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or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

March | April 2012

Feature title: Fish Protein Hydrolysates- FPH- enhance resistance of aquaculture species to different types of stress

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/

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Aquaculture production is now

exceedingfisheriesproductionin

totalseafoodsupply.Aquaculture,

throughintensificationand hus-

bandrypractices,generatenumerousstress-

ful events, which may result from water

deterioration(acuteorchronicexposureto

reducedlevels of dissolvedoxygen and/or

increasedlevelsofcarbondioxide,ammonia,

nitrite)and/orhandling(vaccination,transfer,

transport,grading,ambientnoise).

Furthermore, environmental stressors,

suchas temperatureand salinityvariations,

mayalso havedetrimentalconsequencesonaquaticcaptivepopulations.

Improvement of husbandry practices is

certainlytheeasiestwaytoreducestressful

eventsandtheirconsequencesonzootechni-

calperformance,thatisreducedgrowthrate,

by sparingenergy resourcesin homeostasis

and increasedmortality, by impairinginnate

immuneandanti-oxidativestatus.

Besidehusbandry practices, nutritional sup-

plementationisanotherwaytofine-tuneimmune

andanti-oxidativedefensesofaquaticspecies.

Inthiscontext, nutrientslike freeamino

acids and derivatives, nucleotides, or anti-

oxidantsareoftensupplemented asimmu-

nostimulators,especiallyduringcriticalperiods

suchas weaning,wintering, seawater trans-

fer.Whenproducedunderhighly controlled

conditions, Protein Hydrolysates (PH) and

especiallythose ofmarine origin(FPH), are

naturallyrichinthesenutrients.

Furthermore, numerous studies demon-

stratedthey wererich inbioactive peptides

ofnutraceuticinterests(growthlikehormone,

antioxidants, anti-stress and anti-microbial

peptides). The purpose of this article is

toreviewthe experiencedbenefits of PH

on aquatic farmed species during different

inducedstressfulevents.

Variation of water temperatureaffects growth performances

Temperature and salinity variations are

themost experienced climaticissues. While

coldweatherusuallyimpairsfeedintake and

growth, it usually has less adverse effects

thanwarmweatheronaquaticspecieshealth

status (oxidative stress, oxygen availability,

resistancetoopportunisticpathogens).

Atemperaturechallenge trialwas imple-

mented atthe end ofa feeding trialon

Europeanseabass(Dicentrarchuslabrax)juve-

niles(meanweight:16.3g).

Fishwerefedwithisoproteic-supplement-

eddiets(control,control+2.5percentFPH1

andcontrolplusfivepercentFPH1)for29

daysintriplicateflowtrough

100ltanks.Attheendofthefeeding

trial,10fishout40initialfish

werereplacedintheirrespec-

tivetankforthethermalchal-

lenge (duplicate).The range

33-35Chad previouslybeen

determinedaslethal sotem-

peraturewas increasedfrom

20C to 33C within two

hours without anyobserved

morbid ity (morta li ty p lus

unbalancedfish).

As shown i n F igur e 1

observedmorbidityonlystart-

edat 34C,afterfivehours

of challenge. The thermal

challenge was stopped two

hourslaterwhen80percent

of morbidity was observed.

FPH1 supplementation didnt

reducefinalmorbiditybut it

significantlydelayed it (p-val-

ue

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Meanwhile,thisassayconfirmsthisispossi-

bletoenhancefishresistancetoopportunistic

diseasebyFPHsupplementation.

Conclusions

Despiteof continuouslyimproved aqua-

culturepractices,stressful eventswillremain

inherenttohusbandrybothbecauseofclimat-

ichazards,fornonRecirculatingAquaculture

Systems,andhumanoperations.Stressisa

normaland adaptiveprocess (homeostasis)

consistinginthreechronologicalresponses:

1) primary responses

involve theelevationof

plasma catecholamines

andcortisolhormone;

2) secondary responses

refer to the effects of

these hormones at

tissue level; 3) tertiary

responsesrefertoanimal

zootechnical perform-

ancessuchaschangesin

growthandhealth.

Minor punc-

tual stress willmostly be l im-

ited to primary

a nd s econd-

ary responses

wh il e a cu te

a nd c hr on ic

stresswilloften

inducetheterti-

ary responses

adverse effects.

As previ-

ously illustrated,

F is h P ro te in

Hydrolysates

a re the i deal

nutritional solu-

tiontoattenuate

stressful events

adverse effects

on zootechnical

performances.

T ha nk s t o

thei r natur al

highcontentsof

low molecular

weightNitrogen

compounds,

which include

nucleotides,

aminoacidsand

derivatives, and

bioactive pep-

tides,FPHwillactdirectly,or indirectly,on

aquaticspecies feedacceptance, feedtrans-

formation,innateanti-oxidativeand immunedefenses,whichwillendupwithrestored,or

enhanced,growthrateandhealthstatus.

Beside their high nutritional value, Fish

ProteinHydrolysatesare therefore a good

alternativetopreventiveandgrowthpromot-

ing,antibiotictreatments,especiallywiththeir

anti-microbial properties andto anyother

feedadditivesused asimmune-stimulantsor

anti-oxidativeagents.

Lastbut notleast,t hebioactivepeptides

profile,thereforethephysiologicalresponse,is

drivenbyhydrolysisprocessleveragessuchas

typeofenzyme,temperaturextimeschedule

andpH.

Referencesavailableonrequest

Figure 4: Zootechnical performances observed

on E. seabass juveniles (initial mean weight: 4.7-11.1g) over 28 trials i mplemented within two

facilities C and D

Figure 5: Survival rate of Nile tilapia to an

Aeromonas hydrophila challenge, 10 days

following injection (one way ANOVA)

forMoreinforMation:

Aquativ

Z.A. de Gohelis

Elven, 56250 France

Tel:+33297938080

Email:aquativ@diana-aqua.com

Website:www.aquativ-diana.com

14 | IntentIon AquAFeed | March-pril 2012

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V olume 15 Is sue 2 2012

the internationalmagazine for the aquaculture feed industry

Filtrationinrecirculation

particle control

FishProtein Hydrolysates FPH enhanceresistance ofaquacultures pecies to

different types ofstress

The quest tokeep Salmon

inthe pink naturally

Aquaculture development inSub-SaharanAfrica

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