAFOOD.......................................................................... 53 4.10 PERCEIVED EASE OF ACCESS TO FISH/SEAFOOD .................................................................... 56 4.11 FISH BUYING VOLUME ........................................................................................................... 57 4.12 FREQUENCY OF BUYING FISH ................................................................................................ 59
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4.13 CONSUMPTION OF PROCESSED FISH ....................................................................................... 61 4.14 FISH AND ANIMAL MEAT CONSUMPTION ............................................................................... 63
4.14.1 Frequency of annual consumption per year .................................................................. 63 4.14.2 Weight of consumption per meal .................................................................................... 63 4.14.3 Final calculation of consumption per capita per year ................................................... 64 4.14.4 Average consumption ..................................................................................................... 64 4.14.5 Consumption by area ..................................................................................................... 66 4.14.6 Consumption by district ................................................................................................. 66 4.14.7 Fish and meat consumption by age ................................................................................ 67 4.14.8 Fish and meat consumption by marital status ............................................................... 68 4.14.9 Fish and meat consumption by level of education ......................................................... 69 4.14.10 Fish and meat consumption by level of income and family size .................................. 70 4.14.11 Meat consumption versus ownership of cattle and chicken ......................................... 71 4.14.12 Meat/fish consumption against reported preferences .................................................. 72 4.14.13 Fish supply and fish consumption ................................................................................ 72
4.15 PERCEIVED LEVEL OF CONSUMPTION .................................................................................... 73 4.16 SEASONAL AVAILABILITY OF FISH ........................................................................................ 75
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................... 76 5.1 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................... 76 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................... 78
6 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 80
APPENDIX 1. QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................................................................. 81
APPENDIX 2. LIST OF SURVEYED ALDEIAS (VILLAGES) ................................................ 112
APPENDIX 3. RESULTS OF FISH AND MEAT CONSUMPTION LEVELS ........................ 115
APPENDIX 4. FINDINGS OF FGD’S AND IDI’S IN 5 DISTRICTS ........................................ 118
6
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1. 5 districts in Timor-Leste as target survey area (map source: United Nations
2008) ................................................................................................................................ 14
Figure 2-1. Sample distribution (%) ....................................................................................... 16
Figure 3-1. Age distribution of respondents ........................................................................... 22
Figure 3-2. Age distribution of respondents by district .......................................................... 23
Figure 3-3. Age distribution by urban-coastal categorisation ................................................. 23
Figure 3-4. Marital status of respondents. .............................................................................. 24
Figure 3-5. Marriage status of respondents by district ........................................................... 24
Figure 3-6. Percentage of respondents by household size (N = 820) ..................................... 25
Figure 3-7. Distribution of household size by total (left) and by district (right) ..................... 25
Figure 3-8. Household size of respondents based on urban-coastal-non-coastal categorisation
.......................................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 3-9. Age distribution of population by gender and by district .................................... 26
Figure 3-10. Percentage of schooling experience (N = 820) .................................................. 29
Figure 3-11. Level of education (N = 820) ............................................................................. 29
Figure 3-12. School experience of respondents by district ..................................................... 29
Figure 3-13. School experience of respondents by urban-coastal categorisation (excluding
Oecussi)............................................................................................................................ 30
Figure 3-14. Completion of school education......................................................................... 30
Figure 3-15. Percentage of drop-out status of respondents in the past ................................... 31
Figure 3-16. Percentage of work force (N = 820) ................................................................... 31
Figure 3-17. Ownership of goods, cattle and boats ................................................................. 33
Figure 3-18. Ownership of assets by district .......................................................................... 34
Figure 3-19. Respondents worked for money a month before the survey (by district) .......... 35
Figure 3-20. Respondents worked for money a month before the survey (by urban - coastal)
.......................................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 3-21. Monthly income (USD), by district ................................................................... 35
Figure 3-22. Income level groups versus type of main job ..................................................... 36
Figure 3-23. Average income groups by district .................................................................... 36
Figure 3-24. Average income groups by urban-coastal categorization .................................. 37
Figure 4-1. The way family members eat fish or seafood ...................................................... 38
Figure 4-2. Part of fish eaten by male and female members in the household ....................... 39
Figure 4-3. Part of fish eaten by age of respondent ................................................................ 39
Figure 4-4. When people have meal with fish or meat (by district and by urban-coastal) ..... 40
Figure 4-5. Frequency of consumption of meat/fish protein .................................................. 41
Figure 4-6. Past frequency of eating meat/fish by district (percent)....................................... 41
Figure 4-7. Frequency of animal protein consumption by area .............................................. 42
Figure 4-8. Frequency of animal protein consumption (by district) ....................................... 42
Figure 4-9. Types of animal protein consumed (by district) .................................................. 44
Figure 4-10. Species of fish/seafood consumed (% by area) .................................................. 46
Figure 4-11. Methods of preparing fish/seafood (by district) ................................................. 47
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Figure 4-12. Methods of preparing fish/seafood (by area) ..................................................... 47
Figure 4-13. What do you like about fish? (percentages based on all respondents = 100%) . 48
Figure 4-14. Reasons for consuming fish/seafood (%, by district)......................................... 48
Figure 4-15. Reasons for consuming fish/seafood (%, by area) ............................................. 49
Figure 4-16. What is disliked about fish (percentages based on all respondents = 100%)..... 49
Figure 4-17. What is disliked about fish (by urban-coastal) ................................................... 50
Figure 4-18. Reasons limiting consumption of fish/seafood .................................................. 51
Figure 4-19. Reasons for not eating fish or seafood (by urban-coastal) ................................. 51
Figure 4-20. Sources of fish/seafood (by district) .................................................................. 52
Figure 4-21. Sources of fish/seafood (by area) ....................................................................... 53
Figure 4-22. Distance/access to fish/seafood (by district) ...................................................... 54
Figure 4-23. Distance/access to salt water fish/seafood (by area) .......................................... 54
Figure 4-24. Availability of fish/seafood at the market the respondent goes to (by district) . 55
Figure 4-25. Availability of fish/seafood at the market the respondent goes to (by urban-
coastal) ............................................................................................................................. 56
Figure 4-26. Perceptions of ease/difficulty of access to fish/seafood (by district) ................. 56
Figure 4-27. Perceptions of ease/difficulty of access to fish/seafood (by area) ..................... 57
Figure 4-28. Volume of fish/seafood bought .......................................................................... 58
Figure 4-29. Volume bought (kg) everytime buying fish ....................................................... 58
Figure 4-30. Frequency of buying fish in general (percent) ................................................... 59
Figure 4-31. Frequency of buying fish by district .................................................................. 59
Figure 4-32. Frequency of buying fish/seafood by area ......................................................... 60
Figure 4-33. Frequency of buying fish/seafood with their weight.......................................... 60
Figure 4-34. Experience in buying processed fish/seafood .................................................... 61
Figure 4-35. Processed fish/seafood bought (by urban-coastal) ............................................. 62
Figure 4-36. Frequency of buying processed fish/seafood (by type)...................................... 62
Figure 4-37. Per-capita level of consumption of protein sources in 4 districts ...................... 65
Figure 4-38. Fish and animal meat consumption level (by urban-coastal) ............................. 66
Figure 4-39. Fish and animal meat consumption level (by district) ....................................... 67
Figure 4-40. Fish and meat consumption (g) by respondent's age .......................................... 68
Figure 4-41. Fish and meat consumption level (g) by marital status. ..................................... 69
Figure 4-42. Level of fish and meat consumption based on education level .......................... 69
Figure 4-43. Level of fish and meat consumption categorised by income level .................... 70
Figure 4-44. Fish and meat consumption level categorised by household size ...................... 71
Figure 4-45. Fish and meat consumed against livestock owned ............................................. 71
Figure 4-46. Levels of fish and meat consumption categorised by what was mostly consumed
.......................................................................................................................................... 72
Figure4-47. Fish supplyand consumption ............................................................................... 73
Figure 4-48. Perception on the quantity of fish consumed ..................................................... 74
Figure 4-49. Willingness to consume more fish if having more money ................................. 74
Figure 4-50. Fishing calendar 5 districts (source: RFLP Baseline Survey data, 2011) .......... 75
8
LIST OF TABLES
Table 0-1. Per-capita consumption of fish and meat by urban-coastal categorisation and by
district .............................................................................................................................. 12
Table 2-1. Weight scores for district sampling ....................................................................... 18
Table 2-2. Locations and participants of FGDs and IDIs ....................................................... 19
Table 3-1. Population Profile (Census 2010) .......................................................................... 22
Table 3-2. Average household size by district (survey result and census) ............................. 25
Table 3-3. Gender comparison of population by age group and by district ........................... 27
Table 3-4. Distribution of gender in the sample ..................................................................... 27
Table 3-5. Meat or fish consumed grouped by religion of respondents ................................. 28
Table 3-6. Main job/occupation in respondent’s household (N = 528) .................................. 31
Table 3-7. Distribution of jobs in districts .............................................................................. 32
Table 4-1. Type of meal consumed......................................................................................... 43
Table 4-2. Type of animal protein consumed (urban, coastal and non-coastal areas) ............ 43
Table 4-3. Species of fish/seafood consumed by district (% within district) ......................... 44
Table 4-4. Species of fish/seafood consumed by area (% within area) .................................. 45
Table 4-5. Fish and animal meat consumption (summary)..................................................... 65
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LIST OF ATTACHMENTS
1. Questionnaire
2. List of Aldeia
3. Result on fish and meat consumption level
4. Summary of key points from Focus Group Discussions and In Depth Interviews
LIST OF DATA
1. IDI and FGD Records
2. SPSS Database
3. Summary Excel Spreadsheet
LIST OF ACRONYMS
BPS Biro Pusat Statistik (Statistics Indonesia)
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FGD Focus Group Discussions
IDI In-Depth Interviews
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries
RFLP Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme
UNTL Universidade Nacional Timor Lorosa’e
LIST OF TERMS
Aldeia Timorese term for a sub-village grouping. In terms of size, an aldeia can be
equivalent to a dusun in Indonesia or a hamlet in English. Aldeias are not
formalized divisions with administrative authority. Timor-Leste has a total of 2,225
aldeias.
Animal protein
Protein sourced from animals including fish, other sea or freshwater animals.
Fish Fish and other sea or freshwater animals consumed as sources of animal protein.
Meat Non-sea or non-freshwater animal meat consumed as source of animal protein.
Suco Sucos are the smallest administrative division. A group of sucos creates a
subdistrict. According to the National Directorate of Statistics there are 442 sucos
in Timor-Leste. In terms of size a suco can be equivalent to a desa/kelurahan
(administrative village) in Indonesia.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This report has been prepared for the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme (RFLP) of
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) by AMSAT
INTERNATIONAL. This survey of fish and animal protein consumption and availability was
conducted in parallel with the Timor-Leste Baseline Survey under the RFLP programme.
This report was developed by a team led by project manager Dr. Linda Christanty. Frieda
Subrata, community development and nutrition specialist, led the field survey team which
consisted of: Risang Rimbatmaja as survey specialist, Andreas Medah as post-harvest and
marketing expert in agriculture and fisheries and Lamidi as expert in livelihoods
enhancement and diversification. Jim Travers coordinated the final report analysis and report
production working with the entire team. Rudy Purba assisted the team in the report analysis
and report writing. The team also thanks Dr. Paul McShane for reviewing the final analysis
and assisting in final editing work.
We would like to thank Don Griffiths, Chief Technical Advisor RFLP, for his continuing
support and guidance in finalizing the report. Also Dr. Enrique Alonso and Pedro Rodriques
of the RFLP office in Dili for their continuous support in every aspect of the survey at the
national and district level and specifically to Dr. Enrique Alonso for his comments and
feedback in finalizing this report.
We also thank the people who provided us with strong cooperation and assistance during the
field survey: Alexio Gusmao Correia from the District Fisheries Officer (DFO) in Baucau,
Junior Pascoal de Carvalho from the DFO in Bobonaro, Elsa de Carvalho from the DFO in
Covalima and Agustinho Lao from the DFO in Oecussi.
The survey included hundreds of respondents and covered large areas of five districts in
Timor-Leste (Baucau, Dili, Bobonaro, Covalima and Oecussi) and would have been
impossible without the strong cooperation and support of the Universidade Nacional de
Timor-Leste (UNTL). We thank UNTL professors for their comments on the survey
questionnaire and all senior students of the UNTL who became part of our team as
enumerators in the survey and who faced the challenges of the survey including bad weather,
rough seas, poor roads, accidents and inadequate facilities, with good spirits and
perseverance.
Lastly we thank FAO for the funding and we acknowledge the funding support of the Spanish
Agency for International Development (AECID) that made this survey and report writing
possible.
11
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A survey of fish and meat consumption and its availability in Timor-Leste was undertaken
during January 2011 in the five districts of Baucau, Dili, Bobonaro, Covalima and Oecussi.
The survey was conducted together with a baseline livelihoods survey for the Regional
Fisheries Livelihoods Programme (RFLP) in Timor-Leste. The RFLP is a 4-year programme
of the FAO with activities in Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Timor-Leste
and Viet Nam which is being implemented with financial support from Spain (US$19.4
million). The RFLP aims to “strengthen capacity among participating small-scale fishing
communities and their supporting institutions towards improved livelihoods and sustainable
fisheries resources management”. RFLP management is headquartered in the FAO in
Bangkok and has dedicated management staff based in Dili.
The survey included 820 randomly selected respondents in 80 aldeia (hamlets) in 55 suco
(villages) in 5 districts. A mixed method approach was used including household survey
(structured interviews), focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. Interviews were
conducted by enumerators recruited from the Universidade Nacional Timor Lorosa’e (UNTL)
who were trained and supervised by AMSAT International. The questionnaire was developed
by AMSAT International in collaboration with RFLP and five professors from the
Universidade Nacional de Timor Lorosa’e, and was field tested in Dili before the survey.
Respondents are grouped according to age, gender, household size, marital status, educational
achievement, occupation, asset ownership and monthly income. The consumption and
availability data collected have been analysed by district, and also by area, i.e. urban, non-
coastal and coastal.
Regional coverage was affected by difficulty of access to some targeted aldeias in Oecussi
(see section 2.1.3 below). Oecussi results are therefore only representative of 70% of
Oecussi’s total population, covering the Pante Makasar and Oesilo subdistricts.
As a consequence the Oecussi data has been excluded from the collective survey in relation
to district comparisons of fish and meat consumption levels. The results therefore reflect data
from Baucau, Dili, Bobonaro and Covalima districts. However, Oecussi data has been
included in the overall comparisons of urban, coastal and non-coastal areas, as these
comparisons are not based on districts. As its population representativeness was quite high
(70%) in many cases Oecussi results were also included in the overall, collective results and
collective analysis.
Key findings include:
Combined fish and meat consumption averages 19.4 kg/cap/year
Fish consumption was relatively low 6.1 kg/cap/year
There was significant variation in consumption of fish between districts ranging from
2.7 kg/cap/year in Bobonaro to 7.7 kg/cap/year in Dili.
12
There was significant variation in consumption of fish between urban, non-coastal and
coastal areas with subsistence fishing and access to markets being considered as the
main factors that influenced the variation.
Average meat consumption was 13.3 kg/cap/year. Meat consumption was relatively
even across urban, coastal and non-coastal areas, but varied greatly between districts.
Table 0-1. Per-capita consumption of fish and meat by urban-coastal categorisation and by district
Area/District Consumption (kg/capita/year)
Fish Meat Total **)
By Area Type
Urban 6.0 19.1 25.2
Coastal 17.6 12.1 29.7
Non-Coastal 4.0 11.6 15.6
Mean *) 6.1 13.3 19.4
By District
Baucau 5.9 11.6 17.5
Dili 7.7 18.2 26.0
Bobonaro 2.7 7.0 9.6
Covalima 5.5 6.6 12.2
Mean *) 6.1 13.3 19.4
*) Mean was generated from 4 districts, excluding Oecussi
**) Values were rounded after calculating fish and meat combined
Note: In Oecussi (with data from Pante Makasar and Oesilo subdistricts only) the fish consumption level was
9.3 kg/capita/year and the meat consumption level was 22.3 kg/capita/year. Total fish and meat consumption
was 31.6 kg/capita/year.
13
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
With a coastline of approximately 700 km, there is considerable potential for fisheries to
provide valuable protein for the Timorese people. The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries
(MAF) estimated that 5,265 fishers operate along the Timor-Leste coastline, conducting
mainly coastal fishing and harvest of intertidal resources. There is an opportunity to further
develop coastal fisheries to improve the nutrition and well being of the people of Timor-
Leste.
The fish and animal protein consumption and availability survey was one of the activities
required by the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme (RFLP) in Timor-Leste. The
activity aimed to provide information about fish consumption (fresh and processed), together
with demand, supply, availability and market chains. This complements baseline information
on fishery product development, improving supply chains to market, and strengthening/
diversifying income opportunities of fisher families. Furthermore, a fish consumption survey
would fill a gap in regards to patterns of animal protein consumption in Timor-Leste.
1.2 Objective
The objectives of the survey were to estimate current levels of fish and meat consumption
and obtain related information on supply, demand and availability. The survey results are
expected to be used as the basis for the development of policies and strategies of Timor-
Leste’s fisheries and aquaculture sectors.
1.3 Survey locations
The survey was conducted in five districts (Figure 1-1):
1. Baucau
2. Dili (including Atauro)
3. Bobonaro
4. Covalima
5. Oecussi (an enclave within Indonesia).
14
Figure 1-1. 5 districts in Timor-Leste as target survey area (map source: United Nations 2008)
1.4 Output
The outputs include information on:
Fish and meat consumption in general,
Fish consumption in coastal, non coastal and urban areas,
Fish consumption per district, and
Fish supply/availability.
1.5 Structure of the report
The report consists of five Sections.
Section 1 is the introduction, covering the background, the objective and the survey
locations. It also describes the broad structure of the report.
Section 2 describes the methodology of the survey.
Section 3 describes the general demographic features of the survey respondents.
Section 4 presents the results of the survey with comments and analyses where
appropriate.
Section 5 presents conclusions and recommendations.
15
2 METHODOLOGY
The study employed a mixed-method of quantitative and qualitative survey, with quantitative
survey as the main focus. Data collection methods included:
Desk review of available secondary data sources e.g. official census, existing reports
and research,
Household survey (structured interview),
Focus group discussions (FGD), and
In-depth interviews (IDI).
Finding the level and patterns of consumption of fish and other animal protein sources was
the focus of the quantitative survey. The quantitative survey was also broadened to include
socio-economic aspects of fish or meat consumption. The qualitative survey targeted the
daily activities and socio-economic aspects of respondents that were relevant to fish or meat
consumption. The qualitative survey was expected to describe the influence of livelihoods on
the level of fish and meat consumption. Although there was some overlap in timing and
location between the quantitative and qualitative surveys, conducted by different enumerators
and/or field teams, generally the quantitative survey was conducted first followed by the
qualitative survey. The quantitative survey assisted in identifying good informants to
participate in the FGDs and the IDIs.
2.1 Quantitative survey
2.1.1 Selection of respondents
A random survey was conducted in five districts of Timor-Leste (namely Baucau, Dili,
Bobonaro, Covalima, and Oecussi). The total number of respondents was 820.
Dili district: 332 respondents (33 aldeias)
Baucau district: 164 respondents (16 aldeias)
Bobonaro district: 134 respondents (13 aldeias)
Covalima district: 90 respondents (9 aldeias)
Oecussi district: 100 respondents (9 aldeias)
The sample distribution among the five districts was achieved based on the respective district
populations and is described below (Fig. 2-1):
16
Figure 2-1. Sample distribution (%)
Dili had the largest sample size with 332 respondents (41%) followed by Baucau (164
respondents, 20%), Bobonaro (134 respondents, 16%), and Oecussi (100 respondents, 12%).
The district with the smallest sample size was Covalima with 90 respondents (11%).
2.1.2 Sampling design
The 820 respondents were selected randomly using a two-stage random sampling procedure1
at the aldeia level. Details of available aldeia for each suco were received from local
government offices and further verified in the field. Randomization was applied at aldeia
level. In total there were 80 aldeias selected across 55 sucos.
In each aldeia, 10 or 11 respondents were selected at random. The field team first created a
list of households based on official information from the head of the aldeia and this list was
then verified in the fieldwork process. In cases where lists of households were not available,
the field team derived these from visits to the aldeia and made a simple map in order to list of
households.
Randomisation was then achieved from the final list of households through a systematic
random process. First, the team selected a starting point using randomly selected tickets with
numbers corresponding to individual households in the aldeia. Next, households to be
interviewed were selected based on an interval number, which was calculated by dividing the
total number of all households by the target number in the actual survey, which varies from
10 to 20 per aldeia. (A list of surveyed aldeias and their corresponding subdistricts and
districts is presented in Table A in Appendix 2).
1 Sampling was designed using guidelines described in Magnani, R (1997). Sampling Guide. Food and Nutrition
Technical Assistance Project (FANTA). Washington: Academy for Educational Development.
20.0
40.5
16.311.0 12.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
BAUCAU DILI BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSI
17
2.1.3 Survey constraints in Oecussi
The field surveys were conducted in January 2011, during the rainy season in Timor-Leste.
This compromised the survey in several areas of Oecussi district as some parts of the survey
area were inaccessible due to flash flooding and road closures during the survey period.
Random selection of aldeias was therefore conducted only in the accessible subdistricts.
Thus, the results for Oecussi do not fully cover the whole district area. Nonetheless, to allow
analysis with the predefined confidence level the sample size was maintained and
replacement aldeias were selected in Pante Makasar (70 respondents) and Oesilo (30
respondents) subdistricts. Based on the district and subdistrict population, the respondent
sample in Pante Makasar represented 54% of the district population (total population 65,524)
and the Oesilo respondent sample represented 16% of the district population2. Therefore the
Oecussi survey result could explain the condition and characteristics of 70% population of
the district.
Many of the aldeias in Pante Makasar (with 27 respondents) belong to coastal areas and are
located inside or close to the city of Pante Makasar whereas all Oesilo aldeias surveyed (with
30 respondents) were inland and are non-coastal. Two other subdistricts (Nitibe and Passabe)
were not surveyed given the above-mentioned constraints.
2.1.4 Respondents and their households
The sampling process used households as the sampling unit. Thus, the 820 respondents were
selected as representative of the whole population within five districts. Although the
households were selected randomly, most people responding to the questionnaires were the
wives of the heads of households. Women were generally the ones (99.3%) available for
interview at the time of survey and were knowledgeable about household consumption habits.
The per-person consumption data presented is based on the average consumption level of the
respondent. However this consumption level was also tested and checked to compare to the
average per-person consumption level of the members of the household that the respondent
represented (see section 4.1).
Overall, the survey design gained +/- 5% Confidence Interval (CI) at 95% Confidence Level
(CL) using 50% population parameter (assumed unknown). Confidence intervals for survey
data varied according to the sample size at district level (Dili = 8.1%; Oecussi= 13.8%;
Covalima = 14.4%; Baucau = 10.7%; Bobonaro =11.5%).
Although representativeness of the whole district was compromised by the exclusion of some
subdistricts, data for Oecussi were still constructed with random selection and are considered
valid since the size of sample was maintained in the survey. However data collected for
Oecussi are only representative of 70% of the population of whole district.
2 Based on Census 2010 data, the total population of Oecussi district was 65,524 which comprised the
population in Nitibe 11,414, Oesilo 10,717, Pante Makasar 35,159 and Passabe 8,234.
18
2.1.5 Weightings
The weight applied to each respondent is calculated by:
[(district population) / (total population) ] x [ (total sample) / (district sample) ],
where total population = 561,189 and total sample = 820.
Table 2-1. Weight scores for district sampling
District
District
population
size
% district
population by total
population
Sample
size
% sample size by
total sample size Weight
(A) (B) (A x 1/B)
Baucau 111,484 19.8656781 164 20.0000000 0.99328390257
Dili 234,331 41.7561641 332 40.4878049 1.03132694573
Bobonaro 89,787 15.9994227 134 16.3414634 0.97906914751
Covalima 60,063 10.7028114 90 10.9756098 0.97514503432
Oecussi 65,524 11.6759238 100 12.1951220 0.95742575140
561,189 100 820 100
2.1.6 Coastal, non-coastal and urban categories
The respondent households were classified into three geographical types: coastal, non-coastal
and urban. The objective of this classification was to assess differences in food consumption
patterns among urban, coastal and non-coastal areas. Classification was applied at the scale of
the aldeia (i.e. not at the larger village or subdistrict scales). Based on RFLP guidelines the
three geographical types were defined as follows:
Urban represents a large city e.g. Dili. All aldeias within Dili city were classified as
urban (e.g. Caqueo Laran aldeia in Becora suco Cristo Rei subdistrict, Aimutin aldeia
in Comoro suco Dom Aleixo subdistrict).
Coastal represents aldeias that border directly with the sea. Thus, all aldeias in Dili
district (e.g. all aldeias surveyed in Atauro, Fatu Cama aldeia in Meti Aut suco Cristo
Rei subdistrict, Fatuisin aldeia in Camenasa suco Suai subdistrict). Most aldeias in
larger villages like Liquiça, Suai or Baucau were classified as coastal.
Non-coastal means aldeias that do not directly border the sea. This included all
aldeias randomly selected and surveyed in Bobonaro.
Based on this classification, of the 820 respondents, 151 were from urban aldeias, 117 were
from coastal aldeias, and 552 were from non-coastal areas (Table B in Appendix 2).
Data from Oecussi district, covering coastal and non-coastal areas, were included in the
analysis even though it did not cover the whole district due to the survey constraints for
Oecussi described in section 2.1.3. The area type comparison, based on urban/coastal/non-
coastal, describes the condition regardless of the districts. Therefore the Oecussi results were
still included in this area type analysis.
19
2.2 Qualitative
The qualitative study was conducted in all districts: Dili, Baucau, Bobonaro, Covalima, and
Oecussi. It included two data collection methods: Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and In-
depth Interviews (IDIs). The two methods were employed independently with some overlap
among participants.
The standard FGDs normally required 6-12 participants to discuss relevant issues facilitated
by a moderator and recorded by a dedicated note-taker. Participants had been selected from
respondents to questionnaires as being information rich. In two FGDs there were only 3-5
participants, but the participants were especially information rich. Typically each FGD lasted
1 to 1.5 hours with several short breaks to energise participants. FGDs included an
introductory session to arouse participation followed by easy-to-respond questions
(experiential questions). When all participants were comfortable, more analytical questions
were asked.
FGDs were undertaken in all districts. FGDs were held at community level (aldeia/suco) with
the teams facilitating 2-4 FGDs at each location. Most participants included lay persons and
poor families.
Although FGDs were only undertaken at aldeia/suco level, IDIs were conducted both at
community level and at decision-making (i.e. district) level. The study team completed four
IDIs in each district with selected FGD participants, local MAF/DFO (District Fishery
Office) and household members. For deeper understanding of salient issues, each informant
was interviewed several times with each session lasting 30 to 60 minutes. At community
level, some IDI informants were participants in FGDs who had demonstrated richer
knowledge on relevant issues, such as cultural matters regarding fish consumption. At
decision-making or district level, interviews were held with key informants at local offices
(District Fisheries Offices).
Topics of discussions in the FGDs were designed to support the topics of questions addressed
in the quantitative questionnaire, i.e. occupation; daily activities; daily household expenses;
daily menu; fish and meat consumption; aspects of culture, and traditions within communities
related to fish and meat consumption.
The locations, types and number of participants of FGDs and IDIs are shown in Table 2-2.
Table 2-2. Locations and participants of FGDs and IDIs
District Subdistrict Type Participants No. of
participants
Baucau Vemase FGD Male farmers 7
Buruma IDI Housewife, farmer 1
Dili Bidau Lisidere FGD Mainly housewives, adult females 10
20
District Subdistrict Type Participants No. of
participants
Lisidere and
Capella FGD
Fishers, unemployed, retired person
and housewives 10
Comoro, Dili city IDI Housewife 1
Bidao, Dili city IDI Housewife of expatriate 1
Dili city IDI Housewife, restaurant owner 1
Cili city IDI Male expatriate, development
organisation 1
Bobonaro
Batugade, Balibo FGD Fishers (2 fisher groups) 14
n/a IDI Local staff of development
organisation 1
Covalima
Maudemo, Suai FGD Housewives, farmers 3
Cassa Bauk, Suai IDI Housewife, farmer, wife of teacher 1
n/a IDI Local staff of development
organisation 1
Oecussi
Oesono FGD Housewives, some fishing helpers
and reef gleaners 5
Oesilo IDI Camat (subdistrict head) 1
Pante Makasar IDI Housewife, fishing and farming 1
Oenoah, Bobometo,
Oesilo IDI
Housewife, farmer, wife of suco
chief 1
Hoineno,
Bobometo, Oesilo IDI Housewife, farmer 1
Noapai, Kunha,
Pante Makasar IDI Civil servant, wife 1
Bonemese,
Naimeco, Pante
Makasar
IDI Housewife, wife of suco chief 1
Baki, Naimeco,
Pante Makasar IDI Housewife, farmer 1
Bausiu, Nipani,
Pante Makasar IDI Housewife, wife of aldeia chief 1
Information gained from qualitative surveys, such as livelihood activities and other general
activities, reinforced the findings of the quantitative survey covering similar issues. Other
important issues from the FGDs and IDIs, although not directly linked to the quantitative
survey results, informed sources of variation on fish and meat consumption patterns within
households and communities.
2.3 Enumerators
The enumerator teams that conducted the field work consisted of students from Universidade
Nacional Timor Lorosa'e (UNTL) who spoke both Tetum and Bahasa Indonesia. Fluency in
Tetum was important because most respondents were more comfortable with this language.
Bahasa Indonesia was used in training sessions and in supervision because some field teams
came from Indonesia. The minimum education level of an enumerator was a diploma degree.
To ensure adequate skills for the survey activities, a two-day training course with practical
21
sessions was conducted for the enumerators. This included training in the conduct of
interviews, random selection of respondents and survey coordination.
Quality Control was applied at several levels:
Observation during the enumerator training session to ensure level of skill (all
participants were observed);
Cross checking and spot checking during field work (10% of all questionnaires were
checked);
Checking of data entry (100% of completed filled questionnaires were checked); and
Double check of electronic database entries (10% of entries were checked).
2.4 Questionnaire
The questionnaire was developed by the consultant team and revised by RFLP together with a
research advisory board comprised of five selected UNTL professors. UNTL input into the
survey design was considered important as it was engaged as the principal education
organisation in country in the survey process to advise on particularities and potential
constraints while doing quantitative research in Timor-Leste. Before implementation of the
survey, the questionnaire was also tested through a pilot survey of 29 respondents in Dili to
check for appropriate wording and to ensure easy understanding of the questions by
respondents. On average, each interview took 60 to 90 minutes to complete. Respondents
were advised of the expected duration of interview before starting as part of the informed
consent part of the questionnaire. There were no objections regarding the duration of the
interview.
2.5 Data analysis of the collective result related to Oecussi district
During the initial analysis, it became apparent that the results from Oecussi were distorting
the average results of the survey for some issues. They were accordingly excluded from the
overall analysis of consumption levels. However due to the high representativeness (70%) of
Oecussi sample of total population of Oecussi district (see section 2.1.3), Oecussi district
results were included when generating a collective result in many cases. They are included in
the rest of the analysis where notice is given (patterns of consumption, type of animal protein
and others). However, caution must be used regarding the results from Oecussi in order to
avoid erroneous interpretations and extrapolations. When analysis uses categorisation of
urban/coastal/non-coastal the Oecussi results were included to generate the collective results
as the essence of the analysis lies in the characteristics of respondents, based on the area type,
not on the district where they live.
In this report, all collective results were generated mainly from 5-district results. Where 4-
district collective results are considered a more accurate interpretation on the subjects or the
variables, the exclusion of Oecussi is mentioned in the texts, figures and tables.
22
3 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
This section describes the main demographic features of the surveyed respondents in terms of
age and gender distribution, household size and marital status, educational achievement,
occupation, asset ownership, and monthly income.
3.1 Population profile
The District of Dili had the greatest population density (479 people/km2) and Covalima
District the least (44 people/km2). Oecussi which is an enclave district separated from the
mainland of Timor-Leste had the smallest household size (4.7) of all Districts (Table 3-1).
Table 3-1. Population Profile (Census 2010)
District name Baucau Dili Bobonaro Covalima Oecussi
Number of subdistrict 6 6 6 7 4
Number of suco 59 31 50 30 18
Number of aldeia 281 241 193 147 61
Average household size
(number of people)
5.2 6.7 5.4 5.4 4.7
Number of household 21,439 34,975 16,627 11,123 13,941
Population size 111,484 234,331 89,787 60,063 65,524
Density (people/km2) 66.9 478.8 60.7 44.1 70.8
3.2 Age distribution
Most respondents (46.7%) were aged between 30–44 years and only a very small portion
(2.8%) were senior citizens (aged 65 or older) (Fig. 3-1). Some 22.1% were aged between 17-
29 years, and 28.4% were aged between 45 and 64 years. Younger respondents were more
prominent in Oecussi (26%), Dili (25%) and Bobonaro (24.6%) (Fig. 3-2).
Figure 3-1. Age distribution of respondents
22.1
46.7
28.4
2.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
17-24 Y 30-44 Y 45-64 Y 65+
23
Figure 3-2. Age distribution of respondents by district
The greatest frequency of young respondents was in urban areas (Fig. 3-3).
Figure 3-3. Age distribution by urban-coastal categorisation
3.3 Marital status
Most respondents (85.7%) were married and only 6.5% were single. About 7.2% were
widows and 0.6% were divorcees. Oecussi had the largest percentage of married respondents
(96%) and Dili and Bobonaro had the lowest (83%) (Fig. 3-4).
12.8
25 24.6 20
26
45.7 46.1 44.8 48.9 51
36.6
26.5 29.1
26.7 22
4.9 2.4 1.5
4.4 1.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
BAUCAU DILLI BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSE
17-24 Y
30-44 Y
45-64 Y
65+
24
Figure 3-4. Marital status of respondents.
The distribution based on urban-coastal-non-coastal classification reveals similar marital
status (Fig. 3-5).
Figure 3-5. Marriage status of respondents by district
3.4 Household size
Most respondents belonged to households of five members or greater (up to 22 members).
Only 22.6% of respondents came from small size households (1 – 4 persons) (Fig. 3-6).
85.7
6.5 0.6 7.2
MARRIED
NOT MARRIED/SINGLE
DIVORCE
WIDOW
25
Figure 3-6. Percentage of respondents by household size (N = 820)
Across all districts there were a mean of 7.0 people per household, but Baucau and Dili were
positively skewed towards larger household sizes (Fig. 3-7).
Figure 3-7. Distribution of household size by total (left) and by district (right)
Among districts, the smallest household size was in Oecussi (5.6) and the highest was in Dili
(7.9) (Table 3-2). The mean household sizes showed a similar trend to Census 2010 data, but
were significantly higher than that of the Census data.
Table 3-2. Average household size by district (survey result and census)
Number of people Baucau Dili Bobonaro Covalima Oecussi Total
Mean 7.01 7.87 6.19 5.98 5.58 6.96
Std. Dev. 3.19 3.47 2.35 2.15 1.97 3.1
N 163 342 131 88 96 820
Average household size
(Census 2010) 5.2 6.7 5.4 5.4 4.7
The District of Dili, being urban, had large household sizes (> 7 members). Results for other
categories are shown in Figure 3-8. When coastal and non-coastal areas are compared, large
households, with more than 7 people, tended to exist more in the non-coastal area (36%).
22.6
39.6 37.8
1 - 4 persons 5 - 7 persons 8 persons or
more
26
Figure 3-8. Household size of respondents based on urban-coastal-non-coastal categorisation
3.5 Gender distribution of population
The gender distribution in the 5 districts derived from Census 2010 shows males 51-52% of
the population in productive age groups. The percentage number of men was lower than
women for old age groups (> 65 years) (Fig. 3-9).
Figure 3-9. Age distribution of population by gender and by district
51%
52% 52%
49% 49%
48% 48%
51%
15-29 Y 30-44 Y 45-64 Y 65+
Male Female
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Mal
e
Fem
ale
Mal
e
Fem
ale
Mal
e
Fem
ale
Mal
e
Fem
ale
Mal
e
Fem
ale
Baucau Bobonaro Dili Covalima Oecussi
15-29 Y
30-44 Y
45-64 Y
65+
27
Table 3-3. Gender comparison of population by age group and by district
District Gender Age Group
15-29 Y 30-44 Y 45-64 Y 65 +
Baucau Male 49% 49% 50% 48%
Female 51% 51% 50% 52%
Bobonaro Male 48% 49% 49% 50%
Female 52% 51% 51% 50%
Dili Male 53% 57% 55% 47%
Female 47% 43% 45% 53%
Covalima Male 48% 50% 51% 50%
Female 52% 50% 49% 50%
Oecussi Male 47% 48% 51% 50%
Female 53% 52% 49% 50%
When comparing the ratio between men and women in each age group among districts, the
percentage of women were slightly higher than that of men in the age group of 15-29 years
old, except for Dili where men were proportionally greater than women (Table 3-3).
Most of the respondents to the survey were women. In almost all cases, based on the
questionnaire test, they were considered more information rich than men in regards to food
consumption in the households. This was especially so for housewives, who formed the
majority in the women respondents, and traditionally undertake most of the household
activities related to cooking or preparing meals for their families. This was confirmed by
discussions and interviews within FGDs and IDIs. Therefore most women could be
considered to be knowledgeable of household food consumption patterns.
Table 3-4. Distribution of gender in the sample
Respondent categorisation Sex
Total Male Female
By District
Baucau 1 162 163
Dili 5 337 342
Bobonaro 0 131 131
Covalima 0 88 88
Oecussi 0 96 96
Total 6 814 820
By Area Type
Urban 0 156 156
Coastal 1 116 117
Non-coastal 5 542 547
Total 6 814 820
28
Section 4.1 explains how the survey data was extrapolated to make women respondents
representative of the whole survey respondents for animal-protein consumption levels.
3.6 Religion
The distribution of religious affiliation of the respondents showed that all districts except Dili
were Catholic. Dili respondents were 97.7% Catholic, 1.5% Other Christian and 0.6%
Moslem.
As most respondents were Catholic, it was difficult to ascribe meat and fish consumption
patterns to religion. Most respondents ate chicken and marine (seawater/saltwater) fish.
Catholic and Christian respondents ate more pork than beef. A large number of respondents
also ate eggs (Table 3-5).
Table 3-5. Meat or fish consumed grouped by religion of respondents
Kind of meat or fish consumed
Total
Religion
Ch
ick
en
Lam
b/
go
at
Po
rk
Bee
f
Bu
ffal
o/b
eef
Fre
shw
ater
fis
h
Mar
ine
fish
Eg
gs
Dee
r
Do
g
Ho
rse
Dri
ed f
ish
Catholic 714 355 571 480 407 179 624 533 4 7 2 13 756
Christian 5 2 4 4 3 1 4 5 0 1 1 0 5
Moslem 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2
Other 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
Total 722 360 576 485 411 180 631 539 4 8 3 13 764
3.7 Education level
At least 66% of the respondents that were interviewed attended school, whereas the rest
(34%) did not have any formal education3 (Fig. 3-10). Of those who had attended school,
39% went to elementary school, although only half of them (20%) graduated. Of those 36.8%
respondents who attended high school, 30.9% graduated (Fig. 3-11).
3 If Oecussi is excluded, the percentage of respondents that attended school is 67%, which is similar to the
average of 5 districts (66%).
29
Figure 3-10. Percentage of schooling experience (N = 820)
Figure 3-11. Level of education (N = 820)
Among districts, Dili had the highest number of educated respondents (88%). As most
Oecussi respondents were located in the Pante Makasar subdistrict, where the capital city of
Oecussi is located, there is a relatively high proportion of school experience among
respondents (62%). The other three districts had similar proportions of schooling (56%) (Fig.
3-12).
Figure 3-12. School experience of respondents by district
66.0
34.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
YES NO
18.7
19.8
7.0
14.8
5.9
30.9
0.2
1.1
0.6
1.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
ELEMENTARY NOT COMPLETED
ELEMENTARY COMPLETED
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL NOT COMPLETED
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL COMPLETED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL NOT COMPLETED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL COMPLETED
DIPLOMA NOT COMPLETED
DIPLOMA COMPLETED
BACHELOR NOT COMPLETED
BACHELOR COMPLETED
30
Urban-coastal classification (whilst excluding Oecussi) shows that non-coastal respondents
had the highest percentage of non-schooling (39%) followed by coastal respondents (32%)
(Fig. 3-13).
Figure 3-13. School experience of respondents by urban-coastal categorisation (excluding Oecussi)
In total only 31% of respondents completed high school and only 27% completed elementary
school. 19% of respondents did not complete or attend elementary school (Fig.3-14). These
percentages were almost equal to the averages of the 4 districts (excluding Oecussi district),
e.g. elementary school not completed 17%, junior high school completed 21% and senior
high school completed 32%.
Figure 3-14. Completion of school education
31
When districts were compared, school-drop-out percentages were generally high in
elementary school. Drop-out rates declined from elementary to senior high school (Fig. 3-15).
It should be noted, however, that data reflect mainly adult women respondents.
Figure 3-15. Percentage of drop-out status of respondents in the past
3.8 Occupation
Most of the main income earners in the respondent households (64.4%) worked to earn their
living (Fig. 3-16), including occupations such as farmer (56.8%), shop/kiosk owner (10%),
and teacher (7.6%) (Table 3-6). Almost a half (48.9%) of those working had a second
occupation.
Figure 3-16. Percentage of work force (N = 820)
Table 3-6. Main job/occupation in respondent’s household (N = 528)
Occupation Percentage
Teacher 7.6
Lecturer 0.2
Director 0.4
Medical doctor/animal doctor 0.2
PNTL/F-FDTL employee 2.5
61%
43%
20%
0%
38%
27%
14% 20%
33%
53%
38%
25%
35%
21% 21%
0%
53%
33%
18%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Elementary S Junior HS Senior HS Diploma Bachelor
Schooling drop-out status of respondents (by district)
BAUCAU
DILI
BOBONARO
COVALIMA
OECUSSI
64.4
35.6
YES NO
32
Occupation Percentage
Public servant 7.2
Farmer 56.8
Fisher 0.4
Farm worker 0.6
Market/shop worker 1.3
Building worker 0.9
Seller at market/mall/shop 1.3
Informal vendor 3.6
Kiosk/small shop owner 10.0
Seaweed farmer 0.2
Processed fish vendor/seller 0.2
Tailor 0.6
Home industry /handicraft 1.9
Staff at private company 2.8
In all districts farmer was the most common occupation within the households of respondents
(Table 3-7). There were very few fishers because the data reflect the survey areas, which
include non-coastal and urban, as well as coastal areas.
Table 3-7. Distribution of jobs in districts
Occupation Percentage per district
Baucau Dili Bobonaro Covalima Oecussi Total
Teacher 5.2 9.6 4.4 6.6 11.1 7.6
Lecturer - 0.5 - - - 0.2
Director - 1.0 - - - 0.4
Medical doctor/animal doctor 0.9 - - - - 0.2
PNTL/F-FDTL employee - 6.1 - 1.6 - 2.5
Public servant 5.2 13.2 2.2 3.3 3.2 7.2
Farmer 80.2 25.4 73.6 78.7 66.7 56.8
Fisher - 1.0 - - - 0.4
Farm worker 0.9 0.5 - - 1.6 0.6
Market/shop worker - 3.6 - - - 1.3
Building worker - 2.0 1.1 - - 0.9
Seller at market/mall/shop - 6.1 1.1 - - 1.3
Informal vendor 2.6 16.8 2.2 - 3.2 3.6
Kiosk/small shop owner 4.3 16.8 8.8 1.6 9.5 10.0
Seaweed farmer - 0.5 - - - 0.2
Processed fish vendor/seller 0.9 0.5 3.3 - - 0.2
Tailor*) - 1.5 - - - 0.6
Home industry /handicraft*) - 0.5 3.3 4.9 4.8 1.9
Staff at private company*) - 7.1 - 1.6 - 2.8
*): Other jobs collected during survey.
Of those earning relatively high incomes ($600 and $1,400), most were farmers, teachers and
public servants. However, owning a kiosk/small shop was a common second occupation
generating high income for the teachers.
33
The documented occupations are probably not complete as other job categories were not
included in the questionnaire during the first survey trial. However occupations identified
during the survey included: tailor, home industry/handicraft and staff at a private company.
3.9 Ownership of cattle, boats and goods
Most respondents (>90%) owned their own homes. Many (75% of respondents) owned pigs
and chickens (Fig. 3-17).
Figure 3-17. Ownership of goods, cattle and boats
Ownership of livestock is common. However the survey did not quantify the numbers of
cattle and chickens owned and whether the cattle and chickens were consumed by the owners
or sold to generate income. The FGD/IDIs revealed that many respondents consumed meat
from their own livestock only when they held traditional family ceremonies. Some sold their
livestock to generate income and some sold them to pay back creditors or relatives from
which they had borrowed money.
Outside of Dili, most respondents (at least 83%) in the other 4 districts owned chickens and
pigs. In Dili only 52-58% owned chickens and pigs (Fig. 3-18).
13.3 20.7
4.5 0.7 0.5
35.1 34.1
22.8 18.5 14.0
8.8
62.3
91.5
27.4 35.7
76.0 76.8
2.0 0.2 2.2
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
34
Figure 3-18. Ownership of assets by district
In Bobonaro, Covalima and Oecussi districts more than half of the respondents surveyed
owned cows, whereas the proportion was lower in Dili (5%) and Baucau (20%) (Fig. 3-18).
More than 42% of respondents in the districts of Baucau, Bobonaro and Oecussi owned goats
or sheep (Fig. 3-18).
The percentage of boat owners across all districts is very low. In Bobonaro 5% of
respondents owned motorised boats. Covalima had 8% respondents who owned wooden row
boats. Only 1-2% of the respondents in all districts owned motorised boats, wooden sailboats
or wooden rowboats. These data reflected the survey areas, which were not only coastal, but
also non-coastal and urban.
3.10 Monthly income
Of all respondents, 64% worked for money in the month before the survey was conducted
(Fig. 3-19). This proportion was highest (69%) in non-coastal areas (Fig. 3-20).
6
48
92
20
49
93 96
14
77
87
5
20
52 58
6
60
93
54
43
93 85
4
60
97
54
31
91
83
2
42
97
53 59
91 91
9
62
91
27
36
76 77
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
TELEPHONE HANDPHONE OWN HOUSE COW GOAT/SHEEP PIG CHICKEN
Pe
rce
nt
Goods/house/animals/ownership
BAUCAU DILI BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSI All Districts
35
Figure 3-19. Respondents worked for money a month before the survey (by district)
Figure 3-20. Respondents worked for money a month before the survey (by urban - coastal)
With the exception of Dili, more than 50% of respondents in each district lived on monthly
incomes of less than $100. Some 43% of respondents in Baucau lived on less than $50 per
month, as did 34% of respondents in Bobonaro and 28% of respondents in Covalima (Fig. 3-
21).
Figure 3-21. Monthly income (USD), by district
71%
59%
68% 68% 63%
29%
41%
32% 32% 37%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
BAUCAU DILI BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSI
Last month worked for money (by district)
YES
NO
56% 53%
69%
44% 47%
31%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
URBAN COASTAL NON COASTAL
Last month worked for money
YES
NO
43
10
34
28 24 24
30
17
35 33
38
27
20
34
19
28
23 27
7
25
8 9 13
15 14
4 2 2
7
0
10
20
30
40
50
BAUCAU DILI BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSI All Districts
Pe
rce
nt
Monthly income
<$50 $50-99 $100-199 $200-399 ≥$400
36
When Oecussi is excluded from the collective results of the average percentages of 4 districts
were almost the same: 24% for income <$50, 25% for $50-99, 27% for $100-399, 16% for
$200-399 and 8% for ≥$400. They were thus not much difference between the average
percentages of all 5 districts.
A comparison of income against stated occupations of the main-income earners in the
households, revealed farming to be most important followed by owning a kiosk/small shop at
home (Fig.3-22).
Figure 3-22. Income level groups versus type of main job
As expected the highest income groups were mostly in Dili. The lowest income groups were
mostly found in Baucau (73%), followed by Bobonaro (68%) (Fig. 3-23).
Figure 3-23. Average income groups by district
43.3%
9.9%
33.3%
27.3% 24.0%
29.9%
16.9%
34.8% 33.0%
37.5%
11.0%
14.8%
10.6%
20.5% 18.8%
.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
50.0%
BAUCAU DILI BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSI
Average income groups ($) by district
below $50
$50 - $99
$100 - $149
$150 - $199
$200 - $249
$250 - $299
$300 - $349
$350 - $399
$400 or more
37
The highest income groups occurred in urban areas and the lowest income groups occurred in
coastal and non-coastal areas (Fig. 3-24).
Figure 3-24. Average income groups by urban-coastal categorization
9.0%
19.7%
29.1%
15.5%
28.2%
29.6%
14.8%
20.5%
13.0%
17.4% 15.4%
10.4%
16.8%
5.1% 4.8%
.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
URBAN COASTAL NON COASTAL
Average income groups ($) by urban-coastal
below $50
$50 - $99
$100 - $149
$150 - $199
$200 - $249
$250 - $299
$300 - $349
$350 - $399
$400 or more
38
4 ANIMAL MEAT OR FISH CONSUMPTION IN TIMOR-LESTE
This section presents the key findings of the survey, analysed by district and by type of area
category (urban, coastal, and non-coastal).
4.1 Household consumption behaviour
It was considered important in this study to extend the stated fish consumption patterns of the
respondent to other household members. The respondents surveyed were mostly woman and
were usually housewives. The predominance of women in the sample was mainly caused by
(i) them being the available adult at home during the day when the surveys were conducted
and (ii) them being nominated by the household as competent to answer the full range of
questions.
To achieve this broader understanding of household consumption, various questions were
asked concerning (i) meal time habits and organisation and (ii) part-of-fish preferences based
on gender/age. The volume and frequency of meat or fish consumed was related to a per-meal
consumption level. Importantly, nearly all respondents surveyed (98%) stated that all family
members in their households ate meat or fish. Though patterns of fish consumption varied
among family members there was no clear evidence that there was any significant imbalance
in consumption shares between household members. For eating order, various respondents
suggested instances where one group (older, head, child) regularly ate first. For quantities
eaten, only a few respondents considered that elder/men received larger portions, but these
results were generally below the confidence interval (Fig. 4-1).
Figure 4-1. The way family members eat fish or seafood
39
Parts of the fish consumed (head, trunk, tail) varied among men and women, but there was no
evidence that the total volume consumed was differentiated (Fig. 4-2).
Figure 4-2. Part of fish eaten by male and female members in the household
Fish consumption patterns were similar, independent of age (Fig. 4-3); there were no
significant differences in the range 17 years to over 65 years of age. Based on the consistency
of the data (see chapter 4.1), similar consumption patterns could be attributed to children
under 17 years old.
Figure 4-3. Part of fish eaten by age of respondent
Thus the survey results, although based on consumption patterns stated mostly by women,
can be considered to be generally representative of consumption patterns for the rest of the
members of the household.
4.2 Frequency of meat or fish consumption
Among all districts surveyed, 77% (76% exclusive of Oecussi) of respondents stated that they
consumed animal protein at parties or at traditional events and 48% (44% exclusive of
40
Oecussi) had fish or meat with everyday meals. This pattern varied among districts and
among categories (urban, coastal, non-coastal) (Fig. 4-4).
Figure 4-4. When people have meal with fish or meat (by district and by urban-coastal)
In general, 45.8% of all respondents ate meat or fish4 as part of their everyday meals. About
18% ate meat or fish once a week and 15.5% of respondents ate meat or fish occasionally
(Fig. 4-5). Some 12.2% of respondents stated that they ate no meat or fish and consumed only
vegetable-based protein (Fig. 4-5).
4“Meat or fish” means that consumption of at least one of them is considered as true (answer: Yes) for both meat
or fish. But the answer yes for “meat or fish” gives non information on either the quantity or which one is eaten
more than the other. The focus of the question was whether respondents or household members consumed any
source of animal protein.
41
Figure 4-5. Frequency of consumption of meat/fish protein
These frequency data were also corroborated by responses to other questions related to
consumption habits.
Surprisingly, those reporting that they did not remember the last time they consumed meat or
fish was quite high (8% of all respondents) (Fig. 4-6).
Baucau showed the highest percentage where people did not eat meat or fish at all (Fig. 4-6).
Figure 4-6. Past frequency of eating meat/fish by district (percent)
Unsurprisingly, there was a significant difference in daily animal protein consumption pattern
between respondents in coastal areas (67.2%) compared with those in urban (51.7%) and
non-coastal areas (39.8%). More people in coastal areas included animal protein in their daily
consumption, because in addition to meat, fish was readily available (Fig. 4-7).
Consumption of animal meat in urban areas was higher than in non-coastal areas, because
respondents reported that it was easier to purchase meat/fish in urban markets (Fig. 4-7).
Access to markets was more limited in non-coastal areas.
45.8
18.2
3.0 5.3
15.5 12.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Everyday Weekly Twice a month Monthly Occasionally No meat/fish at all
Pe
rce
nt
17.7
3.0
7.5 6.7 8.2
15.6 14.9
12.5
26.7 24.6
42.7
53.7
45.0
56.7
50.8
12.5
20.9 22.5
10.0
16.4
11.5 7.5
12.5
BAUCAU DILI BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSI
WITHIN THE LAST 2 WEEKS WITHIN THIS MONTH
MORE THAN A MONTH AGO DO NOT REMEMBER
DO NOT EAT ANY MEAT/FISH
42
Figure 4-7. Frequency of animal protein consumption by area
Figure 4-8. Frequency of animal protein consumption (by district)
Animal protein was consumed daily by 30-34% of respondents in Bobonaro and Covalima.
Consumption of animal protein was greater in Dili (49%), Oecussi (52%), and Baucau (54%)
(Fig. 4-8).
The percentage of respondents who did not eat animal protein was the lowest in Oecussi
(3%). However, survey results cannot be considered to be representative of the District as a
whole. Rather, the survey results reflected only Pante Makasar and Oesilo subdistricts.
Respondents from Oecussi reported a high frequency of animal protein consumption daily,
when compared with other districts. The aldeias of Oecussi surveyed represented mostly
coastal areas where most (67%) of respondents consumed both fish and meat every day.
FGD data from Oesilo subdistrict revealed that some communities in several aldeias (e.g.
Sifin aldeia in Usitasae suco, Kuibaselo aldeia and Tumun aldeia in Bobometo suco) did not
consume fish and other aquatic animals. This reflects cultural norms whereby respondents
believe that eating aquatic animals is harmful. Similarly, one community lineage (Manu clan)
abstained from consuming chicken and eggs because of perceived danger.
51.7
24.5
6.0 1.3
9.9 6.6
67.2
17.2
3.4 2.6 4.3 5.2
39.6
16.7
2.0 7.0
19.4 15.2
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Everyday Weekly Twice a month
Monthly Occasionally Do not eat fish/ meat
Pe
rce
nt
URBAN COASTAL NON COASTAL
54.0
8.1 3.1
9.3
25.5
48.7
22.1
5.3 4.4
12.4
7.1
30.5
19.1
1.5
7.6
26.7
14.5
34.1
20.5
3.4 5.7
20.5
15.9
52.1
17.7
2.1
8.3
16.7
3.1
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Everyday Weekly Twice a month
Monthly Occasionally Do not eat fish/meat
BAUCAU
DILI
BOBONARO
COVALIMA
OECUSSI
43
4.3 Types of protein consumed
Chicken was the preferred meat consumed in Timor-Leste (54.1%), followed by saltwater
(marine) fish/other seafood (14.4%), eggs (11.9%), and pork (7.6%). Other sources of animal
protein were of less importance, i.e. below 5% of total animal meat consumed (Table 4-1).
Table 4-1. Type of meal consumed
Types of meal # of respondents
of 5 districts
% of 5 districts % of 4 districts
(exclusive Oecussi)
Chicken 413 54.1 58.0
Salt water fish/other seafood 110 14.4 14.1
Eggs 90 11.9 12.0
Pork 58 7.6 7.3
Beef 36 4.8 3.1
Buffalo (carabao)/beef 33 4.3 3.2
Fresh water fish 9 1.2 1.2
Lamb/goat 6 0.8 0.8
Others 3 0.4 0.5
Total 763 100.0 100.0
When analysed by areas (urban, coastal and non coastal), fish consumption was the highest in
coastal areas (45%), followed by chicken (32.4%), eggs (11.7%) and pork (6.3%). Chicken
was the preferred source of animal protein consumed in both urban (68.7%) and non-coastal
area (54.9%) (Table 4-2).
Table 4-2. Type of animal protein consumed (urban, coastal and non-coastal areas)
Protein Type Urban
(%)
Coastal
(%)
Non-Coastal
(%)
Weighted
Average
(%)
Chicken 68.7 32.4 54.9 54.4
Lamb/goat - 1.8 0.8 0.8
Pork 4.0 6.3 9.1 7.7
Beef 2.7 0.9 6.2 4.7
Buffalo 2.0 1.8 5.6 4.4
Fresh water fish (from river/lake) - - 1.8 1.2
Salt water fish and other seafood 6.7 45.0 10.1 14.5
Eggs 14.7 11.7 11.3 12.0
Others 1.3 - 0.2 0.4
Total 100 100 100 100
A comparison of consumption patterns among the five districts showed that chicken and pork
were the main source of animal protein, followed by beef and water buffalo. Other than
chicken, marine fish was favoured in Covalima (23%), followed by Dili (17%), Oecussi
(17%), Bobonaro (9%), with Baucau showing the lowest proportion (7%). People in Oecussi
consumed more pork, beef, and buffalo meat than other animal protein sources in Baucau,
Covalima, and Dili. Pork consumption (19%), however, was the highest in Bobonaro. Egg
consumption was lowest in Bobonaro (6%) compared with Covalima (10%), Oecussi (11%),
44
Baucau (14%) and Dili (14%) (Fig. 4-9). Although very few respondents consumed them
“Others” included turtle, dog and horse meat.
Figure 4-9. Types of animal protein consumed (by district)
4.4 Types of fish/seafood usually consumed
The species or types of seafood most frequently consumed were: sardine (58%), longtail tuna
(36%), kombong/mackerel (23%), snapper (23%) and prawn (22%) (Table 4-3). Respondents
from Baucau and Bobonaro consumed relatively low amounts of snapper and mackerel. It is
not known whether this reflected the supply of fish at the time of the survey or the
preferences of the consumers in these districts (Table 4-3).
Table 4-3. Species of fish/seafood consumed by district (% within district)
Type Baucau Dili Bobonaro Covalima Oecussi All
Districts
4
districts
(excl.
Oecussi)
Sardina/Sardine 74.1 (1) 49.7 (1) 81.2 (1) 41.0 (2) 53.8 (2) 58.1 58.8
Longtail Tuna 44.4 (2) 31.8 (3) 42.6 (2) 32.8 (3) 37.4 (3) 36.3 36.1
Kombong/Mackerel 16.7 15.9 5.0 52.5 (1) 59.3 (1) 23.4 17.9
Snapper 10.2 36.1 (2) 5.0 8.2 19.8 22.5 23.0
Prawn 21.3 (3) 26.7 15.8 (3) 19.7 17.6 22.3 23.1
Daun/Long Tom 5.6 10.8 13.9 (3) 37.7 (2) 12.1 13.0 13.2
Squid 2.8 15.9 1.0 4.9 2.2 8.7 9.7
Terbang/Flying Fish 11.1 7.4 6.9 16.4 2.2 8.1 9.0
Crab 7.4 9.8 3.0 6.6 6.6 7.7 7.8
Koku/Bubara/Trevally 1.9 8.4 0.0 9.8 2.2 5.4 5.9
Kitan/Spinefoot 0.0 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 4.0
Tuna 0.9 6.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 3.8
59
3 7
1
9
1 7
14
0
60
0 3 2 2 0
17 14
1
56
0
19
8 2 2
9 6
0
48
0
7 4 1
6
23
10
0
31
1
11 16
11
1
17 11
0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Pe
rce
nt
BAUCAU DILI BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSI
45
Type Baucau Dili Bobonaro Covalima Oecussi All
Districts
4
districts
(excl.
Oecussi)
Snail 1.9 5.1 1.0 1.6 0.0 2.9 3.4
Goldfish 1.9 0.0 6.9 4.9 3.3 2.2 2.1
Anchovies 0.0 1.7 2.0 1.6 3.3 1.7 1.4
Catfish 5.6 0.0 4.0 1.6 0.0 1.6 1.9
Oyster/Clam 0.9 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.4
Grouper 0.9 1.4 1.0 0.0 1.1 0.5 0.5
Others 0.9 1.4 1.0 0.0 1.1 1.1 1.1
Note: Table is sorted based on collective results for all 5 districts. The ranks 1 to 3 given in parentheses are
based on the highest percentages (grouped approximately to closest values).
Sardines were the most consumed fish in Bobonaro, Baucau and Dili, whereas
mackerel/kombong (Scombridae) was the most consumed fish in Covalima and Oecussi
(Table 4-3). The percentage of respondents who consumed sardine and mackerel in Oecussi
was relatively high (54% and 60%, respectively). The percentage of respondents consuming
long tail tuna/tongkol was relatively high in all districts. Prawn consumption was quite high
in Baucau and Bobonaro (21% and 16% respectively).
Table 4-4. Species of fish/seafood consumed by area (% within area)
Type/Species Urban Coastal Non-Coastal Total
Sardina/Sardine 55.1 (1) 42.6 (1) 63.0 (1) 58.1
Kakap/Snapper 44.9 (2) 30.0 (2) 13.0 22.5
Kombong/Mackerel 16.7 34.3 (2) 23.1 (3) 23.4
Tongkol/Longtail Tuna 34.8 (3) 39.2 (1) 36.1 (2) 36.3
Terbang/Flying Fish 7.2 8.7 8.2 8.1
Kitan/Spinefoot 1.4 9.1 2.7 3.4
Daun/Long Tom 11.6 4.9 15.5 13.0
Tuna/Tuna 9.4 1.0 1.7 3.3
Kerapu/Grouper 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.5
Koku/Bubara/Trevally 5.1 15.7 3.0 5.4
Lele/Catfish 0.0 0.0 2.6 1.6
Teri/Anchovies 0.0 0.0 2.6 1.7
Ikan Mas/Goldfish 0.0 1.9 3.1 2.2
Prawn 30.4 (3) 38.6 (1) 15.6 22.3
Crab 8.0 15.9 5.5 7.7
Squid 18.8 21.0 (3) 2.2 8.7
Snail 0.7 12.1 1.5 2.9
Oyster/Clam 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.2
Other 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.1
Note: The ranks 1 to 3 given in parentheses are based on the highest percentages (grouped approximately to
closest values).
46
Figure 4-10. Species of fish/seafood consumed (% by area)
A comparison of fish consumption patterns by areas within districts showed that sardines
were the most consumed fish in all three areas, with non-coastal as the highest (63%).
Snapper (kakap) consumption was highest in the urban area (Dili), whereas prawns were
consumed mostly by coastal and urban people (Fig. 4-10).
FGD respondents informed that squid, prawn and crabs were infrequently consumed because
of their high price in comparison to fish. Market availability was also stated as a factor
influencing consumption frequency.
In Dili, where most supermarkets offer imported frozen fish, one IDI respondent reported that
the price of frozen fish was lower than the price of fresh fish. The price of frozen fish also
varies according to supply and demand of fresh fish.
4.5 Cooking preferences for fish/seafood
There was little variation in cooking preferences among districts and area types. Deep frying
was the most popular way to cook fish/seafood in all districts, followed by grilling and
steaming (Fig. 4-11). Deep frying was also the preferred cooking method of respondents from
urban, coastal and non-coastal areas, followed by boiling and grilling fish/seafood (Fig. 4-
12).
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
SARDINA
KOMBONG
TERBANG
DAUN
KERAPU
LELE
IKAN MAS
CRAB
SNAIL
Fish/seafood consumed in Urban, Coastal and Non Coastal Areas
NON COASTAL
COASTAL
URBAN
47
Figure 4-11. Methods of preparing fish/seafood (by district)
Figure 4-12. Methods of preparing fish/seafood (by area)
4.6 Reasons for consuming fish/seafood
Most respondents (46%) reported the taste of fish as the main reason for consuming
fish/seafood (Fig. 4-13).
97.6 98.3 100.0 100.0 98.1
43.9 49.1
63.0 55.0
71.2
19.5 25.4
44.4 45.0
32.7
80.5
69.9 66.7
90.0
73.1
7.3 2.9
10.0
1.9 0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
BAUCAU DILI BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSE
Cooking methods (by district)
DEEP FRY
GRILL/BROIL
STEAM
BOIL
PUT IN OVEN/SMOKE
97.9
40.3
19.4
63.2
3.5
96.2
63.5
16.3
80.8
6.7
97.1
27.6
17.1
61.8
0.5
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
DEEP FRY GRILL/BROIL STEAM BOIL PUT IN OVEN/SMOKE
Cooking methods (by area)
URBAN
COASTAL
NON COASTAL
48
Figure 4-13. What do you like about fish? (percentages based on all respondents = 100%)
This result was reflected by respondents in all districts (86-92%) who considered taste to be
the main reason for eating fish (Fig. 4-14).
Only 26% of respondents considered nutrition as a reason for preferring fish or seafood.
Similarly, only 14% of respondents chose to eat fish/seafood for health reasons (Fig. 4-14).
Figure 4-14. Reasons for consuming fish/seafood (%, by district)
92 86 86 89 90 88
12 17 16
11 7
14 10
33
21
30
21 26
3 4 5 3 3 7 9
5
18
8 4 2 2 4
7 6 6 5
51
40 39 38
63
45
0
20
40
60
80
100
BAUCAU DILI BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSI All Districts
Pe
rce
nt
Reasons for eating fish/seafood by Districts
THE TASTE FOR HEALTH NUTRITIOUS/HAVING PROTEIN INCREASE INTELLIGENCE
PRICE SMELL SHAPE FAMILY LIKES TO EAT IT
49
Figure 4-15. Reasons for consuming fish/seafood (%, by area)
These consumption preferences were reflected in data from different areas (Fig. 4-15). Taste
and “family like to eat fish” were the primary reasons why people eat fish. Only respondents
from urban area (44%) chose fish because of its perceived nutrition/protein content (Fig. 4-
15).
4.7 Reasons for not consuming fish/seafood
Some 55% of all respondents declared they didn’t like the smell of the fish. Price was also
something that around 37% of respondents disliked (Fig. 4-16).
Figure 4-16. What is disliked about fish (percentages based on all respondents = 100%)
75.6
13.5
44.2
4.5 6.5 2.6 5.2
36.5
83.8
17.2 22.2
0.9 1.7 6.8
47.9
68.2
9.7 14.1
1.8 7.1
1.3 3.5
33.8
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Reasons for eating fish in Urban, Coastal and Non Coastal Area
URBAN
COASTAL
NON COASTAL
50
The criteria that respondents disliked about the fish were largely similar across urban, coastal
and non-coastal areas (Fig. 4-17).
Figure 4-17. What is disliked about fish (by urban-coastal)
However, when respondents are asked about the reasons for not consuming fish, the smell is
disregarded as a reason. On the contrary, price and availability remained consistently reported
as reasons limiting the consumption of fish and seafood. This result was corroborated in
FGDs and in in-depth interviews with qualitative survey respondents.
Some 53% of Bobonaro respondents considered fish/seafood to be too expensive, as did 43%
of Covalima respondents and 41% of Baucau respondents (Fig. 4-18).
At least 39% in each district of Baucau, Bobonaro and Covalima considered fish/seafood
availability in the market to be a constraint in consuming fish/seafood.
Distance to market was a negative factor influencing 16% of Covalima respondents in
consuming fish/seafood (Fig. 4-18).
51
Figure 4-18. Reasons limiting consumption of fish/seafood
When tabulated against area categorisation it is obvious that availability in the market (56%)
was a bigger constraint in non-coastal areas than in urban and coastal area areas. This result
was also likely affected by the distance between home and market (12%). People in the urban
(94%) and coastal (94%) areas reported that the price prohibits consumption of fish/seafood
(Fig. 4-19). Surprisingly, respondents from coastal area also reported price as a negative
factor. Thus, levels of supply and market locations could still be limiting for people from
coastal areas. Dili was the district where many respondents (14%) avoided eating fish
because of negative perceptions of freshness (Fig. 4-19).
Figure 4-19. Reasons for not eating fish or seafood (by urban-coastal)
41%
35%
53%
43%
21%
39%
11%
40% 39%
29%
1% 1%
6% 3% 2%
13%
% 2% 5% 7%
16%
BAUCAU DILI BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSI
Reasons why people do not eat fish/seafood
EXPENSIVE
NOT AVAILABLE IN MARKET/NO ONE SELLS
DO NOT LIKE
DIFFICULT TO COOK
TASTE NOT GOOD
NOT FRESH
NOT GOOD FOR CHILDREN’S HEALTH
BRING BAD LUCK
FAR FROM MARKET/PASAR
52
Results of FGDs and IDIs suggested that participants avoid processed fish because of
concerns of allergies and high blood pressure. It was unclear from the qualitative surveys if
these concerns were species specific. One case from an IDI showed a respondent who
avoided kombong (Scombridae/mackerel) fish even when fresh and even though the allergies
did not occur when she consumed frozen kombong.
It was quite common that older people reported avoiding fish consumption because they
believed that it would exacerbate high blood pressure. High blood pressure was also reported
as a reason for avoiding consumption of meat. However, it was unclear from the qualitative
surveys as to how widespread these health concerns were and whether they were a significant
deterrent to fish/meat consumption.
There are some customary/traditional practices governing the catching and consumption of
fish. Some groups in Oecussi, such as the Tano, Elo, Abi, Nusin, Nono and Abi Siki, avoid
fish because they believe that eating fish will bring them negative consequences. Some
respondents adhere strictly to this tradition, whereas others compromise by cooking fish
outside the house and/or not keeping the utensils used to cook fish in the house.
4.8 Sources of fish/seafood
Most respondents (72%, or 73% excluding Oecussi district) purchased fish/seafood at local
markets. 28% respondents purchased fish/seafood from peddlers. Many also indicated that
they purchased seafood through fish auctions (21%) and directly from fishers (20%).
However, because there were no fish auctions in Timor-Leste at the time of this survey, it
was likely that the respondents understood a fish auction to be a fish market where only fish
and other seafood were sold. It could also be understood to be a landing centre, where fishing
boats arrive and where respondents can buy fish from small traders or directly from fishers
(Fig. 4-20).
Figure 4-20. Sources of fish/seafood (by district)
12
35
14
2
15 21 22
7
30
9
29
16 20 21
89
64
74 78
65 72 73
1 5
0 0 0 2 3 1 8
2 8 5 5 6 5 6
2 7 4 5 5
0 6
0 1 0 3 3
16
27 34
22
47
28 25
BAUCAU DILI BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSI All 5 districts 4 districts (excl. Oecussi)
Pe
rcen
t
Where people source their fish/seafood
AT FISH AUCTION/LANDING CENTRE/COASTAL FISH MARKET DIRECT FROM FISHERMEN
AT THE MARKET AT FOOD VENDORS
FROM NEIGHBOURS FROM MY OWN CATCH AS FISHERMAN
BUY AT FOOD STALL (READY TO EAT) PEDDLERS
53
Figure 4-21. Sources of fish/seafood (by area)
People from urban areas (i.e. Dili) bought their fish at the market (62%) and at the fish
auction/fish landing centre/coastal market (49%) (Fig. 4-21). People from coastal areas
bought fish directly from fishers (64%), but many (48%) reported that the market was also a
source of fish (Fig. 4-21). Most people (79%) from non-coastal areas bought fish from the
market. Small/mobile vendors were a significant source of seafood in all types of area serving
26-28% of respondents (Fig. 4-21).
4.9 Distance from sources of fish/seafood
Across all respondents, access to sources of fish/seafood was relatively evenly divided in
terms of ease and distance. Respondents having the best access, with sources nearby or within
30 minutes walk/ride, were those from Dili (49%) and Oecussi (40%). This high percentage
of Oecussi’s likely reflected respondents who lived closer to coastal areas and also close to
the capital city of Oecussi in Pante Makasar. Other districts were in the range 24-32% (Fig. 4-
22). Respondents having the greatest constraints of access to seafood were from Bobonaro,
where journeys of greater than one hour by public transport (40%) or by walking/bike (18%)
were required to buy fish from the market (Fig. 4-22).
49.0
21.8
62.2
5.2 5.2 5.2 9.0
26.5
6.8
64.1
47.9
0.9
15.4 12.8
2.6
28.2
15.9 10.1
79.0
1.6 3.3 3.3
0.5
27.7
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Where do people source their fish/seafood (by area)
URBAN
COASTAL
NON COASTAL
54
Figure 4-22. Distance/access to fish/seafood (by district)
Predictably, people in coastal areas bought fish very near to their home i.e. close by/next door
(36%), walk less than 30 minutes (29%), and walk between 30-60 minutes (21%) (Fig. 4-23).
This situation was similar in urban areas i.e. close by/next door (26%), walk less than 30
minutes (30%), and walk between 30-60 minutes (15%).
Those respondents living in non-coastal areas varied in access to fish/seafood. About half had
reasonable access i.e. close by/next door (16%), walk less than 30 minutes (10%), and walk
between 30-60 minutes (19%). But significant numbers reported difficulty in accessing
seafood, requiring travel by public transport for 30-60 minutes (17%) or more than one hour
(22%) (Fig. 4-23).
Figure 4-23. Distance/access to salt water fish/seafood (by area)
By district, 47% respondents in Dili reported that fish was always available in their market.
Daily availability of seafood in Covalima (20%) and Oecussi (19%) was much higher than
7
24 25
24 24
21
17
25
2
8
16 16
27
15
10 11
33
18 17
5
18
6 5
10
13
2
6 6
17
13
4
25
12 14
16
6
40
26
3
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
BAUCAU DILI BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSI All Districts
Pe
rce
nt
Distance from sources of fish/seafood (by district)
CLOSE BY/NEXT DOOR WALK/BICYCLE LESS THAN HALF AN HOUR
WALK/BICYCLE 30 – 60 MINUTE WALK/BICYCLE MORE THAN ONE HOUR
PUBLIC TRANSPORT LESS THAN 30 MINUTE PUBLIC TRANSPORT 30 – 60 MINUTES
PUBLIC TRANSPORT MORE THAN ONE HOUR
26.0 29.9
14.9
3.2
16.9
9.1
35.6
28.8
21.2
4.8 1.0
3.8 4.8
16.1
10.3
18.7
12.1
4.5
16.8
21.5
0.0 5.0
10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
Distance from sources of fish/seafood (by area)
URBAN
COASTAL
NON COASTAL
55
that of Baucau (10%) and Bobonaro (6%) (Fig. 4-24). Although Bobonaro had the lowest
daily availability of seafood, respondents from this district also reported irregular availability
(82%). Respondents from Oecussi reported weekly availability (18%), but this could reflect
the respondents’ locations, which were close to its capital city (Fig. 4-24).
Figure 4-24. Availability of fish/seafood at the market the respondent goes to (by district)
The three areas (urban, coastal and non coastal) showed a similar trend in factors influencing
purchase/consumption (Fig. 4-25). However many respondents (about 55%) reported that the
availability of fish in the market was uncertain and irregular and that this influenced their
buying behaviour (Fig. 4-25). Improvements in market availability should be made on a
priority basis in non-coastal areas.
56
Figure 4-25. Availability of fish/seafood at the market the respondent goes to (by urban-coastal)
4.10 Perceived ease of access to fish/seafood
In addition to reported distance and transport issues, subjective perceptions of ease/difficulty
of access to fish/seafood were examined. Overall 52% of respondents rated access to seafood
as fairly or very difficult, whereas 28% rated access as very or quite easy. 20% were neutral
(Fig. 4-26).
Figure 4-26. Perceptions of ease/difficulty of access to fish/seafood (by district)
4
14
1
12
7 9
5
26
7
13
41
19 16
28
6
13
27
20
40
25
36
24 23
29
35
8
49
37
2
23
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
BAUCAU DILI BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSI All Districts
Pe
rce
nt
Perceived access to fish/seafood (by district)
VERY EASY QUITE EASY MEDIUM FAIRLY DIFFICULT VERY DIFFICULT
57
Access was easiest for those living in Oecussi and Dili, as many respondents lived close to
cities, but significantly more difficult in Baucau, Bobonaro and Covalima (Fig. 4-26).
Figure 4-27. Perceptions of ease/difficulty of access to fish/seafood (by area)
Perceptions of ease/difficulty of access across urban, coastal and non-coastal areas were quite
clear. Urban and coastal respondents indicated generally easy/moderate access. However, this
was not so in non-coastal areas, where there was a strong indication of difficult access (Fig.
4-27).
4.11 Fish buying volume
About 62% of respondents bought less than 1 kg of fish per purchase, 29% purchased more
than 1 kg but less than 2 kg, and only 9% bought more than 2 kg of fish per purchase (Fig. 4-
28).
18.7
29.7
25.8 23.2
2.6
25.0
33.6
25.0
8.6 7.8
2.9
12.8
17.7
35.5
31.1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
VERY EASY QUITE EASY MEDIUM FAIRLY DIFFICULT VERY DIFFICULT
Perceived access to buy fish/seafood in urban, coastal and non coastal areas
URBAN
COASTAL
NON COASTAL
58
Figure 4-28. Volume of fish/seafood bought
The average volume of fish in each purchase varied by district, but in general most
respondents only bought less or equal to 1 kg per purchase (Fig. 4-29). About 41%
respondents in Dili bought between 1 kg and 2 kg each purchase. This finding could reflect
larger household sizes in Dili compared with other districts or can be considered a reflection
of the higher purchasing power and access to electricity, and fridges/freezers of the urban
respondents (Fig. 4-29).
Figure 4-29. Volume bought (kg) everytime buying fish
Even so, respondents from the surveyed areas of Oecussi showed a high percentage of buying
more than 2 kg (22%), even though household sizes were generally lower than other districts.
This finding could reflect the relatively high per-person fish consumption in Oecussi,
however, methodological constraints must be considered as stated above.
63.4
41.3
63.0 66.7
52.9
24.4
40.7
25.9
33.3
25.5
7.3
16.9 11.1
21.6
4.9 1.2
BAUCAU DILI BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSI
LESS OR EQUAL TO 1 KG
MORE THAN 1 KG, LESS THAN 2 KG
MORE THAN 2 KG
OTHERS
59
4.12 Frequency of buying fish
Fewer than 5% of all respondents bought fish more than once per day/every day. About 17-
18% bought fish several times a week, once a week, and several times a month. 31.2%
bought fish once a month and 6% of respondents reported that they did not remember how
often they bought fish (Fig. 4-30).
Figure 4-30. Frequency of buying fish in general (percent)
More than 50% of respondents in Bobonaro and Covalima bought fish only once a month. In
contrast, respondents from Dili were more likely to buy fish several times a week compared
with other districts (Fig. 4-31).
Figure 4-31. Frequency of buying fish by district
By urban/coastal/non-coastal categorisation, coastal people (14%) bought fish/seafood more
frequently in daily purchase (once or more in a day) compared to urban people (5%) and non-
coastal people (5%) (Fig. 4-32). This was also the case for frequency within a week (once to
several times in a week) where coastal people (57%) bought most frequently from all
categories. As availability and distance to market were some of the main constraints, non-
coastal people purchased fish/seafood very rarely with almost a half (41%) buying
fish/seafood only once in a month.
4.9
1.1
17.9 17.0 18.1
31.2
6.0
MORE THAN ONCE PER DAY
ONCE A DAY/EVERYDAY
SEVERAL TIMES IN A WEEK
ONCE A WEEK SEVERAL TIMES IN A MONTH
ONCE A MONTH OR LESS
DO NOT REMEMBER
Frequency of buying fish
7 10 15
23
30
14
4 1
32
19 18 22
4 1 2
19 14
57
7
1
12 10 16
59
2
18
3
17 22 24
13
2
MORE THAN ONCE PER DAY
ONCE A DAY/EVERYDAY
SEVERAL TIMES IN A WEEK
ONCE A WEEK SEVERAL TIMES IN A MONTH
ONCE A MONTH OR LESS
DO NOT REMEMBER
Frequency of buying fish per district
BAUCAU DILI BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSI
60
Figure 4-32. Frequency of buying fish/seafood by area
When frequency of buying fish is cross-tabulated against the volume of fish purchased, the “1
kg or less” occurred mostly in the multiple buying per day (94%) category. Buying between 1
and 2 kg took place mostly at the category of “several times in a week” (41%) or several
times in a month (36%). Buying more than 2 kg at a time was reported mostly at the category
of “once a day/every day” (44%) (Fig. 4-33).
Figure 4-33. Frequency of buying fish/seafood with their weight
61
4.13 Consumption of processed fish
From 657 respondents who indicated consuming processed fish, 31% preferred dried
fish/seafood or grilled fish/seafood (17%) (Fig. 4-34).
Figure 4-34. Experience in buying processed fish/seafood
Only urban respondents from Dili consumed the four main types of processed fish in amounts
significantly higher than those consumed by people living in coastal and non-coastal areas:
dried (52%), salted (37%), grilled (37%) and fried (27%) (Fig. 4-35). Dried fish/seafood was
popular in coastal (49%) and non-coastal (45%) areas. Surprisingly, respondents from coastal
areas did show higher consumption rates of processed fish products than non-coastal areas
(Fig. 4-35). Based on the data, the consumption of dried fish (the most common processing in
the country) was not significantly different in the coastal and non-coastal areas. It has to be
noted that a part of the dried fish available is imported fish from Nusa Tenggara Timur (East
Nusa Tenggara) and other parts of Indonesia, while the remainder is captured in Timor-Leste.
62
Figure 4-35. Processed fish/seafood bought (by urban-coastal)
Dried fish products (22%-25%) and salted (12%-19%) fish/seafood were purchased more
frequently (once to several times a week) than other processed fish products (Fig. 4-36).
Smoked (47%) and boiled/steamed (17%) fish/seafood were the least frequently (> 1 month)
purchased processed fish products (Fig. 4-36).
Figure 4-36. Frequency of buying processed fish/seafood (by type)
5% 2%
4% 6%
10%
3%
6%
10%
21%
14% 13%
22%
12%
28%
15%
28%
33%
25%
19% 19% 18%
21%
6%
20% 22% 20%
21%
2%
19%
23%
11% 12%
7%
47%
6%
15%
8% 6%
17%
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
SMOKED DRIED SALTED GRILLED FRIED BOIL/STEAM
Frequency of buying processed fish/seafood
several times a day everyday several times a week
once a week several times a month once a month
> 1x a month
63
4.14 Fish and animal meat consumption
Respondents were questioned on their consumption of (i) marine fish and (ii) freshwater fish.
Meat consumed was recorded as either: chicken, beef (cow), pork, buffalo meat, goat meat
and lamb. Eggs were also presented as a food choice.
Fish and meat consumption from a specific protein source (e.g. chicken, beef, pork,
freshwater fish, and sea fish) was calculated from two variables, which were recorded in the
survey questionnaires:
Frequency (of meals with fish or meat per interval time; e.g. day, week, month, year)
converted to an annual rate.
Weight (of fish or meat consumption per one-time consumption or per meal [in
grams]) obtained by multiplying the fish size consumed (most of the time based on
sample tools used by the enumerators) with the number of pieces or slices, unless the
respondent answered with a specific weight in grams.
The total consumption per year per respondent was obtained by multiplying the annual
frequency by the weight.
4.14.1 Frequency of annual consumption per year
The conversion to annual frequency was defined based on the time-interval frequency
answered by the respondents (selection of 1 or 2 or 3 below is used only if consumed every
day):
3 x a day = 3 x 365 = 1,095 times
2 x a day = 2 x 365 = 730 times
1 x a day = 365 times
Several times per week = 96 times
Once a week = 48 times
Several times per month = 24 times
Once a month = 12 times
Several times a year = 4 times
Very rarely = 2 times.
4.14.2 Weight of consumption per meal
Where the respondent did not explicitly answer in grams or kg, the weight was derived from
basic conversion based on sample tools which the interviewer showed to the respondent e.g.
½ of the size of the fish sample, 1 small piece of chicken, 1 large piece of meat.
The conversion of the fish samples to grams was:
½ of fish = 40 g
1 whole piece = 80 g
1 small piece = 35 g
1 medium piece = 75 g
64
1 big piece = 115 g.
The basic conversion of the meat samples to grams was:
Meat Small (g) Medium (g) Large (g)
Chicken 35 55 75
Goat/lamb 20 40 60
Pork 30 50 80
Beef 15 35 55
Water buffalo 15 35 55
Example calculation of what one specific respondent ate per meal:
Chicken “small piece” with quantity = 2, then per meal he/she ate 35 g x 2 = 70 g, and
if he/she also ate;
Pork “medium size” with quantity = 3 then per meal he/she ate 50 g x 3 = 150 g, and
if s/he also ate;
Marine (saltwater) fish “whole piece” with quantity = 1 then per meal he/she ate 80 g
x 1 = 80 g.
4.14.3 Final calculation of consumption per capita per year
The averages of grams or kg consumed/capita/year per specific group in question (e.g.
fish/beef/chicken/egg, urban/coastal/non-coastal, 5 districts) were obtained as weighted
means that were based on the number of respondents in that specific group (area category,
district).
4.14.4 Average consumption
The aggregate and average results calculated from the survey data were based on samples
from four districts: Baucau, Dili, Bobonaro and Covalima. Data from Oecussi were excluded
in the calculation of total mean but are presented for district comparison.
Of all protein sources, chicken was the most consumed with 8.3 kg/capita/year followed by
pork (2.2 kg/cap/year). Marine (seawater) fish was consumed at 5.8 kg/cap/year. Egg
consumption was relatively high at 4.8 kg/cap/year. Total meat consumption was 13.3
kg/cap/year and total fish consumption was 6.1 kg/cap/year (Fig. 4-37).
65
Figure 4-37. Per-capita level of consumption of protein sources in 4 districts
Of four districts surveyed inTimor-Leste 19.4 kg/capita/year of fish and animal meat was
consumed. This is comprised of 6.1 kg/capita/year fish and 13.3 kg/capita/year of meat.
Further details on consumption rates per district with their sum values and standard
deviations of the means are presented in Appendix 3 (Fish and meat consumption levels).
Table 4-5. Fish and animal meat consumption (summary)
Area/District Consumption (kg/capita/year)
Fish Meat Total **)
By Area type
Urban 6.0 19.1 25.2
Coastal 17.6 12.1 29.7
Non-Coastal 4.0 11.6 15.6
Mean *) 6.1 13.3 19.4
By District
Baucau 5.9 11.6 17.5
Dili 7.7 18.2 26.0
Bobonaro 2.7 7.0 9.6
Covalima 5.5 6.6 12.2
Mean *) 6.1 13.3 19.4
*) Mean was generated from 4 districts, excluding Oecussi
**) Values were rounded after calculating fish and meat combined
In Oecussi, where data only includes Pante Makasar and Oesilo subdistricts, the fish
consumption level was 9.3 kg/capita/year and the meat consumption level was 22.3
kg/capita/year. Total fish and meat consumption was 31.6 kg/capita/year. These results are
66
not included in the table and the average calculations, since they have to be considered with
caution.
There was a significant correlation between levels of meat consumption and levels of fish
consumption (Pearson correlation 0.275 with p significance <0.001, 2-tailed). This one-to-
one correlation could be explained by single or multiple factors that can be further
investigated based on multivariate relationships on variables such as age and income, which
are described in the following sections.
4.14.5 Consumption by area
As expected, coastal communities consumed more fish (17.6 kg/cap/year) than meat (12.1
kg/cap/year). In contrast, non-coastal communities consumed almost three times more meat
(11.6 kg/cap/year) than fish (4.0 kg/cap/year) reflecting difficulty in regularly accessing
convenient, fresh product. Urban communities consumed much more meat (19.2 kg/cap/year)
than fish (6.0 kg/cap/year) (Fig. 4-38).
Figure 4-38. Fish and animal meat consumption level (by urban-coastal)
The relatively high fish consumption by coastal people reflected the availability of fish and
access to markets. Some respondents also caught fish and therefore did not need to spend
their limited incomes to buy fish. For urban and non-coastal people, who were mostly non-
fishers, fish could only be obtained by purchasing, and their level of consumption was
influenced by income. The existence (or lack of) of suitable infrastructure for transporting
fish in usable condition from coastal areas to non-coastal areas was a significant factor
affecting fish consumption by non-coastal people.
4.14.6 Consumption by district
Total fish and animal meat consumption varied markedly across the four surveyed districts,
exclusive of Oecussi, in the range 9.7 - 25.9 kg/cap/year (Fig. 4-39).
19.2
12.1
11.6
6.0
17.6
4.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
URBAN
COASTAL
NON COASTAL
Fish and Meat consumption (kg/capita/year)
Total Meat
Total Fish
67
Figure 4-39. Fish and animal meat consumption level (by district)
Fish consumption in Bobonaro district was very low (2.7 kg/cap/year) compared to other
districts. The highest level of fish consumption occurred in Dili (7.7 kg/cap/year), which is
almost 3 times greater than fish consumption in Bobonaro (Fig. 4-39).
In addition to being the consumers of fish, the people of Bobonaro were also the second
lowest meat consumers among districts of Timor-Leste. (Fig. 4-39).
Based on only Pante Makasar and Oesilo subdistricts, Oecussi people had relatively high
rates of meat consumption (22.3 kg/cap/year) and high rates of fish consumption (9.3
kg/cap/year), however, as explained above this cannot be considered as representing all the
district and as such must be considered with caution.
One study on social structural influences on meat consumption (Gossard and York, 2003)
found that meat consumption could be affected by several factors: gender, race, ethnicity,
location (urban-non-urban), social class and physiological variables (e.g. body weight, age).
A similar study could be applied and adjusted for meat and fish consumption in Timor-Leste
to identify sources of variation.
Factors such as age, education level, marital status and income level are discussed in the
following sections.
4.14.7 Fish and meat consumption by age
Fish and meat consumption levels decline with the age of respondent. This trend was stronger
for meat compared with fish (Fig. 4.40).
11.6
18.2
7.0
6.6
5.9
7.7
2.7
5.6
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
BAUCAU
DILI
BOBONARO
COVALIMA
Fish and Meat consumption (Kg/capita/year)
Total Meat
Total Fish
68
Figure 4-40. Fish and meat consumption (g) by respondent's age
Some FGD results revealed that older people (>55 years of age) consumed relatively little
meat, preferring vegetables. Meat was reportedly not eaten because it was considered hard to
chew and to cause health problems related to high blood pressure. Similarly, fish was avoided
because of perceived negative effects related to high blood pressure. Contrary to the
consideration that adults and elders eat more proteins, it seems that the data shows that
younger people (children are excluded, but there is evidence of a similar consumption
patterns –see chapter 4.1) have the highest consumption.
4.14.8 Fish and meat consumption by marital status
There was no significant difference between single (not married) and married respondents in
the level of consumption of meat. However single respondents ate fish more than married
respondents (Fig. 4-41), in accordance with the age-consumption trend mentioned above.
69
Figure 4-41. Fish and meat consumption level (g) by marital status.
Divorcees and widows ate less animal protein than married or single respondents.
4.14.9 Fish and meat consumption by level of education
There was a significant correlation between fish consumption level and education level
(Pearson correlation 0.11 with p significance <0.01 2-tailed).
Figure 4-42. Level of fish and meat consumption based on education level
70
Educated persons (Bachelor degree) ate comparatively higher levels of fish and meat (Fig. 4-
42) which may reflect increased purchasing power and nutritional awareness.
4.14.10 Fish and meat consumption by level of income and family size
Income correlated positively only with the level of meat consumption (Pearson correlation
0.125, p <0.001 2-tailed), but not with fish consumption level (Fig. 4-43). Thus, other factors
such as access to market or fish availability and education of respondents could serve to
increase fish consumption levels.
Figure 4-43. Level of fish and meat consumption categorised by income level
There was no correlation between the per capita consumption of meat or fish and household
size (Fig. 4-44).
71
Figure 4-44. Fish and meat consumption level categorised by household size
4.14.11 Meat consumption versus ownership of cattle and chicken
Only pig and chicken owners, who were also categorised mainly as farmers, reported high
levels of pork and chicken meat consumption when compared to other types of meat
consumed (Fig. 4-45). Most chicken and pig owners consumed their own livestock. In
contrast, FGDs and IDIs results show that most cow and goat/lamb owners did not consume
their own livestock. Rather, their livestock was mostly sold to generate income, to repay debt,
or to educate their children.
Figure 4-45. Fish and meat consumed against livestock owned
72
4.14.12 Meat/fish consumption against reported preferences
Levels of fish and meat consumption were compared with stated preferences (Fig. 4-46). The
results show a close correlation with the exception of pork (Fig. 4-46). This could be because
pork eaters also ate chicken throughout the year and chicken was preferred to pork.
Figure 4-46. Levels of fish and meat consumption categorised by what was mostly consumed
4.14.13 Fish supply and fish consumption
In previous studies, fish supply5 in Timor-Leste was calculated based on secondary data from
FAO (2005)6 as 0.3 kg/cap/year, and using tertiary data
7 as 3.03 kg/cap/year. Both these
supply levels are significantly lower than the per capita fish consumption rates for Indonesia
(20.5 kg/cap/year), the average for Asian countries (17.8 kg/cap/year) and the world average
(16.4 kg/cap/year) (Fig. 4-47).
5The data on fish supply in Timor-Leste shows a positive trend from 2005-2009. However, the data on which
the other studies are based is different. The data was mostly from estimations of fish catch reported by the
National Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture (NDFA) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, which
at that time of collection were unreliable. 6FAO: Yearbook of Fishery and Aquaculture 2007.
7JICA 2009: Interim Report of the Study on Project for Promotion of Agribusiness in Timor-Leste.
73
Figure4-47. Fish supplyand consumption
The survey results show that per capita levels of fish consumption in Timor-Leste are lower
than the world per capita fish supply level, the Asian fish supply level and the level of fish
supply in East Nusa Tenggara province (Indonesia) which borders with Timor-Leste (Fig. 4-
47). In 2007 the fish supply in East Nusa Tenggara reached 14 kg/cap/year8.
Only in the coastal areas of Timor-Leste was fish consumption (17.6 kg/cap/year) similar to
Asian countries (17.8 kg/cap/year) and to world averages (16.4 kg/cap/year). In non-coastal
and urban areas, per capita fish consumption was well below world per capita consumption
rates. However, in all areas (urban: 6.0, coastal: 17.6 and non-coastal: 4.0) per capita fish
consumption significantly exceeds current estimates of domestic per capita fish supply (3
kg/cap/year).
4.15 Perceived level of consumption
About half (49.8%) of all respondents reported that they did not eat enough fish (Fig. 4-48).
8 BPS: NTT dalam Angka (ENT in Numbers), 2009
6.1
3
0.3
20.5
17.8
16.4
14
0 5 10 15 20 25
Timor Leste 2011 (RFLP Survey)
Timor Leste 2009 (Tertiary Data)
Timor Leste 2005 (FAO, 2007)
Indonesia 2005 (FAO, 2007)
Asian countries 2005 (FAO, 2007)
World 2005 (FAO, 2007)
NTT Province / Indonesia 2007 (BPS, 2009)
kg/capita/year
Fish Supply Fish Consumption
74
Figure 4-48. Perception on the quantity of fish consumed
However, many respondents (71%) who did not consume fish would purchase fish if funds
permit. This trend was similar in all urban (84%), coastal (62%) and non-coastal (70%) areas.
The willingness to consume more fish was lower in coastal areas than in the other areas,
which was consistent with the greater availability of fish and also the higher frequency of fish
in their meals compared with non-coastal areas (Fig. 4-49).
Figure 4-49. Willingness to consume more fish if having more money
75
4.16 Seasonal availability of fish
Almost all fish caught in Timor-Leste by small-scale fishers was consumed inside the
country. Thus, the availability of fresh fish was dependent on seasonal variations in weather
and sea conditions. From the results of the RFLP Baseline Survey, conducted together with
this Fish and Animal Protein Survey, fishing activity in Oecussi and Bobonaro is greatest in
March-October, but then decreases because of adverse weather between November-February.
In Covalima, where fishing areas are situated on the southern side of Timor island, fishing
activity is at its lowest level in March-June, increasing between June-February and peaks in
September-October and in January-February. There is a slight decrease in fishing activity
between October-January during the rainy season (Fig. 4-50).
Figure 4-50. Fishing calendar 5 districts (source: RFLP Baseline Survey data, 2011)
Changes in the total fish catch were perceived last year (2010/2011) with 40% of fishers in
Oecussi and Bobonaro noting a decrease in fish catch, whereas 51% of fishers in Dili, Baucau
and Covalima districts reported no change in the total fish catch. Reported factors influencing
catch rates were bad weather and high waves, inadequate fishing gear and competition among
fishers.
%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
MAR APR MAY JUN JULY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB
Fishing calendar from March to February in 5 districts
Baucau Dili Bobonaro Covalima Oecussi Average
76
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions
1. Animal protein (fish/meat) was an important component of the daily diet of 45.8% of
respondents in the five districts of Timor-Leste. Among those who ate fish/meat less
frequently 18% ate fish/meat once a week, 16% ate fish/meat occasionally, 5% ate
fish/meat once a month and 3% ate fish/meat twice a month.
2. There was a significant difference in daily animal protein consumption patterns
between respondents in coastal areas (67%) - which includes urban/small urban
settings such as Suai, Baucau or Liquiça - compared with those respondents from
urban (52%) and non-coastal areas (40%).
3. Consumption of animal protein in urban areas was higher than in non-coastal areas,
because it was easier to purchase fish/meat in urban markets. In particular, the urban
areas of Dili are located close to the coast with access to fresh fish markets. Access to
markets is more limited in non-coastal areas.
4. Animal protein was consumed daily by 30-34% of respondents in Bobonaro and
Covalima. Consumption of animal protein was greater in Dili (49%), Oecussi (52%),
and Baucau (54%).
5. Traditional ceremonies are the main occasions when animal protein is consumed in
the districts outside of Dili, including all of Oecussi’s surveyed area. In the districts of
Baucau, Bobonaro and Covalima an average of 89% of respondents ate animal protein
during traditional ceremonies, while 29% declare they eat animal protein in every day
meals. In Dili respondents take animal protein both during ceremonies and daily
meals in the same percentages.
6. The percentage of respondents who did not eat animal meat and fish was the lowest in
Oecussi (3%), which reflects local circumstances where fish are sold direct to
consumers and taking into account that the locations where data gathering was carried
out were close to Pante Makasar, the capital city of Oecussi district.
7. Chicken remained the preferred form of animal protein consumed in Timor-Leste
(54.1%), followed by marine (seawater) fish/other seafood (14.4%), eggs (11.9%) and
pork (7.6%). Other sources of animal protein were of less importance, i.e. below 5%
of total meat and fish consumed.
8. Consumption patterns between the five districts show that chicken was the main
source of meat in all districts. Other than chicken, marine (marine/seawater) fish was
favoured in Covalima (23%) followed by Dili (17%), Oecussi (17%), Bobonaro (9%)
with Baucau showing the lowest proportion (7%) of marine fish in diets. People in
Oecussi consumed more pork, beef, and buffalo meat compared with those meat
sources in Baucau, Covalima, and Dili. Pork consumption (19%), however, was the
highest in Bobonaro. Egg consumption was lowest in Bobonaro (6%) compared with
Covalima (10%), Oecussi (11%), Baucau (14%) and Dili (14%).
9. Of the fish consumed in Bobonaro, Baucau and Dili, sardines were preferred, whereas
mackerel/kombong (Scombridae) was the most consumed fish in Covalima and
Oecussi. The percentage of sardine and mackerel consumed in Oecussi was relatively
77
high (54% and 60%, respectively). The percentage of long tail tuna/tongkol consumed
was relatively high in all districts. Prawn consumption was the highest in Baucau
(21%) and Bobonaro (16%).
10. Deep frying was the most popular way to prepare fish/seafood in all districts,
followed by grilling and steaming. Deep frying was also preferred by urban, coastal
and non-coastal people, followed by boiling and grilling.
11. Across all districts, respondents consistently (86-92%) considered taste to be the main
reason for eating fish.
12. Price and availability were consistently reported as the main reasons limiting the
consumption of fish and seafood. Many (53%) Bobonaro respondents considered
fish/seafood to be too expensive, as did 43% of Covalima respondents and 41% of
Baucau respondents.
13. Most (71%) respondents purchased fish/seafood at local markets. Significant numbers
also purchased from peddlers (28%) and through fish auctions/fish coastal market/fish
landing centres (21%) and directly from fishers (20%).
14. Respondents having the best access to fish/seafood, with sources nearby or within 30
minutes walk/ride, were those from Dili (49%) and surveyed areas of Oecussi (40%).
Respondents having the greatest constraints were from Bobonaro, where journeys of
greater than one hour by public transport (40%) or by walking/bicycle (18%) were
required. Predictably, people in coastal areas buy fish very near to their home i.e.
close by/next door (36%) walk less than 30 minutes (29%), and walk between 30-60
minutes (21%).
15. Those respondents living in non-coastal areas had varied access to fish/seafood.
About half had reasonable access i.e. close by/next door (16%), walk less than 30
minutes (10%), and walk between 30-60 minutes (19%). But many respondents
reported difficult access requiring travel by public transport for 30-60 minutes (17%)
or more than one hour (22%).
16. Overall 52% of respondents rated access to fish/seafood as fairly or very difficult.
Access was easiest for those living in Oecussi (mainly because Pante Makasar and
Oesilo subdistricts are close to the district capital city) and in Dili, but much more
difficult in Baucau, Bobonaro and Covalima districts.
17. Perceptions of ease/difficulty of access across urban, coastal and non-coastal areas
were quite clear. Urban and coastal respondents reported easy/moderate access in
contrast to those respondents from non-coastal areas.
18. In four districts (Baucau, Dili, Bobonaro and Covalima) people consumed an average
of 19.4 kg/capita/year of fish and animal meat (6.1 kg/capita/year fish protein and
13.3 kg/capita/year of meat protein).
19. Coastal communities consumed more fish (17.6 kg/cap/year) than meat (12.1
kg/cap/year). In contrast, non-coastal communities consumed much more meat (11.6
kg/cap/year) than fish (4.0 kg/cap/year) because of difficulty of access to convenient
fresh product. Urban communities ate more meat (19.2 kg/cap/year) than fish (6.0
kg/cap/year).
78
20. Fish consumption in Bobonaro district was very low (2.7 kg/cap/year) compared with
other districts. The highest level of fish consumption occurred in Dili (7.7
kg/cap/year.
21. Fish and particularly meat consumption levels declined with age.
22. Fish consumption was positively correlated with education level.
23. Income level was positively correlated with meat consumption, but not with fish
consumption level.
24. The mean per-capita level of fish consumption in Timor-Leste (6.1 kg/cap/year) was
significantly lower than the World value (16.4 kg/cap/year).
25. Only in the coastal areas of Timor-Leste did fish consumption (17.6 kg/cap/year)
approximate Asian fish consumption level (17.8 kg/cap/year).
26. More than half (57.5%) of respondents ate together and divided the fish equally
among family members. When it comes to order, only 26.8% gave priority to
men/head of households, whereas 21.4% gave priority to children, allowing them to
eat before adults. When referred to the quantity, there is not significant evidence of
differences between members of the households in the share of the proteins
consumed.
27. Perceived changes in the total fish catch were associated with bad weather and high
waves, inadequate fishing gear and competition among fishers.
28. Customary /traditional rules affect consumption of fish in some areas. Some believe
that eating fish will bring bad luck. Some respondents adhered strictly to this
tradition, while others compromised by cooking fish outside the house and/or not
keeping the utensils used to cook fish within the house.
5.2 Recommendations
1. This survey has provided a good snapshot of fish and meat consumption patterns in
Timor-Leste. The survey should be repeated at a suitable interval to determine
changes in behaviours particularly those influenced by custom, market access, and
particularly income.
2. Fish supply in Timor-Leste had variously been estimated at 0.3 and 3.0 kg/cap/year.
Given the different methodologies used there is a great divergence from the current
estimate; additional research should be undertaken to determine the current fish
supply in Timor-Leste and sources of variation in this supply.
3. Given the very low levels of fish consumption in non-coastal areas due to distance
and access issues, a clear opportunity exists for increasing the quality of the diets of
inland communities while increasing the incomes of coastal fishers. Investment in
improved cold chain facilities and distribution systems is recommended particularly in
those areas remote from Dili and other large towns.
4. Consumption avoidance, reflecting traditional and “supernatural” beliefs in the
communities, could be addressed with targeted community education programmes.
These programmes could emphasise the nutritional benefits of eating fish in particular
and stimulate growth in the seafood industry of Timor-Leste. Perceptions relating to
79
poor product quality could also be addressed by improved supply chain management
and processing facilities. This could serve to further develop the seafood industry of
Timor-Leste and potentially develop export markets with obvious economic and
social benefits.
80
6 REFERENCES
AMSAT International (2011), Notes on the Focus Group Discussions and In-Depth
Interviews for the Fish and Animal Protein Consumption Survey. Canberra: Amsat
International.
Biro Pusat Statistik of Indonesia (2009). NTT dalam Angka (East Nusa Tenggara in
Numbers).
Do Amaral, J.X. (2010), Current Fisheries and Aquaculture Policies Relevant to RFLP in
Timor-Leste. Dili: FAO-RFLP.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2007). Yearbook of Fishery
and Aquaculture 2007.
Gossard, M.H. and R. York (2003). Social Structural Influences on Meat Consumption.
Human Ecology Review, Vol. 10 (No.1), page 9.
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (2009): Interim Report of the Study on
Project for Promotion of Agribusiness in Timor-Leste.
Magnani, R (1997). Sampling Guide. Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project
(FANTA). Washington: Academy for Educational Development.
81
APPENDIX 1. QUESTIONNAIRE
KUESIONER SURVEI KONSUMSI DAGING DAN KETERSEDIAAN IKAN –
TIMOR-LESTE 2011
NO PERTANYAAN JAWABAN RESPONDEN KE
GAMBARAN UMUM
A1 JENIS KELAMIN LAKI-LAKI .................................................................................... 1
PEREMPUAN .............................................................................. 2
A2 Berapa usia Ibu/ Bapak?
PERHATIKAN SITUASI
TAHUN
A3 Kapan Ibu/ Bapak lahir?
PERHATIKAN SITUASI
BULAN - TAHUN
A4 Berapa orang tinggal di
rumah ini? SIAPAPUN, ASALKAN
SEHARI-HARI TIDUR DI RUMAH
YANG DIWAWANCARA,
TERMASUK PEMBANTU
ORANG
1. DISTRIK: __________________________________ 2. SUB DISTRIK : __________________________________
3. SUKO : _______________________________ 4. ALDIEA: ________________________________
5. NOMOR RUMAH: ____________ 6. NAMA KEPALA RUMAH TANGGA: _____________________________________
NO KUESIONER :
PEWAWANCARA:
INFORMED CONSENT – WAJIB DIBACAKAN
Selamat pagi/siang/sore, saya ................ Kami dari Program Mata Pencaharian Perikanan Daerah
sedang melakukan survei rumah tangga yang berhubungan dengan konsumsi ikan dan daging. Hasil
survai ini akan dimanfaatkan pemerintah untuk menyusun program-program. Informasi dari Ibu/ Bapak
bersifat rahasia dan tidak diberikan pada orang lain. Lama wawancara sekitar 30 menit. Sifatnya sukarela,
tidak ada paksaan dan kami tidak memberi bantuan apapun. Apakah kami boleh mewawancarai Ibu/
Bapak?
LANJUTKAN HANYA BILA JAWABANNYA YA
82
A5 Agama yang Ibu/ Bapak
anut?
KATOLIK ...................................................................................... 1
KRISTEN ..................................................................................... 2
ISLAM .......................................................................................... 3
HINDU .......................................................................................... 4
BUDHA ........................................................................................ 5
LAINNYA (TULISKAN)_______________________________ ... 6
A6 Apakah Ibu/ Bapak menikah? MENIKAH ..................................................................................... 1
BELUM MENIKAH ....................................................................... 2
DUDA/ JANDA KARENA CERAI.................................................. 3
DUDA/ JANDA KARENA DITINGGAL MATI ................................ 4
LATAR BELAKANG SOSIAL EKONOMI
B1 Apakah Ibu/ Bapak pernah
bersekolah?
YA ................................................................................................ 1
TIDAK .......................................................................................... 2
B3
B2 Tingkat pendidikan apa yang
diselesaikan?
SD TIDAK SELESAI ..................................................................... 1
SD SELESAI ................................................................................ 2
SMP TIDAK SELESAI .................................................................. 3
SMP SELESAI ............................................................................. 4
SMA TIDAK SELESAI .................................................................. 5
SMA SELESAI ............................................................................. 6
D3 TIDAK SELESAI ..................................................................... 7
D3 SELESAI................................................................................. 8
S1 TIDAK SELESAI ..................................................................... 9
S1 SELESAI ............................................................................... 10
LAINNYA, TULISKAN_____________________________ ....... 11
83
B3 Apakah Ibu/ Bapak atau
orang di rumah ini memiliki
barang-barang sbb?
MOHON SOPAN. BILA
MERASA KURANG
NYAMAN, LOMPATI
SEMENTARA ATAU
LAKUKAN OBSERVASI
(BUAT CATATAN BILA
OBSERVASI)
SEPEDA ..................................................................................... A
SEPEDA MOTOR ....................................................................... B
MOBIL ........................................................................................ C
MOBIL PICK UP ......................................................................... D
TRUK .......................................................................................... E
RADIO/ TAPE ............................................................................. F
TV ............................................................................................... G
PARABOLA ................................................................................ H
DVD/ VCD/CD PLAYER ............................................................... I
KULKAS ...................................................................................... J
TELEPHONE .............................................................................. K
HANDPHONE ............................................................................. L
RUMAH SENDIRI ....................................................................... M
SAPI/ KERBAU .......................................................................... N
KAMBING/ DOMBA ................................................................... O
BABI ........................................................................................... P
AYAM ......................................................................................... Q
KAPAL MOTOR ......................................................................... R
PERAHU LAYAR ........................................................................ S
PERAHU DAYUNG .................................................................... T
B4 Dalam sebulan terakhir,
apakah Ibu/ Bapak bekerja
untuk mendapatkan uang?
YA ........................ 1
TIDAK .................. 2
B6
B5 Apa
pekerjaan
utama
Ibu/
Bapak ?
GURU ........................................................ 11
DOSENTE .................................................. 12
DIRETOR ................................................... 13
MENISTRU MEMBRU PARLEMENTU ...... 14
DOKTER UMUM/ HEWAN ......................... 15
FUNGSIONARIA PNTL/ F-FDTL ............... 21
FUNGSIONARIO EMPRESARIU ............... 22
NELAYAN/ PESKADOR ............................ 23
PETANI ...................................................... 24
BURUH NELAYAN/ PESKADOR ............... 31
BURUH TANI .................................................. 32
PELAYAN PASAR/ TOKO .............................. 33
BURUH BANGUNAN ...................................... 34
PEDAGANG PASAR/ PERTOKOAN .............. 41
PEDAGANG DI TEMPAT INFORMAL ............ 42
PUNYA KIOS .................................................. 43
PENGEPUL/PEMBELI IKAN DARI PESKADOR
................................................................... 51
PETANI BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT ............. 52
PENGOLAH HASIL IKAN/ LAUT .................... 53
PENGUMPUL IKAN DLL DI SAAT AIR SURUT
........................................................................ 54
LAINNYA (TULISKAN)_________________ . 55
84
B6 Apa kerja
lain yang
Ibu/
Bapak
lakukan
untuk
mendapt
kan
uang?
GURU ......................................................... A
DOSENTE ................................................... B
DIRETOR .................................................... C
MENISTRU MEMBRU PARLEMENTU ....... D
DOKTER UMUM/ HEWAN .......................... E
FUNGSIONARIA PNTL/ F-FDTL ................ F
FUNGSIONARIO EMPRESARIU ............... G
NELAYAN/ PESKADOR ............................. H
PETANI ........................................................ I
BURUH NELAYAN/ PESKADOR ................ J
BURUH TANI ................................................... K
PELAYAN PASAR/ TOKO ................................ L
BURUH BANGUNAN ....................................... M
PEDAGANG PASAR/ PERTOKOAN ............... N
PEDAGANG DI TEMPAT INFORMAL ............. O
PUNYA KIOS ................................................... P
PENGEPUL/PEMBELI IKAN DARI PESKADOR
.................................................................... Q
PETANI BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT .............. R
PENGOLAH HASIL IKAN/ LAUT ..................... S
PENGUMPUL IKAN DLL DI SAAT AIR SURUTT
LAINNYA (TULISKAN)_________________ .. U
B7 Apa pekerjaan anggota
rumah tangga yang lain untuk
mendapatkan uang?
GURU ......................................................................................... A
DOSENTE ................................................................................... B
DIRETOR .................................................................................... C
MENISTRU MEMBRU PARLEMENTU ....................................... D
DOKTER UMUM/ HEWAN .......................................................... E
FUNGSIONARIA PNTL/ F-FDTL ................................................ F
FUNGSIONARIO EMPRESARIU ................................................ G
NELAYAN/ PESKADOR ............................................................ H
PETANI ......................................................................................... I
BURUH NELAYAN/ PESKADOR ................................................ J
BURUH TANI .............................................................................. K
PELAYAN PASAR/ TOKO ........................................................... L
BURUH BANGUNAN .................................................................. M
PEDAGANG PASAR/ PERTOKOAN .......................................... N
PEDAGANG DI TEMPAT INFORMAL ........................................ O
PUNYA KIOS .............................................................................. P
PENGEPUL/ PEMBELI IKAN DARI NELAYAN/ PESKADOR... Q
PETANI BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT ........................................ R
PENGOLAH HASIL IKAN/ LAUT ............................................... S
PENGUMPUL IKAN DLL DI PANTAI SAAT AIR SURUT ......... T
LAINNYA (TULISKAN)_______________________________ .. U
B8 Apakah ada perempuan yang
menjadi nelayan/ peskador
(menangkap ikan di laut)?
BILA YA, siapakah dia?
ISTRI KEPALA KELUARGA ....................................................... A
ANAK KEPALA KELUARGA ....................................................... B
TIDAK ADA ____________________________ ....................... C
LAIN-LAIN, TULIS ____________________________ .............. D
B9 Kira-kira, dalam sebulan berapa banyak uang yang
dihasilkan Ibu/ Bapak dan anggota rumah tangga ini?
RUJUK BULAN TERAKHIR
.............................$
KONSUMSI IKAN
85
C1
Hari ini atau kemarin, apakah
Ibu/ Bapak memakan daging
atau ikan?
BILA DI TANYA, JELASKAN,
DAGING APA SAJA: IKAN,
AYAM, SAPI, KAMBING,
BABI, DLL
YA ................................................................................................ 1
TIDAK .......................................................................................... 2
C4A
C2 Dalam seminggu terakhir? YA ................................................................................................ 1
TIDAK .......................................................................................... 2
C4A
C3 Kapan Ibu/ Bapak terakhir
makan daging/ikan?
DALAM DUA MINGGU INI ........................................................... 1
DALAM SEBULAN INI ................................................................. 2
LEBIH DARI SEBULAN LALU...................................................... 3
TIDAK INGAT............................................................................... 4
TIDAK MAKAN DAGING/IKAN APAPUN ..................................... 5
C5
C4 Apakah semua anggota
keluarga di sini makan
daging/ikan?
YA ................................................................................................ 1
TIDAK .......................................................................................... 2
C5
C4b Kapan biasanya keluarga
makan daging/ ikan?
DI WAKTU PESTA ...................................................................... A
DI WAKTU MAKAN SEHARI-HARI ............................................. B
LAINNYA ______________________________________ ........ C
C6
C6
C6
C5 Kenapa Ibu/ Bapak/ anggota
keluarga di sini tidak makan
daging/ikan?
MAHAL ........................................................................................ A
TIDAK ADA DI PASAR/ TIDAK ADA YANG JUAL ...................... B
TIDAK SUKA ............................................................................... C
SUSAH MEMASAK ..................................................................... D
RASA TIDAK ENAK .................................................................... E
TIDAK SEGAR ............................................................................ F
TIDAK BIASA .............................................................................. G
LAINNYA, TULISKAN_________________________________ H
MAKAN TELUR SAJA ATAU YANG LAIN __________________I
C21
C21
C21
C21
C21
C21
C21
C21
C21
C6 Daging/ikan apa saja yang
Ibu/ Bapak/ anggota keluarga
makan?
GALI, ada lagi? BILA
MENJAWAB IKAN, ikan apa?
AYAM .......................................................................................... A
KAMBING/ DOMBA .................................................................... B
BABI ............................................................................................ C
SAPI ............................................................................................ D
KERBAU ..................................................................................... E
IKAN DARAT/AIR TAWAR .......................................................... F
IKAN LAUT ................................................................................. G
TELUR ........................................................................................ H
LAINNYA, TULISKAN_____________________________ .......... I
86
C7A Dari daging-daging/ikan yang
Ibu/ Bapak makan itu
SEBUTKAN JAWABAN
PERTANYAAN DI ATAS
mana yang paling sering Ibu/
Bapak makan?
AYAM ........................................................................................... 1
KAMBING/ DOMBA ..................................................................... 2
BABI ............................................................................................. 3
SAPI ............................................................................................. 4
KERBAU ...................................................................................... 5
IKAN DARAT/AIR TAWAR ........................................................... 6
IKAN/ BINATANG LAUT .............................................................. 7
TELUR ......................................................................................... 8
LAINNYA, TULISKAN_____________________________ ......... 9
C7B Seberapa sering Ibu/ Bapak
memakan daging/ikan-ikan
itu?
1 = 3 x sehari
2 = 2 x sehari
3 = 1 x sehari
4 = beberapa kali per minggu
5 = seminggu sekali
6 = beberapa kali sebulan
7 = sekali sebulan
8 = beberapa kali dalam setahun
9 = sangat jarang
A) AYAM ..................................
B) KAMBIING/ DOMBA ...........
C) BABI ...................................
D) SAPI ....................................
E) KERBAU .............................
F) IKAN DARAT/AIR TAWAR .
G) IKAN/ BINATANG LAUT ....
H) TELUR ................................
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9
C7C Seberapa banyak yang Ibu/
Bapak makan setiap kali
makan?
AYAM
1 – Satu potong kecil
2 – Satu potong besar
KAMBING – KERBAU
1 – Satu potong kecil
2 – Satu potong besar
IKAN (=C15)
1 - ½ EKOR
2 - 1 EKOR UTUH
3 - 1 POTONG KECIL
4 - 1 POTONG SEDANG
5 - 1 POTONG BESAR
A) AYAM ..................................
B) KAMBING/ DOMBA ............
C) BABI ...................................
D) SAPI ....................................
E) KERBAU .............................
F) IKAN DARAT/AIR TAWAR .
G) IKAN/ BINATANG LAUT ...............................................................
H) TELUR ...........................................................................................
JENIS POTONGAN ......., JUMLAH ......
JENIS POTONGAN ......., JUMLAH ......
JENIS POTONGAN ......., JUMLAH ......
JENIS POTONGAN ......., JUMLAH ......
JENIS POTONGAN ......., JUMLAH ......
JENIS POTONGAN ......., JUMLAH ......
JENIS POTONGAN ......., JUMLAH ......
JENIS POTONGAN ......., JUMLAH ......
C8 Apakah Ibu/ Bapak pernah
makan ikan/ hewan laut?
JELASKAN HEWAN LAUT
ADALAH SPT IKAN LAUT,
UDANG, CUMI, TIRAM,
KEPITING DLL
YA ................................................................................................ 1
TIDAK .......................................................................................... 2
C21
87
C9 Kapan terakhir kali Ibu/
Bapak/ anggota keluarga
rumah di sini makan ikan/
hewan laut?
KEMARIN ..................................................................................... 1
DALAM MINGGU INI ................................................................... 2
DALAM DUA MINGGU INI ........................................................... 3
DALAM SEBULAN INI ................................................................. 4
LEBIH DARI SEBULAN LALU...................................................... 5
TIDAK INGAT............................................................................... 6
LEBIH DARI SETAHUN TIDAK MAKAN IKAN/ BINATANG LAUT
................................................................................................ 7
C11
C11
C10
LALU
KE
C21
C10 Kenapa Ibu/ Bapak tidak/
jarang makan ikan/ hewan
laut?
MAHAL ........................................................................................ A
TIDAK ADA DI PASAR/ TIDAK ADA YANG JUAL ...................... B
TIDAK SUKA ............................................................................... C
SUSAH MEMASAK ..................................................................... D
RASA TIDAK ENAK .................................................................... E
TIDAK SEGAR ............................................................................ F
KURANG BAIK UNTUK KESEHATAN ANAK ............................. G
BAWA SIAL ................................................................................. H
LAINNYA, TULISKAN_____________________________ .......... I
C11 Biasanya, seberapa sering
Ibu/ Bapak makan ikan/
hewan laut?
HATI-HATI PERHATIKAN
KONSISTENSI JAWABAN
C9
LEBIH DARI SEKALI DALAM SEHARI ........................................ 1
SEKALI SEHARI/ SETIAP HARI .................................................. 2
BEBERAPA KALI DALAM SEMINGGU ....................................... 3
SEKALI SEMINGGU .................................................................... 4
BEBERAPA KALI DALAM SEBULAN .......................................... 5
SEBULAN SEKALI ATAU LEBIH JARANG ................................. 6
TIDAK INGAT............................................................................... 7
C12 Ikan/ hewan laut apa saja
yang biasanya Ibu/ Bapak
makan?
IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________A
IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________B
IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________C
UDANG .................................................................................... D
KEPITING ................................................................................ E
CUMI ......................................................................................... F
SIPUT ..................................................................................... G
KIMA/TIRAM ............................................................................ H
LAINNYA, TULISKAN ______________________________ .... I
88
C13 Ikan/ hewan laut apa yang
paling Ibu/ Bapak sukai?
IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________ A
IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________ B
IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________ C
UDANG ....................................................................................... D
KEPITING ................................................................................... E
CUMI ........................................................................................... F
SIPUT ......................................................................................... G
KIMA/TIRAM ............................................................................... H
LAINNYA, TULISKAN ____________________________ .......... I
C14 Untuk kebanyakan anggota
keluarga, ikan/ hewan laut
apa yang paling disukai?
IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________ A
IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________ B
IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________ C
UDANG ....................................................................................... D
KEPITING ................................................................................... E
CUMI ........................................................................................... F
SIPUT ......................................................................................... G
KIMA/ .......................................................................................... H
LAINNYA, TULISKAN ______________________________ ....... I
C15 Berapa besar biasanya yang
dimakan orang di rumah ini?
TUNJUKKAN ALAT BANTU
UKURAN 1 : ½ EKOR ................................................................ 1
UKURAN 2 : 1 EKOR UTUH ........................................................ 2
UKURAN 3 : 1 POTONG KECIL .................................................. 3
UKURAN 4 : 1 POTONG SEDANG ............................................. 4
UKURAN 5 : 1 POTONG BESAR ................................................ 5
C16 Mana saja bagian dari ikan
yang dimakan anggota rumah
tangga ini? TUNJUKKAN
GAMBAR
KEPALA ...................................................................................... A
PERUT ........................................................................................ B
BUNTUT ..................................................................................... C
KULIT .......................................................................................... D
TELUR ........................................................................................ E
TULANG ..................................................................................... F
LAINNYA, TULISKAN ______________________________ ..... G
C17
a Bagaimana biasanya ikan/
hewan laut itu dimasak?
DIGORENG................................................................................. A
DIBAKAR/ DIPANGGANG ......................................................... B
DIKUKUS .................................................................................... C
DIREBUS .................................................................................... D
DIOVEN/DIASAP ........................................................................ E
LAINNYA, TULISKAN_____________________________ ...... F
89
C17
b Bagaimana biasanya
keluaraga memakan ikan?
ORANG YANG BERUSIA TUA MEMAKAN LEBIH DAHULU... A
KEPALA KELUARGA MAKAN TERLEBIH DAHULU ............... B
PEREMPUAN MAKAN BELAKANGAN .................................... C
ANAK-ANAK MAKAN BELAKANGAN ..................................... D
ORANG BERUSIA TUA DAPAT LEBIH BANYAK .................... E
KEPALA KELUARGA DAPAT LEBIH BANYAK ....................... F
PEREMPUAN DAPAT LEBIH SEDIKIT ..................................... G
ANAK-ANAK DAPAT LEBIH SEDIKIT ...................................... H
LAINNYA ____________________________________ .............. I
LAINNYA ____________________________________ ............. J
C18
a Setiap kali membeli,
biasanya, berapa banyak
yang Ibu/ Bapak beli? GALI
berapa kilo? BILA UKURAN
ADALAH BEBERAPA EKOR
IKAN/ HEWAN, BANTU
UNTUK MENGHITUNG KE
KG
KURANG ATAU SAMA DENGAN 1 KG ....................................... 1
LEBIH DARI 1 KG, KURANG DARI 2 KG .................................... 2
LEBIH DARI 2 KG ........................................................................ 3
LAINNYA, TULIS___________________________________ .... 4
C18
b Apakah Ibu/ Bapak pernah
membeli ikan sudah diolah?
Apakah Ibu/ Bapak pernah
membeli yang...?
TIDAK ......................................................................................... A
DIASAP ....................................................................................... B
DIKERINGKAN ........................................................................... C
DIASINKAN ................................................................................. D
DIBAKAR .................................................................................... E
DIGORENG................................................................................. F
DIREBUS/ DIKUKUS .................................................................. G
C18
c Seberapa sering
biasanya Ibu/ Bapak
membeli ikan di atas?
1 = beberapa kali
sehari
2 = setiap hari
3 = beberapa kali
seminggu
4 = seminggu sekali
5 = beberapa kali
sebulan
6 = sebulan sekali
7 = > 1x sebulan
TIDAK ............................
DIASAP ..........................
DIKERINGKAN ..............
DIASINKAN ...................
DIBAKAR .......................
DIGORENG ...................
DIREBUS/ DIKUKUS .....
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7
90
C19 Apa yang Ibu/ Bapak sukai
dari makanan ikan/ hewan
laut?
BILA DIJAWAB MANFAAT,
GALI APA MANFAATNYA?
RASANYA ................................................................................... A
MANFAATNYA, TULIS________________________________ B
MANFAATNYA, TULIS________________________________ C
HARGANYA ................................................................................ D
BAUNYA ..................................................................................... E
BENTUKNYA .............................................................................. F
KELUARGA SUKA MEMAKANNYA ........................................... G
LAINNYA, TULISKAN ______________________________ ..... H
C20 Apa yang Ibu/ Bapak kurang
atau tidak disukai dari
makanan ikan/ hewan laut?
RASANYA ................................................................................... A
HARGANYA ................................................................................ B
BAUNYA ..................................................................................... C
BENTUKNYA .............................................................................. D
KELUARGA TIDAK SUKA MEMAKANNYA ................................ E
BAWA SIAL ................................................................................. F
MENGURANGI KESEHATAN ..................................................... G
LAINNYA, TULISKAN ______________________________ ..... H
C21 Di mana orang-orang di
lingkungan sini mendapatkan/
membeli ikan / hewan laut?
BILA PERLU JELASKAN
KEMBALI MACAM-MACAM
IKAN/ HEWAN LAUT
BELI DI PELELANGAN IKAN...................................................... A
BELI DI NELAYAN LANGSUNG ................................................. B
BELI DI PASAR........................................................................... C
BELI DI SUPER MARKET .......................................................... D
BE LI DI TETANGGA ................................................................... E
MENGAMBIL SENDIRI/ SAYA NELAYAN .................................. F
BELI DI WARUNG (JADI/ SIAP SANTAP) .................................. G
LAINNYA, TULISKAN ______________________________ ..... H
C25
C22 Biasanya, seberapa sering
Ibu/ Bapak membeli ikan/
hewan laut?
LEBIH DARI SEKALI DALAM SEHARI ........................................ 1
SEKALI SEHARI/ SETIAP HARI .................................................. 2
BEBERAPA KALI DALAM SEMINGGU ....................................... 3
SEKALI SEMINGGU .................................................................... 4
BEBERAPA KALI DALAM SEBULAN .......................................... 5
SEBULAN SEKALI ATAU LEBIH JARANG ................................. 6
TIDAK INGAT............................................................................... 7
C23 Berapa jauh jaraknya untuk
mencapai tempat itu? AMBIL
YANG TERDEKAT SAJA
GALI, naik apa? Berapa
lama?
DEKAT SAJA/ DI SEBELAH RUMAH .......................................... 1
JALAN KAKI/ SEPEDA KURANG DARI SETENGAH JAM .......... 2
JALAN KAKI/SEPEDA 30 – 60 MENIT ....................................... 3
JALAN KAKI/SEPEDA LEBIH DARI SEJAM ............................... 4
NAIK KENDARAAN UMUM KURANG DARI 30 MENIT .............. 5
NAIK KENDARAAN UMUM 30 – 60 MENIT ............................... 6
NAIK KENDARAAN UMUM LEBIH DARI SEJAM ........................ 7
91
C24 Apakah ikan/ hewan laut
selalu tersedia di tempat-
tempat itu?
YA SELALU TERSEDIA SETIAP HARI ...................................... 1
TERSEDIA BEBERAPA KALI SEMINGGU ................................ 2
TERSEDIA SEMINGGU SEKALI ................................................ 3
TERSEDIA BEBERAPA KALI DALAM SEBULAN .................... 4
TIDAK TERATUR, KADANG ADA, KADANG TIDAK ................ 5
C25 Menurut Ibu/ Bapak,
seberapa mudahkah orang-
orang di sini mendapatkan
ikan/ hewan laut?
SANGAT MUDAH ........................................................................ 1
CUKUP MUDAH .......................................................................... 2
BIASA SAJA ............................................................................... 3
CUKUP SULIT ............................................................................. 4
SANGAT SULIT ........................................................................... 5
C26 Apakah Ibu/ Bapak merasa
jumlah ikan/ hewan laut yang
dimakan keluarga sudah
cukup?
BERLEBIH ................................................................................... 1
CUKUP ........................................................................................ 2
SEDANG-SEDANG SAJA ........................................................... 3
KURANG ..................................................................................... 4
SANGAT KURANG ..................................................................... 5
C27 Andaikan di masa datang Ibu/
Bapak mendapat uang,
apakah Ibu/ Bapak
berkeinginan untuk makan
lebih banyak ikan/ hewan
laut?
YA ................................................................................................ 1
TIDAK .......................................................................................... 2
TIDAK TAHU ............................................................................... 3
PENGGUNAAN SUMBER DAYA LAUT > KHUSUS UNTUK NELAYAN/PESKADOR
D1 Apakah Ibu/ Bapak
mengambil menangkap ikan
atau binatang atau tumbuhan
laut untuk penghidupan?
YA ................................................................................................ 1
TIDAK .......................................................................................... 2
E1
D2a Apa saja yang Ibu/ Bapak
ambil dari laut?
IKAN ............................................................................................ A
UDANG ....................................................................................... B
KEPITING ................................................................................... C
CUMI ........................................................................................... D
RUMPUT LAUT ........................................................................... E
SIPUT ......................................................................................... F
KIMA / TIRAM ............................................................................. G
HASIL LAIN, TULISKAN ______________________________ . H
D2b Jenis ikan apa saja yang
diambil?
BANTU DENGAN GAMBAR
TULIS
TULISKAN ____________ /NAMA LOKAL________________
TULISKAN____________ /NAMA LOKAL________________
TULISKAN____________ / NAMA LOKAL________________
TULISKAN____________ / NAMA LOKAL_________________
TULISKAN___________ / NAMA LOKAL _________________
92
D3 Seberapa sering Ibu/ Bapak
pergi melaut/ ke laut?
SETIAP HARI .............................................................................. A
DUA HARI SEKALI ..................................................................... B
TIGA HARI SEKALI ..................................................................... C
SEKALI SEMINGGU ................................................................... D
LAINNYA, TULIS ......................................................................... E
LAINNYA, TULIS ......................................................................... F
D4 Di mana biasanya Ibu/ Bapak
menangkap ikan/ binatang/
tumbuhan laut?
BERIKUTNYA SEBUT
BINATANG/ TUMBUHAN
LAUTNYA
PANTAI/ PESISIR ....................................................................... A
DAERAH KARANG ..................................................................... B
LAUT DALAM.............................................................................. C
LAINNYA, TULIS ________________________________ ........ D
LAINNYA, TULIS ________________________________ ........ E
D5 Berapa jauh itu letaknya dari
pantai?
Berapa jam perjalanan ke
tempat itu?
Berapa lama perjalanan dari
rumah ke pantai?
BANTU KONVERSIKAN KE
SATUAN TERCANTUM
DAN BILA DIJAWAB
DALAM RANGE AMBIL
YANG
TERJAUH/TERLAMA
A) ...... METER - ........... METER - ............. METER-............
METER
B) ........MENIT...............MENIT- ............... MENIT -
..............MENIT
C) ............... MENIT
D6 Berapa lama biasanya Ibu/
Bapak gunakan sekali melaut/
ke laut?
KURANG DARI 6 JAM ................................................................. 1
6 – 12 JAM ................................................................................... 2
12 – 24 JAM ................................................................................. 3
1 – 2 HARI ................................................................................... 4
3 – 5 HARI ................................................................................... 5
6 – 10 HARI ................................................................................. 6
LEBIH DARI 10 HARI ................................................................... 7
93
D7 Pada bulan-bulan apa saja
Bapak/ Ibu melaut/ ke laut?
JANUARI ..................................................................................... A
FEBRUARI .................................................................................. B
MARET ....................................................................................... C
APRIL .......................................................................................... D
MEI .............................................................................................. E
JUNI ............................................................................................ F
JULI ............................................................................................ G
AGUSTUS ................................................................................... H
SEPTEMBER ................................................................................ I
OKTOBER ................................................................................... J
NOPEMBER................................................................................ K
DESEMBER .................................................................................. I
D8 Dalam beberapa bulan
terakhir, sekali melaut/ ke
laut, biasanya berapa banyak
tangkapan/ hasil laut yang
Ibu/ Bapak dapatkan?
A) IKAN, TULIS_____________ : ______EKOR; ______EMBER
IKAN, TULIS_____________ : ______EKOR; ______EMBER
IKAN, TULIS_____________ : ______EKOR; ______EMBER
IKAN, TULIS_____________ : ______EKOR; ______EMBER
IKAN, TULIS_____________ : ______EKOR; ______EMBER
B) NON IKAN :
TULIS _______; ____KG; _____EKOR;_____IKAT; ___EMBER
TULIS _______; ____KG; _____EKOR; ____ IKAT ;___EMBER
TULIS _______; ____KG; _____EKOR; ____ IKAT; ___EMBER
TULIS _______; ____KG; _____EKOR; ____ IKAT;___EMBER
TULIS _______;____KG; _____EKOR; ____ IKAT;____EMBER
D9 Biasanya berapa banyak hasil
tangkapan/ hasil laut yang
Ibu/ Bapak makan untuk
keluarga sendiri?
A) IKAN, TULIS_____________ : ______EKOR; ____EMBER
IKAN, TULIS_____________ : ______EKOR; ____EMBER
IKAN, TULIS_____________ : ______EKOR; ____EMBER
IKAN, TULIS_____________ : ______EKOR; ____EMBER
IKAN, TULIS_____________ : ______EKOR; ____EMBER
B) NON IKAN :
TULIS _______; _____KG;____EKOR;_____IKAT; ___EMBER
TULIS _______; _____KG; ___ EKOR;_____IKAT; ___EMBER
TULIS _______; _____KG;____EKOR; _____IKAT; ___EMBER
TULIS ______; _____KG; ____EKOR;_____IKAT;____EMBER
TULIS ______; _____KG;____EKOR; _____IKAT;____EMBER
D10 Apakah jumlah hasil
tangkapan/ hasil laut yang
didapat berubah dari tahun ke
tahun?
YA, MENURUN ............................................................................ 1
TETAP SAJA ............................................................................... 2
YA, BERTAMBAH ....................................................................... 3
YA, IKAN MENURUN DAN NON IKAN BERTAMBAH ............... 4
YA, IKAN BERTAMBAH DAN NON IKAN MENURUN ............... 5
94
D11 Sejak kapan Ibu/ Bapak
mengalaminya?
SETAHUN TERAKHIR ................................................................. 1
2 TAHUN TERAKHIR ................................................................... 2
3 – 4 TAHUN TERAKHIR ............................................................. 3
LEBIH DARI 5 TAHUN LALU ....................................................... 4
D12 Kira-kira, apa penyebabnya?
CUACA BURUK/ OMBAK BESAR .............................................. A
KAPAL RUSAK/ KURANG BAGUS ............................................ B
ALAT TIDAK MEMADAI .............................................................. C
MODAL KERJA KURANG .......................................................... D
PERSAINGAN ANTARNELAYAN/ PESKADOR ......................... E
IKAN BERKURANG .................................................................... F
LAINNYA, TULISKAN ________________________________ . G
LAINNYA, TULISKAN ________________________________ . H
D13 Kira-kira apa yang perlu
dilakukan agar hasil yang
didapat lebih banyak?
___________________________________________________A
___________________________________________________B
___________________________________________________C
___________________________________________________D
PENGAMATAN
E1 LIHAT DINDING UNTUK
MENENTUKAN TIPE RUMAH
SECARA UMUM
PERMANEN (SEMEN, BATA, BATAKO) ..................................... 1
SEMI PERMANEN (SETENGAH TEMBOK) ................................ 2
TIDAK PERMANEN (BAMBU, PAPAN, GEDEK DLL) ................. 3
E2 LIHAT WILAYAH TERBANYAK
BAHAN LANTAI RUMAH
TANAH ......................................................................................... 1
BAMBU ........................................................................................ 2
PAPAN ......................................................................................... 3
SEMEN ........................................................................................ 4
UBIN ............................................................................................ 5
KERAMIK ..................................................................................... 6
LAINNYA (TULIS) ______________________ ........................... 7
E3 NILAI KONDISI VENTILASI SECARA SUBYEKTIF. CUKUP =
TIDAK TERASA SUMPEK = TERASA ADA ANGIN
CUKUP ................................... 1
TIDAK CUKUP ....................... 2
E4 LOKASI
ALDEA
BERBATASAN DENGAN PANTAI ................................................................................. 1
BERBATASAN DGN ALDEA YG DIPINGGIR PANTAI ................................................. 2
JAUH DARI PANTAI ...................................................................................................... 3
E5 LIHAT KONDISI JALAN DEPAN
RUMAH
TANAH ......................................................................................... 1
DI ASPAL/ SEMEN/ PAVING BLOCK .......................................... 2
E6 ALAT TRANSPORTASI DARI
IBU KOTA DISTRIK KE ALDEA
ADA TRANSPORTASI UMUM ..................................................... 1
TIDAK ADA TRANSPORTASI UMUM ......................................... 2
95
E7
JARAK
DARI IBU
KOTA
DISTRIK
KE ALDEA
KURANG DARI 1/2 JAM DENGAN KENDARAAN BERMOTOR ................................... 1
½ - 1 JAM DENGAN KENDARAAN BERMOTOR.......................................................... 2
LEBIH DARI 1 JAM DENGAN KENDARAAN BERMOTOR ........................................... 3
LAINNYA, TULISKAN_________________________________________ ................... 4
E8 ONGKOS DARI IBUKOTA
DISTRIK KE ALDEA
KURANG DARI $3 (MURAH) ....................................................... 1
ANTARA $3-5 (SEDANG) ............................................................ 2
LEBIH DARI $5 (MAHAL) ............................................................ 3
E9 SAMPAH
SAMPAH IKAN/ HASIL LAUT .................................................................... A
SAMPAH HASIL PENGOLAHAN IKAN/ HASIL LAUT ............................... B
SAMPAH DI DALAM RUMAH .................................................................... C
SAMPAH DI HALAMAN RUMAH ............................................................... D
SAMPAH DI LUAR RUMAH ....................................................................... E
E10
KONDISI INFRASTRUKSTUR
PERIKANAN YANG ADA (BAIK,
RUSAK RINGAN, RUSAK
BERAT), BERFUNGSI ATAU
TIDAK
TEMPAT PELELANGAN IKAN, TULIS__________ .................................. 1
TEMPAT PENDARATAN KAPAL, TULIS ______________ ...................... 2
COLD STORAGE, TULIS____________________ ................................... 3
TEMPAT PENJEMURAN IKAN, TULIS __________ ................................. 4
TEMPAT PENGOLAHAN IKAN, TULIS __________ ................................ 5
LAINNYA, TULISKAN__________________ ............................................ 6
____________________________________ ........................................... 7
____________________________________ ........................................... 8
96
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
QUESTIONNAIRE ON FISH/ANIMAL PROTEIN CONSUMPTION AND
FISH AVAILABILITY SURVEY – TIMOR-LESTE 2011
NO QUESTIONS RESPONDENT ANSWERS TO
GENERAL ILLUSTRATION
A1 SEX
(DON’T ASK JUST WRITE)
MALE .............................................................................. 1
FEMALE ......................................................................... 2
A2
How old are you?
PLEASE BE POLITE AND
LOOK AT THE SITUATION
YEAR
A3 When is your birthdate?
PLEASE BE POLITE AND
LOOK AT THE SITUATION
MONTH - YEAR
1. DISTRICT: __________________________________ 2. SUB-DISTRICT: ___________________________________
3. SUCO: _______________________________ 4. ALDEIA: _________________________________________
5. HOUSE NO: ____________ 6. NAME OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD: _____________________________________
QUESTIONNAIRE NO:
INTERVIEWER:
INFORMED CONSENT – MUST READ
Good Morning/ Afternoon/Evening. My name is ..........................., I am from the Regional Fisheries
Livelihood Program. We are currently conducting a survey to identify and obtain understanding on
Community’s knowledge, understanding and perception on various aspects of fish consumption and
animal protein consumption. The results of this survey will be used as inputs to develop programs on
the above aspects. All information will be kept as confidential and for the purpose of our survey only.
Are you willing to participate in this survey?
CONTINUE ONLY IF THE ANSWER IS YES
97
NO QUESTIONS RESPONDENT ANSWERS TO
A4 How many people live in this
house?
ANYBODY, AS LONG AS THE
PERSON STAYS/SLEEPS IN THE
HOUSE, INCLUDING SERVANTS.
A5 What is your religion? CATHOLIC ..................................................................... 1
CHRISTIAN .................................................................... 2
MOSLEM ........................................................................ 3
HINDU ............................................................................ 4
BUDDHIST ..................................................................... 5
OHTER, WRITE_______________________________ 6
A6 What is your marriage status? MARRIED ....................................................................... 1
NOT MARRIED/SINGLE ................................................ 2
DIVORCE 1 (BY DIVORCE) ........................................... 3
DIVORCE 2 (BY DEATH) ............................................... 4
SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGROUND
B1 Have you attended school? YES ................................................................................ 1
NO .................................................................................. 2
B3
B2 What level has been
completed?
ELEMENTARY NOT COMPLETED ............................... 1
ELEMENTARY COMPLETED ........................................ 2
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL NOT COMPLETED ................ 3
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL COMPLETED ......................... 4
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL NOT COMPLETED ................ 5
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL COMPLETED ........................ 6
DIPLOMA NOT COMPLETED........................................ 7
DIPLOMA COMPLETED ................................................ 8
BACHELOR NOT COMPLETED .................................... 9
BACHELOR COMPLETED .......................................... 10
OTHERS, WRITE_____________________________ 11
98
NO QUESTIONS RESPONDENT ANSWERS TO
B3 Are you or those living in this
house own the following
goods?
PLEASE TRY TO BE REAL
POLITE AND IF FEEL THAT
YOU STILL FEEL AWKWARD,
DO AN OBSERVATION ONLY
(MAKE A NOTE IF YOU DO
OBSERVATION ONLY) AND
MOVE TO THE NEXT
QUESTIONS.
BICYCLE ........................................................................A
MOTORBIKE ..................................................................B
CAR ............................................................................... C
CAR PICK UP................................................................ D
TRUK ..............................................................................E
RADIO ............................................................................ F
TV ................................................................................. G
PARABOLE ................................................................... H
DVD/ VCD/CD PLAYER .................................................. I
REFRIGERATOR ........................................................... J
TELEPHONE ..................................................................K
HANDPHONE................................................................. L
OWN HOUSE ................................................................ M
COW/KERBAU .............................................................. N
GOAT/SHEEP ............................................................... O
PIG .................................................................................P
CHICKEN ...................................................................... Q
MOTORISED BOAT ...................................................... R
WOODEN SAILBOAT ....................................................S
WOODEN ROW BOAT .................................................. T
B4 In the last month, did you work
for money?
YES ................................................................................ 1
NO .................................................................................. 2
B6
99
NO QUESTIONS RESPONDENT ANSWERS TO
B5 What is your main
job/occupation?
TEACHER .................................................................... 11
LECTURER .................................................................. 12
DIRETOR ..................................................................... 13
MENISTRU MEMBRU PARLEMENTU ........................ 14
MEDICAL DOCTOR/ANIMAL DOCTOR ...................... 15
FUNGSIONARIA PNTL/ F-FDTL .................................. 21
FUNGSIONARIO EMPRESARIU ................................. 22
FISHERMAN ................................................................ 23
FARMER ...................................................................... 24
FACTORY WORKER ................................................... 31
FISH WORKER ............................................................ 31
FARM WORKER .......................................................... 32
MARKET/SHOP WORKER .......................................... 33
BUILDING WORKER ................................................... 34
SELLER AT MARKET/MALL/SHOP ............................. 41
INFORMAL VENDOR ................................................... 42
OWN KIOSK/SMALL SHOP AT HOME ........................ 43
FISH COLLECTOR ...................................................... 51
SEAWEED FARMER ................................................... 52
COLLECT FISH/MARINE BIOTA
DURING LOW TIDE .......................................... 53
PROCESSED FISH VENDOR/SELLER ....................... 54
OTHER, WRITE______________________________ 55
B6
B7
What other job do you do to
make money?
What is the other family
member job to make money?
B6
B7
100
NO QUESTIONS RESPONDENT ANSWERS TO
TEACHER ......................................................................A
LECTURER ....................................................................B
DIRETOR ..................................................................... C
MENISTRU MEMBRU PARLEMENTU ......................... D
MEDICAL DOCTOR/ANIMAL DOCTOR ........................E
FUNGSIONARIA PNTL/ F-FDTL .................................... F
FUNGSIONARIO EMPRESARIU .................................. G
FISHERMAN/ PESKADOR ........................................... H
FARMER ......................................................................... I
FISH WORKER/ PESKADOR ........................................ J
FARM WORKER ............................................................K
MARKET/SHOP WORKER ............................................ L
BUILDING WORKER .................................................... M
SELLER AT MARKET/MALL/SHOP .............................. N
INFORMAL VENDOR .................................................... O
OWN KIOSK/SMALL SHOP AT HOME ..........................P
FISH COLLECTOR/BUYER FROM FISHER /
PESKADOR .............................................................. Q
SEAWEED FARMER .................................................... R
PROCESSED FISH VENDOR/SELLER .........................S
COLLECT FISH/MARINE BIOTA DURING LOW TIDE/
REEFGLEANER ........................................................ T
OTHER, (WRITE)_____________________________ U
B6 IF RESPONDENT IS NOT
HEAD OF HOUESEHOLD
(SEE A7) What is the head of
household job/occupation?
GOVERNMENT CIVIL SERVANT ................................ 11
POLICE/ARMY ............................................................. 12
ENTREPRENEUR ........................................................ 13
PROFESSIONAL (LAWYER/DOCTOR ETC) .............. 14
EMPLOYEE (MANAGERIAL/CLERICAL) .................... 15
FISHERMAN ................................................................ 21
FARMER ...................................................................... 22
FACTORY WORKER ................................................... 31
FISH WORKER ............................................................ 32
FARM WORKER .......................................................... 33
MARKET/SHOP WORKER .......................................... 34
BUILDING WORKER ................................................... 35
SELLER AT MARKET/MALL/SHOP ............................. 41
INFORMAL VENDOR ................................................... 42
OWN WARUNG/SMALL SHOP AT HOME .................. 43
FISH COLLECTOR ...................................................... 44
SEAWEED FARMER ................................................... 45
PROCESSED FISH VENDOR/SELLER ....................... 46
OTHER, WRITE______________________________ 47
101
NO QUESTIONS RESPONDENT ANSWERS TO
B8 Is there a woman in the house
working as fisher/peskador? IF
YES, who is she?
WIFE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD ......................................A
DAUGHTER HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD ...........................B
NONE ____________________________ ................... C
OTHER, (WRITE) ____________________________ . D
B9 What is the average income
received by you and your family
in a month? REFER TO LAST
MONTH
.............................
FISH CONSUMPTION
C1
Today or yesterday, do/did you
eat meat or fish?
IF ASKED, EXPLAIN ANY
KIND OF MEAT: CHICKEN,
PORK, BEEF, LAMB, FISH
ETC
YES ................................................................................ 1
NO .................................................................................. 2
C4A
C2 In last week? YES ................................................................................ 1
NO .................................................................................. 2
C4A
C3 When was the last time you eat
meat/fish?
WITHIN THE LAST 2 WEEKS ........................................ 1
WITHIN THIS MONTH ................................................... 2
MORE THAN A MONTH AGO........................................ 3
DO NOT REMEMBER .................................................... 4
DO NOT EAT ANY MEAT/FISH ..................................... 5
C4
C4
C4
C5
C4 Do all family members in the
house eat meat/fish?
YES ................................................................................ 1
NO .................................................................................. 2
C5
C4b When do your family usually
eat meat/fish?
AT PARTY .....................................................................A
EVERYDAY MEAL .........................................................B
OTHER, WRITE ______________________________ C
C6
C6
C6
C5 Why don’t you/family member
in this house do not eat
meat/fish?
EXPENSIVE ...................................................................A
NOT AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET/NO ONE SELL ......B
DO NOT LIKE ................................................................ C
DIFFICULT TO COOK ................................................... D
TASTE NOT GOOD .......................................................E
NOT FRESH ................................................................... F
NOT REGULAR FOOD ................................................. G
OTHERS, WRITE______________________________H
ONLY EAT EGG OR OTHERS ___________________ . I
C21
C21
C21
C21
C21
C21
C21
C21
C21
102
NO QUESTIONS RESPONDENT ANSWERS TO
C6 What kind of meat/fish do you
have for meal?
EXPLORE, any other? IF
ANSWER FISH, what kind of
fish?
CHICKEN .......................................................................A
LAMB/GOAT ..................................................................B
PORK ............................................................................ C
BEEF ............................................................................. D
KERBAU/BEEF .............................................................E
FISH (FROM RIVER/LAKE) ........................................... F
FISH (FROM SEA) ........................................................ G
EGG ............................................................................. H
OTHERS, WRITE_____________________________ .. I
C7A From the meat/fish that you eat
(READ ANSWERS FROM THE
ABOVE QUESTION), which is
the most often you have during
meal?
CHICKEN ....................................................................... 1
LAMB/GOAT .................................................................. 2
PORK ............................................................................. 3
BEEF .............................................................................. 4
KERBAU/BEEF .............................................................. 5
FISH (FROM RIVER/LAKE) ........................................... 6
FISH (FROM SEA)/OTHER SEAFOOD ......................... 7
EGG ............................................................................... 8
OTHERS, WRITE_____________________________ . 9
C9
C7B How frequent do you eat those
meat/fish?
1 = 3 x a day
2 = 2 x a day
3 = 1 x a day
4 = several times per week
5 = once a week
6 = several times per month
7 =once a month
8 = several times a year
9 = very rarely
A) CHICKEN ........................................
B) LAMB/GOAT ...................................
C) PORK .............................................
D) BEEF ..............................................
E) KERBAU/BEEF ...............................
F) FISH (FROM RIVER/LAKE) ............
G) FISH (FROM SEA)/OTHER
SEAFOOD ......................................
H) TELUR ............................................
1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9
1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9
1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9
1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9
1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9
1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9
1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9
1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9
103
NO QUESTIONS RESPONDENT ANSWERS TO
C7C How much/size of the fish
you/family members usually eat
at a meal? SHOW
EXAMPLE/TOOLS
CHICKEN
1 – One small piece
2 – one big piece
LAMB - BEEF
1 – One small piece
2 – one big piece
FISH (=C15)
1 - ½ OF FISH
2 - 1 WHOLE FISH
3 - 1 SMALL PIECE
4 - 1 MEDIUM PIECE
5 - 1 BIG PIECE
A) CHICKEN ..............................................
B) LAMB/GOAT .........................................
C) PORK ...................................................
D) BEEF ....................................................
E) KERBAU/BEEF .....................................
F) FISH (FROM RIVER/LAKE) ..................
G) FISH (FROM SEA)/OTHER SEAFOOD
.............................................................
H) TELUR ..................................................
SIZE ....., QUANTITY .....
SIZE ....., QUANTITY .....
SIZE ....., QUANTITY .....
SIZE ....., QUANTITY .....
SIZE ....., QUANTITY .....
SIZE ....., QUANTITY .....
SIZE ....., QUANTITY .....
SIZE ....., QUANTITY .....
C8 Have you eaten fish/other
seafood? EXPLAIN SEAFOOD
ARE INCLUDING FISH,
PRAWN,SQUID,OYSTER,CRA
B ETC
YES ................................................................................ 1
NO .................................................................................. 2
C21
C9 When was the last time
you/family member here ate
fish/seafood?
YESTERDAY .................................................................. 1
WITHIN THIS WEEK ...................................................... 2
WITHIN THE LAST TWO WEEKS ................................. 3
WITHIN THIS MONTH ................................................... 4
MORE THAN A MONTH AGO........................................ 5
DO NOT REMEMBER .................................................... 6
MORE THAN A YEAR DO NOT EAT FISH/SEAFOOD . 7
C11
C11
C10, THEN
TO
C21
C10 Why do you not eat
fish/seafood?
EXPENSIVE ...................................................................A
NOT AVAILABLE IN MARKET/NO ONE SELLS ............B
DO NOT LIKE ................................................................ C
DIFFICULT TO COOK ................................................... D
TASTE NOT GOOD .......................................................E
NOT FRESH ................................................................... F
NOT GOOD FOR CHILDREN’S HEALTH .................... G
BRING BAD LUCK ...................................................... H
OTHERS, WRITE______________________________ I
104
NO QUESTIONS RESPONDENT ANSWERS TO
C11 Usually, how often do you eat
fish/seafood?
BE CAREFUL, SEE ANSWER
NO C9
MORE THAN ONCE PER DAY ...................................... 1
ONCE A DAY/EVERYDAY ............................................. 2
SEVERAL TIMES IN A WEEK........................................ 3
ONCE A WEEK .............................................................. 4
SEVERAL TIMES IN A MONTH ..................................... 5
ONCE A MONTH OR LESS ........................................... 6
DO NOT REMEMBER .................................................... 7
C12 What kind of fish/seafood do
you usually eat?
FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________ A
FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________ B
FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________C
PRAWN ......................................................................... D
CRAB .............................................................................E
SQUID ........................................................................... F
SNAIL ........................................................................... G
OYSTER/CLAM ............................................................. H
OTHERS, WRITE ______________________________ I
C13 Which fish/seafood is your
favourite or you like most?
FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________ A
FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________ B
FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________C
PRAWN ......................................................................... D
CRAB .............................................................................E
SQUID ............................................................................ F
SNAIL ........................................................................... G
OYSTER/CLAM ............................................................. H
OTHERS, WRITE ______________________________ I
C14 For other family members,
which fish/seafood are their
favourite or they like most?
FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________ A
FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________ B
FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________C
PRAWN ......................................................................... D
CRAB .............................................................................E
SQUID ............................................................................ F
SNAIL ........................................................................... G
OYSTER/CLAM ............................................................. H
OTHERS, WRITE ______________________________ I
C15 How much/size of the fish
you/family members usually eat
at a meal? SHOW
EXAMPLE/TOOLS
SIZE 1 : ½ OF FISH ..................................................... 1
SIZE 2 : 1 WHOLE FISH ................................................ 2
SIZE 3 : 1 SMALL PIECE ............................................... 3
SIZE 4 : 1 MEDIUM PIECE ............................................ 4
SIZE 5 : 1 BIG PIECE ..................................................... 5
105
NO QUESTIONS RESPONDENT ANSWERS TO
C16 What part of the fish do you
eat? SHOW PICTURE
HEAD .............................................................................A
FILLET/MIDDLE .............................................................B
TAIL OR FINS ............................................................... C
SKIN .............................................................................. D
EGG ...............................................................................E
BONES .......................................................................... F
OTHER, WRITE ______________________________ G
C17a How do you cook the
fish/seafood?
DEEP FRY .....................................................................A
GRILL/BROIL .................................................................B
STEAM .......................................................................... C
BOIL .............................................................................. D
PUT IN OVEN/SMOKE ...................................................E
OTHER, WRITE_____________________________ .... F
C17b How do family usually eat
fish/seafood?
OLDER MEMBER OF THE FAMILY EAT
FIRST/PRIORITY ......................................................A
HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD EAT FIRST/PRIORITY ...........B
WOMEN EAT LATER .................................................... C
CHILDREN EAT LATER ................................................ D
OLDER MEMBER OF THE FAMILY GET BIGGER
PORTION ..................................................................E
HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD GET BIGGER PORTION ....... F
WOMEN GET SMALLER PORTION ............................. G
CHILDREN GET SMALLER PORTION ......................... H
OTHER, WRITE _______________________________ I
OTHER, WRITE _______________________________J
C18a Everytime you buy, how much
do you usually buy?
EXPLORE, how many kilos? IF
ANSWER BY
QUANTITY/PIECE, HELP
CONVERT TO KG
LESS OR EQUAL TO 1 KG ............................................ 1
MORE THAN 1 KG, LESS THAN 2 KG .......................... 2
MORE THAN 2 KG ......................................................... 3
OTHERS, WRITE______________________________ 4
C18b Have you ever bought
processed fish/seafood?
Have you ever bought
fish/seafood that.......?
NO ..................................................................................A
SMOKED ........................................................................B
DRIED ........................................................................... C
SALTED ........................................................................ D
GRILLED ........................................................................E
FRIED ............................................................................. F
BOIL/STEAM ................................................................. G
106
NO QUESTIONS RESPONDENT ANSWERS TO
C18c How frequent do you usually
buy the above processed fish?
1 = several times a day
2 = everyday
3 = several times a week
4 = once a week
5 = several times a month
6 =once a month
7 = > 1x a month
NO .......................................................
SMOKED .............................................
DRIED ................................................
SALTED ..............................................
GRILLED .............................................
FRIED ..................................................
BOIL/STEAM .......................................
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7
1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7
C19 What do you like from
fish/seafood?
IF ANSWER IS BENEFIT,
EXPLORE WHICH BENEFIT
THE TASTE ....................................................................A
THE BENEFIT, WRITE__________________________B
THE BENEFIT, WRITE__________________________C
PRICE ........................................................................... D
SMELL ............................................................................E
SHAPE ........................................................................... F
FAMILY LIKES TO EAT IT ............................................ G
OTHER, WRITE ______________________________ H
C20 What don’t you like or not really
like from fish/seafood?
THE TASTE ....................................................................A
PRICE ............................................................................B
SMELL ........................................................................... C
SHAPE .......................................................................... D
FAMILY DOES NOT LIKES TO EAT IT ..........................E
OTHER, WRITE _______________________________F
C21 Where do people in this area
get/buy fish/seafood? IF
NEEDED, EXPLAIN AGAIN
TYPES OF FISH/SEAFOOD
AT FISH AUCTION .........................................................A
DIRECT FROM FISHERMEN.........................................B
AT THE MARKET .......................................................... C
AT FOOD VENDORS .................................................... D
FROM NEIGHBOURS ....................................................E
FROM MY OWN CATCH AS FISHERMAN .................... F
BUY AT FOOD STALL (READY TO EAT) ..................... G
OTHER, WRITE ______________________________ H
C25
C22 How often do you buy
fish/seafood?
MORE THAN ONCE PER DAY ...................................... 1
ONCE A DAY/EVERYDAY ............................................. 2
SEVERAL TIMES IN A WEEK........................................ 3
ONCE A WEEK .............................................................. 4
SEVERAL TIMES IN A MONTH ..................................... 5
ONCE A MONTH OR LESS ........................................... 6
DO NOT REMEMBER .................................................... 7
107
NO QUESTIONS RESPONDENT ANSWERS TO
C23 How far is the place to buy/get
your fish/seafood? TAKE THE
CLOSEST ONE
EXPLORE, how? How long?
CLOSE BY/NEXT DOOR ............................................... 1
WALK/BICYCLE LESS THAN HALF AN HOUR............. 2
WALK/BICYCLE 30 – 60 MINUTE ................................ 3
WALK/BICYCLE MORE THAN ONE HOUR .................. 4
PUBLIC TRANSPORT LESS THAN 30 MINUTE ........... 5
PUBLIC TRANSPORT 30 – 60 MINUTES .................... 6
PUBLIC TRANSPORT MORE THAN ONE HOUR ......... 7
C24 Are fish/seafood always
available in those places?
YES, ALWAYS EVERYDAY ........................................... 1
AVAILABLE SEVERAL TIMES A WEEK ........................ 2
AVAILABLE ONCE A WEEK .......................................... 3
AVAILABLE SEVERAL TIMES A MONTH ..................... 4
NOT ALWAYS, SOMETIMES AVAILABLE,
SOMETIMES NOT..................................................... 5
C25 In your opinion, how easy the
people in this area obtain
fish/seafood?
VERY EASY ................................................................... 1
QUITE EASY .................................................................. 2
MEDIUM ......................................................................... 3
FAIRLY DIFFICULT ........................................................ 4
VERY DIFFICULT .......................................................... 5
C26 Do you feel that the quantity of
fish/seafood eaten by family
members is enough?
MORE THAN ENOUGH ................................................. 1
ENOUGH ........................................................................ 2
JUST RIGHT/MEDIUM ................................................... 3
NOT ENOUGH ............................................................... 4
VERY LESS .................................................................. 5
C27 If in the near future you have
more money, are you
planning/willing to eat more
fish/seafood?
YES ................................................................................ 1
NO .................................................................................. 2
DO NOT KNOW ............................................................. 3
SEA RESOURCES UTILISATION ---SPECIAL FOR FISHERMEN
D1 Do you catch fish/other marine
resources for a living?
YES ................................................................................ 1
NO .................................................................................. 2
E1
108
NO QUESTIONS RESPONDENT ANSWERS TO
D2a What sea resources/animal do
you utilise from the sea?
FISH ...............................................................................A
SHRIMP/PRAWN ...........................................................B
CRAB ............................................................................ C
SQUID ........................................................................... D
OYSTER .........................................................................E
SEAWEED ..................................................................... F
SNAIL ........................................................................... G
OYSTER/CLAM ............................................................. H
OTHER, WRITE _______________________________ I
D2b What kind of fish do you catch?
HELP WITH TOOL/PICTURE
WRITE______________ /LOCAL NAME_____________
WRITE______________ /LOCAL NAME_____________
WRITE______________ /LOCAL NAME_____________
WRITE______________ /LOCAL NAME_____________
WRITE______________ /LOCAL NAME_____________
D3 How frequent do you go to the
sea/fishing?
EVERYDAY ....................................................................A
ONCE EVERY TWO DAYS ............................................B
ONCE EVERY THREE DAYS ...................................... C
ONCE A WEEK ............................................................ D
OTHER, WRITE .............................................................E
OTHER, WRITE ............................................................. F
D4 Where do you usually fish?
FOR FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS, SAY THE SEA
ANIMAL/RESOURCES
ALONG THE COAST .....................................................A
IN THE REEF AREA ......................................................B
DEEP SEA .................................................................... C
OTHER, WRITE ______________________________ D
OTHER, WRITE ______________________________ .E
D5
How far is it from coast?
How long does it take to get there??
How long does it take from your house to coast?
HELP CONVERT WITH THE DESIGNATED
MEASUREMENT AND IF ANSWER IN RANGE
WRITE THE FARTHEST/LONGESTTIME
A) ............... METRE
B) ............... MINUTES
C) ............... MINUTES
D6 How long usually one fishing
trip takes?
LESS THAN 6 HOURS ................................................... 1
6 – 12 HOURS ............................................................... 2
12 – 24 HOURS (1/2-1 DAY) ......................................... 3
2 DAYS ........................................................................... 4
3 – 5 DAYS ..................................................................... 5
6 – 10 DAYS ................................................................... 6
MORE THAN 10 DAYS .................................................. 7
109
NO QUESTIONS RESPONDENT ANSWERS TO
D7 Which month of theyear do you
usually go fishing?
JANUARY .......................................................................A
FEBRUARY ....................................................................B
MARCH ......................................................................... C
APRIL ............................................................................ D
MAY ................................................................................E
JUNE .............................................................................. F
JULY ............................................................................. G
AUGUST ....................................................................... H
SEPTEMBER .................................................................. I
OCTOBER ...................................................................... J
NOVEMBER ...................................................................K
DECEMBER ................................................................... L
D8 In the last few months,
everytime you go fishing, how
much do you catch per trip?
A) FISH : ______KG; ______PIECE; ____PILE;
______BUCKET
B) NON FISH : ____KG; _____PIECE; ____PILE;
______BUCKET
D9 Usually, how much of your
catch do you consume for
yourself/family?
A) FISH : ______KG; ______PIECE; ____PILE;
______BUCKET
B) NON FISH : ____KG; _____PIECE; ____PILE;
______BUCKET
D10 Is there a change in the amount
of fish you catch over the year?
YES, DECREASING ....................................................... 1
THE SAME ..................................................................... 2
YES, INCREASING ........................................................ 3
YES, FISH DECREASING AND NON FISH
INCREASING ............................................................ 4
YES,FISH INCREASING AND NON FISH
DECREASING ........................................................... 5
E1
D11 Since when have you
experienced it?
WITHIN THE LAST YEAR .............................................. 1
THE LAST TWO YEARS ................................................ 2
THE LAST THREE – FOUR YEARS .............................. 3
MORE THEN FIVE YEARS AGO ................................... 4
D12 What do you think the reason
for this?
BAD WEATHER/HIGH WAVE ........................................A
BOAT TROUBLE/NOT GOOD .......................................B
FISHING GEAR NOT ADEQUATE ................................ C
CAPITAL NOT ENOUGH .............................................. D
COMPETITION AMONG FISHERS ................................E
FISH DECREASING ....................................................... F
OTHER, WRITE ______________________________ G
OTHER, WRITE ______________________________ H
110
NO QUESTIONS RESPONDENT ANSWERS TO
D13 What needs to be done to get
more income?
____________________________________________ A
____________________________________________ B
____________________________________________ C
____________________________________________ D
OBSERVATIONS
E1 SEE HOUSE WALL TO DETERMINE
TYPE OF HOUSE
PERMANENT (CEMENT, BRICK, CONBLOCK) ...................... 1
SEMI PERMANENT (HALF CEMENT) ..................................... 2
NON PERMANENT (BAMBOO, WOOD ETC) .......................... 3
E2 SEE THE DOMINANT FLOORING IN
THE HOUSE
GROUND ................................................................................. 1
BAMBOO ................................................................................. 2
WOOD ..................................................................................... 3
CEMENT .................................................................................. 4
CEMENT FLOORING .............................................................. 5
CERAMIC ................................................................................ 6
OTHER, WRITE _________________________________ ...... 7
E3 OBSERVE VENTILATION CONDITION
SUBJECTIVELY. MEDIUM = FEEL
THE BREEZE, HOT= NOT ENOUGH
MEDIUM .................................................................................. 1
NOT ENOUGH ......................................................................... 2
E4 LOCATION OF ALDEA RIGHT BY THE COAST ................................................. 1
NEXT TO ALDEA BY THE COAST ............................... 2
FAR FROM COAST ....................................................... 3
E5 CONDITION OF ROAD IN FRONT
OF HOUSE
GROUND ....................................................................... 1
ASPHALT/ CEMENT/ PAVING BLOCK ......................... 2
E6
MODE OF TRANSPORTATION
FROM DISTRICT CAPITAL TO
ALDEA
PUBLIC TRANSPORT ................................................... 1
NO PUBLIC TRANSPORT ............................................. 2
E7 DISTRANCE FROM DISTRICT
CAPITAL TO ALDEA
LESS THAN 1/2 HOUR BY MOTORISED VEHICLE ..... 1
1/2-1 HOURS BY MOTORISED VEHICLE ..................... 2
MORE THAN 1 HOUR BY MOTORISED VEHICLE ....... 3
OTHERS, WRITE ___________________________ .... 4
E8 FARE FROM DISTRICT CAPITAL
TO ALDEA
LESS THAN $ 3 (CHEAP). ............................................ 1
AROUND $ 3-5 (MEDIUM) ............................................. 2
MORE THAN $ 5 (EXPENSIVE) .................................... 3
111
NO QUESTIONS RESPONDENT ANSWERS TO
E9 GARBAGE
FISH/SEA PRODUCT GARBAGE ..................................A
GARBAGE FROM FISH/SEA PRODUCT
PROCESSING ...........................................................B
GARBAGE INSIDE HOUSE .......................................... C
GARBAGE IN THE YARD ............................................. D
GARBAGE OUTSIDE HOUSE .......................................E
E10
CONDITION OF EXISTING
INFRASTRUCTURE (GOOD,
LIGHTLY DAMAGE, SEVERELY
DAMAGE), FUNCTIONAL OR
NOT
FISH AUCTION, WRITE_________________________1
BOAT PARKING LOCATION,WRITE ______________ 2
COLD STORAGE,WRITE_______________________ . 3
FISH DRYING PLACE, WRITE ___________________ 4
FISH PROCESSING PLACE, WRITE ______________ 5
OTHER, WRITE_______________________________ 6
OTHER, WRITE_______________________________ 7
OTHER, WRITE_______________________________ 8
112
APPENDIX 2. LIST OF SURVEYED ALDEIAS (VILLAGES)
A. List of Subdistricts and Aldeias in the Questionnaire Survey
No. District Subdistrict # Aldeia
1 BAUCAU Venilale 1 Venilale
2 2 Betu Nau
3 3 Cai Hula
4 Baucau 4 Ague
5 5 Macadai Desima
6 Laga 6 Boleha
7 7 Larifano
8 8 Lari Ledana
9 9 Alasafa
10 10 Iasula
11 Quelicai 11 Sialimo
12 12 Caranu
13 13 Tabere
14 14 Waule
15 15 Lebenei
16 16 Telah
17 DILI Atauro 1 Lliticaraquia
18 2 Ilimanu
19 Cristo Rei 3 Toko Baru II (Antigo ASLS)
20 4 Darlau
21 5 Caqueo Laran
22 6 Hali Dolar
23 7 Lacoto
24 8 Tancae
25 9 Namalai
26 10 Terminal
27 11 Fatu Cama
28 Dom Aleixio 12 Zero Um
29 13 Fuslam
30 14 Hale Mutin
31 15 Laloran
32 16 Frecat
33 17 5 De Outubro
34 18 Hamahon
35 19 Naroman B.T
36 20 Aimutin
113
No. District Subdistrict # Aldeia
37 21 Anin Fuic
38 22 Terra Santa
39 23 Badiak
40 Metinaro 24 Behocir
41 Nain Feto 25 Donoge
42 26 Baba Liu Rai Oeste
43 27 Becoe
44 28 Lecidere
45 Vera Cruz 29 Terus Nain
46 30 Sacoco
47 31 Fatu Naba
48 32 Fila Beba Tua
49 33 Coalu II
50 BOBONARO Atabae 1 Lolocolo
51 2 Fatu Rasi
52 3 Rai Robu
53 4 Mohac
54 Bobonaro 5 Gumer
55 6 Atu-Manaro
56 7 Butuk
57 Cailaco 8 Biateho
58 9 Bereleu
59 Lolotoe 10 Tepa
60 11 Gole
61 12 Rai Mean
62 Maliana 13 Moleana
63 COVALIMA Maukatar 1 Soga
64 2 Loloba
65 Suai 3 Fatuisin
66 4 Mane Icun
67 5 Bibi Atan
68 Tilomar 6 Halamean
69 7 Nikir
70 Zumalai 8 Bau Lolo
71 9 Mape Canua
72 OECUSSI Oesilo 1 Oenoah
73 2 Webaha
74 3 Osapikolen
75 Pante
Makasar 4 Tulaica
76 5 Nefobai
114
No. District Subdistrict # Aldeia
77 6 Noafafo
78 7 Noeninen
79 8 Baqui
80 9 Teinae
B. List of Aldeias grouped in Category [Urban/Coastal/Non-coastal]
115
APPENDIX 3. RESULTS OF FISH AND MEAT CONSUMPTION LEVELS
A. Fish and Meat Consumption per District and Total
Total KG
Total KG Total KG of Fish +
DISTRICT of Fish of Meat Meat
________ __________ __________ __________
BAUCAU
Sum 963.724 1883.266 2846.990
Mean 5.916 11.561 17.477
N 163 163 163
StdDev 19.221 30.052 38.064
DILI
Sum 2648.994 6243.695 8892.689
Mean 7.737 18.235 25.972
N 342 342 342
StdDev 17.782 31.297 40.464
BOBONARO
Sum 350.732 914.862 1265.594
Mean 2.673 6.973 9.647
N 131 131 131
StdDev 7.930 11.721 15.218
COVALIMA
Sum 487.299 583.068 1070.368
Mean 5.552 6.644 12.196
N 88 88 88
StdDev 19.472 15.267 26.973
OECUSSI
Sum 886.366 2138.324 3024.690
Mean 9.258 22.334 31.592
N 96 96 96
StdDev 13.744 46.476 53.854
Grand Total 5 Districts
Total KG
Total KG Total KG of Fish +
DISTRICT of Fish of Meat Meat
________ __________ __________ __________
Sum 5337.115 11763.215 17100.330
Mean 6.509 14.345 20.854
N 820 820 820
StdDev 16.760 30.226 38.382
116
Grand Total 4 Districts (excluding Oecussi)
Total KG
Total KG Total KG of Fish +
DISTRICT of Fish of Meat Meat
Sum 4450.749 9624.891 14075.641
Mean 6.145 13.289 19.435
N 724 724 724
StdDev 17.094 27.240 35.651
B. Meat and Fish Consumption per Urban-Coastal-Non Coastal and Total
Consumption Level
by
Urban-Coastal-Non Total (Kg)
Coastal (5 Total (Kg) Total (Kg) of Fish +
districts) of Fish of Meat Meat
_________________ __________ __________ __________
URBAN
Sum 937.239 2984.299 3921.538
Mean 6.018 19.163 25.182
N 156 156 156
StdDev 8.877 27.923 32.320
COASTAL
Sum 1988.395 2201.849 4190.244
Mean 17.026 18.854 35.880
N 117 117 117
StdDev 30.079 44.973 58.562
NON COASTAL
Sum 2411.481 6577.067 8988.548
Mean 4.405 12.013 16.418
N 547 547 547
StdDev 13.372 26.524 33.348
Grand Total 5 Districts
Sum 5337.115 11763.215 17100.330
Mean 6.509 14.345 20.854
N 820 820 820
StdDev 16.760 30.226 38.382
117
Consumption Level by
Urban-Coastal-Non Total (Kg)
Coastal (4 Total (Kg) Total (Kg) of Fish +
districts) of Fish of Meat Meat
_________________ __________ __________ __________
URBAN
Sum 937.239 2984.299 3921.538
Mean 6.018 19.163 25.182
N 156 156 156
StdDev 8.877 27.923 32.320
COASTAL
Sum 1601.289 1103.892 2705.181
Mean 17.609 12.139 29.749
N 91 91 91
StdDev 33.154 22.903 43.016
NON COASTAL
Sum 1912.221 5536.700 7448.921
Mean 4.004 11.593 15.597
N 478 478 478
StdDev 13.444 27.560 34.563
Grand Total 4 Districts (excluding Oecussi)
Sum 4450.749 9624.891 14075.641
Mean 6.145 13.289 19.435
N 724 724 724
StdDev 17.094 27.240 35.651
118
APPENDIX 4. FINDINGS OF FGD’S AND IDI’S IN 5 DISTRICTS
Findings of FGDs and IDIs for Fish and Animal Protein Consumption and Availability Survey
BAUCAU
FGD Aldeia/suco/sub district
Occupations
Family status Key findings Note
Vemase Farmers -- Most of the respondents planted corn and rice. Just very few of the farmers
also fished to the sea.
Daily family expenses ranged from $0.25 to $3 per day, but they still could
have 3 times meals per day. Weekly income in average $60 although some could earn below that.
Fish and meat consumed if they had extra money left. If they don't eat
meat/fish they only eat dry rice or rice with vegetables.
Although fish was available in the area everyday but the price was still
considered expensive. Types of fish available usually koku/trevalli, sardines, layang and daun/long tom.
Respondents would like to have government assistance in farming fresh
water fish in their local areas. The assistance was in the form of providing the farmers with fries ("nener") of Bandeng fish. This fish farming activity helped increase the farmers' income in the past in the Indonesian time.
119
DILI
FGD Aldeia/suco/sub district
Occupations
Family status Key findings Note
Women Bidau Lisidere Mainly
housewives Families with 4 up to 17 family members. Average around 7 people per household.
In average daily expenses per family was around $5. Majority consumed vegetables everyday but meat or fish or egg or sausages (sosis) were consumed only around 1-2 times per week. Some households did not consume fish or meat. Some respondents consumed tahu (tofu) and tempe (fermented soy beans).
Fish commonly consumed were sardines and combon/kembung/mackerel.
Squid, prawn and craps were considered expensive.
The main obstacle why not consuming fish was because it was considered
expensive. Small fish such as sardine already cost them $5 per one time buying for one family and bigger fish were usually more expensive.
Mixed Lecidere and Capella
Housewives, fisher, unemployed and pensioners
Families and single persons.
Families usually had 4-7 people per household. The housewives in the FGD respondents were mostly quite old and they seldom ate meat.
Fish was considered expensive. In average 1x per week fish consumption.
Only buying fish when they think they have money left. Price of fish ranged from $6-15 per kilo.
Mostly women respondents avoided eating meat because they think meat
can increase their blood pressure.
Fish types consumed by the respondents were sardines,
kombong/mackerel, daun/long tom, tongkol/tuna.
120
IDI Aldeia/suco/sub district
Occupations
Family status Key findings Note
1 Dili Housewife
and a hotel owner
Family with 8 members
Almost everyday the family could eat meat/fish/chicken. Fish consumed 3x per week.
As a restaurant owner, the fish consumed is assumed from the fresh fish supplied to the restaurant
Priority of choice to consume: chicken first, then fish and then meat. This
was based on the availability of the products.
Consumed all sorts of fish. Frozen fish consumed, especially
kombong/mackerel to avoid problems with fish allergies.
Availability and price of fish were depending on the fishing seasons.
2 Dili Man, ex-
patriate Did not consume fish in Dili because restaurants he visited do not provide
fish in the menu.
Actually he preferred to eat fish rather than meat, but the availability was the
main obstacle. He also complained that price of food in Dili was very expensive.
BOBONARO
IDI Aldeia/suco/sub district
Occupations
Family status Key findings Note
1 Bobonaro Staff of
Nutrition department of NGO CARE
-- The organisation provided assistance to give additional food or nutrition to children under 5 years old, to pregnant women and to women who were still breastfeeding. Especially targeting those who were malnourished.
Target areas were Atabae and its coastal areas due to frequent failures in
farming harvest in those areas. NGO CARE considers that poverty is common in the coastal areas of Atabae and also in mountain areas.
121
COVALIMA
FGD Aldeia/suco/sub district
Occupations
Family status Key findings Note
Housewives Maudemo Suai. A farming area
Housewives
-- People generally consumed meat or fish 1 or 2 times per week. The main constraint to buy fish was the price (considered expensive).
The head of the village (aldeia) is also a woman.
Meat and eggs were more easily available in the area where respondents
lived because the area was mostly used for farming and breeding stock.
The women groups in the area were trained how to plant vegetables for their
daily needs.
IDI Aldeia/suco/sub district
Occupations
Family status Key findings Note
1 Covalima Staff of
Nutrition department of NGO CARE
-- The organisation provided assistance to give additional food or nutrition to children under 5 years old, to pregnant women and to women who were still breastfeeding. Especially targeting those who were malnourished.
Target areas were Suai and its coastal areas due to frequent failures in
farming harvest in those areas. NGO CARE considers that poverty is common in Covalima, especially in the mountain areas.
2 Cassa Bauk Suai Housewife Consumed fish 1-2 times per week. Fish was bought from the fish peddlers
who walked around the village. Location of the area is far from the sea. People in the area are mostly farmers. They mostly consume rice, corn and vegetables.
Source of protein was eggs as she was a farmer and owning chickens and
pigs. Respondent is active in the village organisation.
Weekly market in the area did not always provide fish to buy. Fish was
considered expensive and only buying when there was extra money left in the family.
122
OECUSSI
FGD Aldeia/suco/sub district
Occupations
Family status Key findings Note
Fishers' wives Oesono suco, Costa Oecusse
Housewives
Types of fish caught mostly sardines, kombong/mackerel, tongkol/tuna, ikan merah, ikan parang. Fish was consumed by the families and also sold.
The women had ever been trained by the government to produce (post-
harvest) fish balls, fish “abon”, salty fish, but they became not enthusiastic to do the activities as they did not know where to sell the products and also because the amount of fish they caught was not economical enough.
Monthly income of the families was in average $180.
Several days in week the families consumed fish. The amount of fish caught was usually not enough if they wanted to process the fish for other products.
123
IDI Aldeia/suco/sub district
Occupations
Family status Key findings Note
1 Bobometo, Usitasae, Usitakeno
Subdistrict head
7 children (9 members)
Majority of people in the area were farmers. Also cattle farmers of cows, pigs and buffaloes. Main staple food was rice and corn. The wealth of the people was considered quite good as they were farmers and they owned land. People in some aldeias did not consume fish, such as in aldeias: Sifin in Usitasae suco; Kuibaselo, Usapikelen, Tumun in Bobometo suco. They didn't eat any animal that live in water. Also Manu tribe could not consume chicken and eggs.
2 Sakato, Pante Makasar
Housewife, a fisher's wife
5 members Beside fisher, they were also doing farming and breed cows, pigs and chickens. The husband, a fisherman went to the sea fishing everyday. Monthly income from fishing was around $150. With income from farming, total monthly income could be $240. Fish usually caught: kombong/mackerel, sardines, terbang/flying fish, young tongkol/tuna, ekor kuning/yellow tail, delolo. At the time of interview the family daily expenses were considered quite high due to high prices. Fish was consumed 3x per week.
3 Oenoah, Bobometo, Oesilo
Housewife and wife of chefe suco
6 members Consumed mostly pork for meat and also eggs once a week. The family did not consume fish because of traditional believe on legends inherited generation to generation in the family and in some other tribes (Tano, Elo, Abi, Nusin) that if they consume fish they will get problems (e.g. becoming ill, having accidents, cattle will die, etc.). So far being aware of, there had not been a counselling done about fish consumption in the suco.
4 Hoineno, Bobometo, Oesilo
Housewife and farmer
6 members Fish sellers were seldom coming to the aldeia, even difficult to have fish consumed once in a month. Supply of meat was considered better in the aldeia as they were farmers. In fact the family's preference was to consume fish rather than meat. Thus supply was the problem. The family usually consumes fish when there were traditional ceremonies.
5 Noapai, Kunha, Pante Makasar
Civil servant
4 members Meat consumed: chicken and pork. Meat consumption was at least once per month. Family consumed fish quite often (more than twice a week). In Kunha suco there were more people consuming fish rather than not.
6 Bonemese, Naimeco, Pante Makasar
Housewife and wife of chefe suco
8 members The family (due to husband's belief) did not eat fish because of the traditional believe based on a mythology story/legend. Had ever broken the belief of her husband and consumed fish and got a goat from their cattle died. Thus the belief became stronger. Consumed meat: pork, chicken, beef and goat. Although there was a government counselling about fish consumption she still would not consume fish because of fear on the implications.
124
7 Baki, Naimeco, Pante Makasar
Housewife and farmer
8 members The family did not consume fish because of the traditional belief. The tribe name is Nono. Uniquely the children were allowed to eat fish until they get married. When they got married then they must stop eating fish. In several tribes such as Abi Siki, a cultural wisdom had been agreed toward this traditional belief that when someone consumes fish and gets a problem (accident, ill, etc.) then the person has to stop consuming fish but if not then the person can continue eating fish. This wisdom was brought due to the influence of Catholic teaching to the people. The respondent did not receive any counselling from the government regarding fish consumption.
8 Bausiu, Nipani, Pante Makasar
Housewife and chefe aldeia
8 members Fish consumption at least once a week. Also consumed other seafood. Before married actually the respondent believed in the traditional (mythology) legend not to eat fish/seafood. The husband actually did not have traditional belief against fish consumption. To compromise they still could eat fish, but the cooking and preparation were done outside the house and after cooking all cooking gears should be washed clean before bringing them into the house. Fishing gears also could not be brought into the house. In term of taste the family preferred fish than meat. They also sold grilled fish at the market. They seldom ate meat unless there were traditional ceremonies.
