Canadian Technical Report of

Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1361

May 1985

A BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE BIOCHEMISTRY, NUTRITION,

AND RELATED AREAS OF AQUATIC MAMMALS

AND ARCTIC PEOPLE TO 1983

by

M. Yurkowski

Western Region

Department of Fisheries and Oceans

Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6

This is the 182nd Technical Report

from the Western Region, Manitoba

ii

© Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1985

Cat no. Fs 97-6/1361E

Correct citation for this publication is

ISSN 0706-6547

Yurkowski, M. 1985 A bibliography on the biochemistry, nutrition, andrelated areas of aquatic mammals and Arctic people to 1983. Can. Tech.Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1361: iv + 236 p.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

196204206207208209210212

214217218

220genetics;

227229230234235

Lipids.Milk and lactationMineralsMoltingMyoglobinsNucleic acids • • • •Nutrition (includes growth). • •Products (all marine animal products)Proteins (includes amino acids and othernitrogeneous compounds). • • • • •

Proximate composition (products; tissues)Reproduction. • • • • • • • • •Special topics (see explanation given underNotes on Subject Index). . • •

Taxonomy and evolution (biochemicalpopulation dynamics)

ThermoregulationToxic compoundsVitamins •Water balance

ALPHABETIC LIST (INCLUDING PAGE NUMBERS) OFAQUATIC MAMMALIAN SPECIES AND INUIT 2

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 3

COMPILATION OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

NOTES ON THE INDICES • 1Author index. 1Taxonomic index 1Subject index 1

Page

ABSTRACT/RESUME iv

INTRODUCTION • 1

FORMAT OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY 1Author index. • 1Taxonomic index. 1Subject index 1

AUTHOR INDEX • 3

TAXONOMIC INDEX 119Marine mammals 119Cetacea 122

. Mystoceti. • •• ••••• 128Balaenidae (right and bowhead whales) 128Balaenopteridae (rorqual and humpbackwhales) • • • • • • • 128

Eschrichtidae (gray whales) • 133Odontoceti • • • • • 133

Delphinidae (dolphin). • •• 133Globicephalidae (pilot and killerwhales) • • • • • • • 138

Grampi dae (Ros so I s dolphin) • 139Kogiidae (pigmy sperm whales). 139Monodontidae (beluga and narwhal) 139Phocoenidae (porpoises) • • •• 141Platanistidae (freshwater dolphins) 142Physeteridae (sperm whales) 142Ziphiidae (beaked whales) 146

Pinnipedia 147Otari oi dea • • • 151

Odobenidae (walrus) • • 151Otariidae (Arctocephalinae)

(fur seal s). • • . • •• 152Otariidae (Otariinae) (sea 1ions) 155

Phocoi dea. • • • • • • •• 157Phocidae (Cystophorinae) (elephantseals) • • • • • • • • •• 157

Phocidae (Monachinae) (southern seals) 159Phocidae (Phocinae) (northern seals) 162

Mustelidae • 173Ursidae (bears) 174Inuit (Eskimo) 175

175

175176177

• • • • • 178transportation,

181182183186188192

SU8JECT INDEX •Anaesthesia (tranquillization;

immobilization) •Bibliography (reviews)Biological sonar • • •Carbohydrates and energeticsCare in captivity (husbandry,medicine, etc.)

Diving.EndocrinologyEnzymesFood • • •Haematology •

iv

ABSTRACT

Yurkowski, M. 1985. A bibliography on the biochemistry, nutrition, and rela-ted areas of aquatic mammals and Arctic peoples to 1983. Can. Tech.Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1361: iv + 236 p.

The bibliography proper consists of some 3 100 references in alphabeticorder by author covering the biochemistry, nutrition, and related areas ofaquatic mammals and Arctic peoples. Taxonomic and subject indexes to the cit-ations listed are given. In the taxonomic index references are listed undermarine mammals, Cetacea, Pinnipedia, genera and species of Cetacea, Pinni-pedia, Ursidae and Mustelidae, and Inuit. In the subject index the referencesare 1i sted under 28 areas, some of whi ch are i nterrel ated. Ci tati ons datefrom 1845 to 1983.

Key words: whale; seal; sea lion;toxic compounds; food;Mustelidae.

walrus; sea otter; polar bear; Eskimo;Inuit; Cetacea; Pinnipedia; Ursidae;

RESUME

Yurkowski, M. 1985. A bibliography on the biochemistry, nutrition, and rela-ted areas of aquatic mammals and Arctic peoples to 1983. Can. Tech.Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1361: iv + 236 p,

La bibliographie comporte quelque 3100 references cl assees al phabet t-quement par auteur, et portant sur la biochimie des mammiferes aquatiques etdes peuples de llArctique, ainsi que sur leur nutrition et d'autres domainesconnexes. Lion y trouve les index taxinomiques, et l i l ndex par mat t sr-es,Dans 1 lindex taxinomique, les entrees sont faites a mammiferes marins, ceta-ces , pi nn i pedes , c 'ur-st des et de mustel t des , ainsi que Inuit. Dans l'indexpar matieres, les references sont repertoriees selon 28 domaines dont certainsconnexes. Les citations datent de 1845 a 1983.Mots-cles: baleine; phoque; lion de mer; morse; loutre de mer; ours polaire;

eskimo; substances toxiques; aliments; Inuit; cetaces; pinnipedes;ursides; mustelides.

INTRODUCTION

Although vari ous speci es of aquati c mam-mals (Cetacea, Pinnipedia, Ursidae and Musteli-dae) are becoming less significant to the com-mercial fishery of the world, scme are stillimportant to the subsi stence hunt for the peo-ples of the Arctic. The over-exploitation andactivities of man are creating conditions thatare leading to the extinction of some species.If we are to know the ecological implications tothe well-being and survival of aquatic mammalspecies, studies on the various effects of bio-chemistry, nutriti on and rel ated areas such astoxicology are important to provide the neces-sary information or knowledge.

This bibliography was compiled to providea ready source of publ ished information on bio-chemistry, nutrition, and related areas of mostspecies of aquatic mammals and Inuit. The gene-ric, specific common and scientific names aregiven in the taxonomic index. Genus and speciesnames in most cases are those given in thereferences. Authorities for specific names fol-low Ridgway (1972a). The most recent acceptablecommon names are given in brackets.

FORMAT OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY

AUTHOR INDEX

The author index is the bibliography pro-per. References are listed first alphabeticallyby authors and then chronologically by year ofpubl ication. For purposes of keying in thetaxonomic and subject index, the references withsame authors (two or less), or same first author(more than two authors), and same year of publi-cati on are differenti ated by pl aci ng small 1et-ters after the year of pUblication.

TAXONOMIC INDEX

The taxon ami c index is the key to refer-ences on the various mammals covered. Thegenera and species of Cetacea are 1i sted byfamily and those of Pinni pedi a by fami ly thensub-family. Under each family or sub-family,genera and species are listed alphabetically.In the Table of Contents the sub-family orfamily names are 1i sted. See "NOTES ON THEINDICES" for a full 1i st of genera and speciescovered in the bibliography.

SUBJECT INDEX

The subject index provides a key to refer-ences by 28 subject areas. These are 1i stedunder subject index in the Table of Contents.The comments in the list (shown in parentheses)explain topics covered by that heading.

COMPILATION OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY

The bibl iography has been primarily com-piled from manual searches of Chemical Abstracts(from 1947 to 1983) and Biological Abstracts

1(1926 to 1983). Bibliographies on Pinnipedia(Ronal d et al , 1976, 1983), references cited byRidgway (1972a) and other available papers wereal so searched for rel evant materi al • For theyear 1983, CAN/SOl: BIOS IS Previews (BiologicalAbstracts) searches were also made. Some rele-vant references prior to 1926 especi ally thoseof Cetacea, polar bear and sea otter are expect-ed to be missing. However, it is hoped thatmost major references are provided and can belocated in libraries.

NOTES ON THE INDICES

AUTHOR INDEX

The titl es of journal s have been abbre-viated following "Serial Sources for the BIOSISdata base" when 1i sted. Those not 1i sted inthis book have been abbreviated as in "ChemicalAbstracts Servi ce Source Index."

When the title of non-English languagepubl i cat t ons is known; they are given in that1anguage. However, some of the sources onlygave titles in English. As far as possible theoriginal language of the paper is indicated inparentheses at the end of the citation. Somereferences lack final page numbers or otherdeta il s but we trust that suffi ci ent detail isgi ven to allow users to fi nd the papers inalibrary.

TAXONOMIC INDEX

References are listed under marine animals(in general) followed by Cetacea, Pinnipedia,Mustel i dae (Enhydra 1utri s) , Ursi dae (Ursusmaritimus) and Inuit. -----cetacea and Pi nni pedi aare broken down into famil i es and spect es fol-lowing Ridgway (1972). Users are referred backto the author index using the conventionalauthor and date. Lower case "a", "b", etc. areused to differentiate between papers by the sameauthor(s) (for more than two authors, the firstauthor and "et al ," was used) in the same year.Notes in parentheses i ndi cate the general sub-j ect matter inc 1udi ng app1i cab1e subj ect indexarea(s) in a paper.

SU8JECT INDEX

References are listed under 28 subjectareas (for names of areas and their explanations(except for "special topics") in parenthesis,refer to subject index in Tabl e of Contents).Subject area "special topics" covers referencesnot covered under the other 27 areas and thoseproviding general (biology; ecology) and speci-fic (tissue sampling; tagging; ageing; strand-ings; noise; diseases; weight measurements ofbodies, organs and tissues; regulations, etc.)information relevant to nutritional and bio-chemical studies of aquatic mammals. Users arereferred back to the Author Index using the con-vention of author and date. Lower case "a","b", etc. are used to differentiate betweenpapers by the same author( s) (for more than twoauthors, the first author and "et al." was used)in the same year. Notes in parenthesis indicate

Eubalaena glacialis (black ri9ht or rightwhale) 128

Feresa attenuata (slender blackfish, slender~ or pygmy killer whale) 138Globicephala macrorhyncha (short-finnedblackfish) 138

Globicephala melaena (pilot whale; Atlanticblackfish; calling whale) 138

Globicephala scammoni (Pacific pilot whale;blackfish) 138

Globicephala spp. 138Grampus griseus (Risso's dolphin) 139Halichoerus grypus (gray or Atlantic seal) 162Histriophoca~ata (Phoca fasciata)

(ribbon harnessed, saddled or banded seal) 164Hydrurga leptonyx (leopard seal) 159Hyperoodon ampul latus (bottle-nosed whale) 146Hyperoodon planifrons (southern bottle-nosedwhale) 146

Hyperoodon rostratus 146Inia geoffrensis (Amazon River dolphin; pinkporpoi se) 142

Inuit (Eskimo) 175Kogia breviceps (pigmy sperm whale; lessercachalot) 139

Kogia simus (Owen's pigmy sperm whale) 139ragenoCieTj)hi s hosei 134Lagenorhynchus acutus (Atlantic white-sideddolphin) ------- 134

Lagenorhynchus albirostris (white-beakeddolphin) 134

Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (Pacific white-sided or Pacific white-striped dolphin) 134

Lagenorhynchus obscurus (dusky dolphin) 135Leptonychotes weddell i (Weddell seal) 160Lipotes vexlllifer (5aiji; Chinese Lake, Chi-nese River or white fla9 dolphin; peic'ha) 142

Lissodelphis borealis (northern right whaledolphin) 135

Lissodelphis peroni (southern right whaledolphin) ------- 135

Lobodon carcinophagus (crabeater seal) 161Megaptera nodosa (humpback whale) 132Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) 133Mesoplodon bidens (Sowerby's beaked whale) 146Mesoplodon ~ostris (Blainville's beakedwhale) 146

Mesoplodon sp. 146Mirounga angustirostris (northern elephantseal) 158

Mirounga leonina (southern elephant seal) 159Mi rounga spp. 159Monachus monachus (Mediterranean monk seal) 161Monachus schaui nsl andi (Laysan monk orHawallan monk seal) 161

Monodon monoceros (narwhal; monodon; unicornwhale) 140

Neomeris phocoenoides 141Neophoca cinerea (Australian sea lion) 155Neophoca hooken (Phocarctos hookeri) (NewZealand or Hooker's sea lion) 156

Neophocoena asiaeorientalis (finless blackporpoi se) 141

Neophocoena sunamari 141Neophocoena phocoenoides (finless blackporpoise; Indian porpoise) 141

Odobenus rosmarus (walrus) 151Ommatophoca rossi (Ross or bi g-eyed seal) 162OrClnus orca-ry;ITantic killer whale); (includesOrcinus-reGti enna (Pacific killer whale)) 138

Otarla byronla Otaria jubata; Otaria byrnia)\SiiLithern or South Ameri can sea:llOri")------- 156Pagophilus groenlandicus (Phoca groenlandica)

(harp or Greenland seal) ------ 164

2

152

152

155

152

130132

146146

153

130

153

152or

153153128128

australis (Falkland's or Southsea I)doriferus (Australian fur

152gazella (Antarctic or Kerguelen

152

ALPHABETIC LIST OF AQUATIC MAMMALIAN SPECIES ANDINUIT

taxonomic index name(s) of animal (s) studied andgeneral subject matter in a paper.

Genus species (Common names)

All genus and species names (includingcommon names in parenthesi s) are 1i sted al pha-beti cally with page numbers to the taxonomi cindex proper. Papers usi ng different pinni pedgenus and species names, given in parenthesisand similar to those of King (1983), were con-verted to those according to Ridgway (1972a).

ArctocephalusAmen can fur

Arctocephalussea 1)

Arctocephal us forsteri (New Zealand furseal )

Arctocephalus galapagoensis (Galapagos furseal)

Arctocephalusfur seal)

Arctocephalus philippii (Otaria phillippi)(Juan Fernandez or Guadalupe fur seal) 152

Arctocephalus pusillus (Cape or South Africanfur seal) 152

Arctocephalus tasmanicus (Sub-species ofAustrallan fur seal)

Arctocephalus tropicalis (Amsterdam Islandsubantarctic fur seal)

Arctocephalus spp.Balaena australisBalaena glacialisBalaena mysticetus (Bowhead, great polar,Arctic or Greenland right whale) 128

Balaena sieboldii (northern right whale) 128Balaena spp. 128Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Minke, little pikedor little finner whale; lesser rorqual) 128

Balaenoptera boreal is (northern or Rudol phi'srorqual; pollack, sardine, Japan finner orsei whale) 128

Balaenoptera brydei 130Balaenoptera ~oni 130Balaenoptera edeni (Bryde's whale) 130Balaenoptera ~lus (blue or great whale;slbbold's rorqual)

Balaenoptera physalus (fin or finback whale;common rorqual)

Balaenoptera sibbaldi (blue whale)Berardius bairdi (Baird's beaked or Pacificbeaked wh~

Berardius spp.Callorhinus ursinus (northern, Alaskan orPnbllof fur seal)

Cephalorhynchus commersoni (Commerson'sdolphln; ple5ald dolphln; Le Jacobite)

Cystophora cristata (hooded, crested orbladdernose seal) 157

Delphinapterus leucas (beluga or white whale)139Delphlnus delph~mmon dolphin) 134Delphlnus longirostris 134Delphinus spp. 134Enhydra lutris (sea otter) 173Erignath~batus (bearded seal) 162Eschrichtius gibbosus (California gray whale)133Eschrichtius glaucus 133Eschrichtius ro5ustus (gray whale) 133Eumetoplas jubata (Eumetopias jubatus)Steller's or northern sea lion)

ACKNOWlEDGt~ENTS

Thanks to Mr. Eric Marshall for his sug-gestions, criticism and assistance in the pre-paration of this bibliography.

Peponocephala electra (many-toothed blackfish"finless porpoise) i39

Phoca kuril ensi s (Kuril e Isl and seal) 167Phoca largha (largha seal) 167Phoca VTIUiTna (harbor, spotted or common~) 167Phoca spp. 171~ena phocoena (harbor or common porpoise)141Phocoenoides dalli (Dall porpoise) 142Physeter cato~sp~rm whale; cachalot) 142Physeter macrocephalus 144Physeter spp. 144Platanista gangetica (Ganges River, blind organgetic dolphin; Ganges susu) 142

Platanista indi 142Platanista minor 142Pontoporia bTaTnvillei (La Plata Riverdolphin; Franclscana) 142

Pseudorca crassidens (false killer whale) 139Pusa caspica (Phoca caspica) (Caspian seal) 171Pusa hispida (Phoca hisplda) (ringed seal) 171Pusa sibirica (Phoca sibirica) (Baikal seal) 173Sotalia fluviatTllS(Arnazon dolphin; buffeonegro; tUCUX1; Plrayaguara) 135

Sotalia guianensis (Guiana dolphin) 135Sousa plumbea (Plumbeous dolphin) 135Stenella attenuata (white-dotted dolphin orslender beaked porpoise) 135

Stenella coeruleoalba (blue white dolphin orlittle toothed whale) 135

Stenella frontalis (bridled dolphin) 135Stenella graffmani (Graffman's porpoise) 136Stene 11 a 1ongirostri s (long-beaked, spi nner,long-snouted dolphin) 136

Stenella plagiodon (spotted dolphin) 136Stenella styx (Gray's porpoise) 136Stenella spp. 136Steno bredanensis (rough-toothed dolphin) 136Tursiops aduncus 136Tursiops gilli (Gill's bottle-nosed dolphin;cowfish) 136

Tursiops truncatus (Atlantic bottle-noseddolphin; bottle-nosed porpoise) 136

Tursiops tursio 138Tursiops spp:-- 138Ursus maritimus (pol ar bear) 174IaTQPhus californianus (Californian sea lion)156zlphlUS caVlrostrls (goose beaked or Cuvier'sbeaked whale) 146

Ziphius spp. 147

AUTHOR INDEX

1963. Compo-of the grey

Biochem. Phy-

ABE, Y., and Y. SODA. 1953. Chemical studieson the whal e body. 1. Studi es of bal eensfrom fin and blue whales by the electronmicroscope and the isolation of lipidesfrom them. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 18:287-292.

ABEGGLEN, C.E., A.Y. ROPPEl, and D.W. RICE.1963. Marine mammals, p, 209-216. InM.E. Stansby (ed.) Industrial fisherytechnology. Reinhold, New York.

ACKEFORS, H. 1977. Production of fi sh andother animals in the sea. Ambio 6: 192-200.

ACKMAN, R.G. 1966. Empirical relationshipsbetween iodine value and polyunsaturatedfatty acid content in marine oils and1i pids , J. Am. Oi 1 Chem. Soc. 43: 385-389.

ACKMAN, R.G., and R.D. BURGHER.nent fatty acids of milk(Atlantic) seal. Can. J.si 01. 41: 2501-2505.

ACKMAN, R.G., R.D. BURGHER, and P.M. JANGAARD.1963. Systematic i dentifi cat i on of fattyacids in the gas-liquid chromatography offatty acid methyl esters: a preliminarysurvey of seal oil. Can. J. Biochem. Phy-siol. 41: 1627-1641.

ACKMAN, R.G., and J.D. CASTEll. 1966. Isomericmonoethyl eni c fatty aci ds in herri ng oil.Lipids 1: 344-348.

ACKMAN, R.G., and C.A. EATON. 1966. lipids ofthe fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) fromNorth Atlantic waters. III. Occurrence ofei cosenoi c and docosenoi c fatty aci ds inthe zooplankter, Meganyctiphanes norve-gica, and their effect on whale oil compo-sitlon. Can. J. Biochem. 44: 1561-1566.

ACKMAN, R.G., and C.A. EATON. 1966a. Some com-mercial Atlantic herring oil s; fatty acidcomposition. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 23:991-1006.

ACKMAN, R.G., and C.A. EATON. 1967. Fatty acidcomposition of the decapod shrimp, Panda-lus borealis, in relation to that iirtFieeuphausid, Meganyctiphanes norvegica. J.Fish. Res. Board Can. 24: 467-471.

ACKMAN, R.G., and C.A. EATON. 1971. Investiga-tion of the fatty acid composition of oilsand lipids from the sand lance, Ammodytesamericanus, from Nova Scotian waters. J.Fish. Res. Board Can. 28: 601-606.

ACKMAN, R.G., and C.A. EATON. 1977. Absence ofpathological effects of docosenoic acidsin seal hearts, p, 3-121 - 3-127. In M.Naudet, E. Ucciani and A. Uzzan (ed.)Sym-posium: dietetic and nutritional aspects,Proceedings of the 13th. l~orld Congress

ABE, T., M. KAZAMA, M. MATSUDA, R. IKEMORI, andT. SHIBATE. 1968. Anticoagulant activityof whale intestinal heparin and its clini-cal application. Bibl. Hematol. 29: 1141-

3

1965.heparinJ. Med.

T., M. KAZAMA, and M. MATSUDA.Anticoagulant activity of whaleand its characteristics. IsraelSci. 2: 862-

K., and Y. TAMAI. 1981. Lipid composi-tions of the brain of giant panda and abrown bear. Analysis of linear chain anda-hydroxy fatty acids by capill ary col umngas-liquid chromatography. Shinkei Kagaku20: 148-151. (In Japanese)

ABE,

ABE,

of the International Society on FatResearch Symposium 3.

ACKr~AN, R.G., C.A. EATON, and N. CREWE. 1977.Grey seal (Hal ichoerus grypus) dam puptransfer of fatty aClds~t. Counc.Explor. Sea (I.C.E.S.) Counc. Meet. Mar.Mamm. Comm. 1977/N:21.

ACKMAN, R.G., C.A. EATON, and S.N. HOOPER.1968. Lipids of the fin whale (Balaenop-tera physalus) from the north Atlanticwaters. IV. Fin whale milk. Can. J. Bio-chem. 46: 197-203.

ACKMAN, R.G., C.A. EATON, and P.t~. JANGAARD.1965a. Lipids of the fin whale (Balaenop-tera physalus) from north Atlantic waters.-I.---Fatty acid composition of whole blub-ber and blubber sections. Can. J. Bio-chem. 43: 1513-1520.

ACKMAN, R.G., C.A. EATON, and P.M. JANGAARD.1965b. Lipids of the fin whale (Balaenop-tera physalus) from north American waters.II. Fatty acid composition of the liverlipids and gas-liquid chromatographicevidence for the occurrence of 5,8,11,14-nonadecatetraenoic acid. Can. J. Biochem.43: 1521-1530.

ACKt~AN, R.G., C.A. EATON, and P.J. KE. 1967a.Canadian marine oils of low iodine value:fatty acid compos i t ion of oi 1s from New-foundland turbot (Greenland halibut), cer-tain Atlantic herring, and a sablefish.J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 24: 2563-2572.

ACKMAN, R.G., C.A. EATON, J. KINNEMAN, and C.LITCHFIELD. 1975a. Lipids of fresh waterdolphin, Sotal i a fl uviati 1is. Compari sonof odontocete bloacoustic 11pids and habi-tat. Lipids 10: 44-49.

ACKMAN, R.G., C.A. EATON, and C. LITCHFIELD.Ig71a. Composition of wax esters, trigly-cerides and diacylglyceryl ethers in thejaw and blubber fats on the Amazon riverdolphin (Inia geoffrensis). Lipids 6: 69-77. ----

ACKMAN, R.G., C.A. EATON, and E.D. MITCHELL.1971b. Bottle-nosed dolphin, Tursiopstruncatus. Fatty acid composition of ml Iktriglycerides. Can. J. Biochem. 49: 1172-1174.

ACKMAN, R.G., C.A. EATON, and B. SCHIEFER.1979. Long-term exposure to docosenoi cacids in animals: absence of myocardial1esi ons in harp seal (Pagophi 1us groen-landicus) and grey seal (Halichoerus gry-~). Can. J. Anim. Sci. 59: 247-254.----

ACKMAN, R.G., C.A. EATON, J.C. SIPOS, S.N.HOOPER, and J.D. CASTELL. 1970. Lipidsand fatty aci ds of two speci es of northAtlanti c kri 11, Meganycti phanes norvegi caand Thysanoessa inermis, and their role inthe food web. J. F1Sh. Res. Board Can.27: 513-533.

ACKMAN, R.G., S. EPSTEIN, and C.A. EATON.1971c. Differences in the fatty acid com-positions of blubber fats from north-

4

western Atlantic finwhales (Balaenopteraphysalus) and harp seals (Pagophllusgroenlandicus). Compo Biochem. Physiol.40B: 683-697.

ACKMAN, R.G., and R.P. HANSEN. 1967. Theoccurrence of diastereomers of phytanicand pristanic acids and thei r determina-tion by gas-liquid chromatography. Lipids2: 357-362.

ACKMAN, R.G., J.H. HINGLEY, C.A. EATON, H.V.LOGAN, and P.H. ODENSE. 1975b. Layeri ngand ti ssue composition of the bl ubber ofthe northwest Atlantic sei whale (Balae-noptera boreal is). Can. J. Zool~1340-1344.

ACKMAN, R.G., J.H. HINGLEY, C.A. EATON, J.C.SIPOS, and E.D. MITCHELL. 1975c. Blubberfat depositi on in Mystoceti whal es , Can.J. Zool. 53: 1332-1339.

ACKMAN, R.G., and S.N. HOOPER. 1968. Examina-tion of isoprenoid fatty acids as distin-guishing characteristics of specific mar-ine oils with particular reference towhale oils. Compo Biochem. Physiol. 24:549-565.

ACKMAN, R.G., and S.N. HOOPER. 1974. Long-chain monoethylenic and other fatty acidsin heart, liver, and blubber lipids of twoharbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and onegrey seal (Halici'iOerUs grypus). J. Fish.Res. Board Can. 31: 333-~

ACKMAN, R.G., S.N. HOOPER, C.A. EATON, J.C.SIPOS, and W. FRIAR. 1974. Can a foodchain be detected with fatty acids consi-deration of the depot and certain organfats of whales, seals and turtles. J.Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 51: 516A.

ACKMAN, R.G., S.N. HOOPER, and J. HINGLEY.1972b. Harbor seal, Phoca vitul ina con-color. Comparative detciT1S of fatty aCfaSiilTUng and heart phospholipids and tri-glycerides. Can. J. Biochem. 50: 833-838.

ACKMAN, R.G., and P.M. JANGAARD. 1963. Identi-fication of the major polyunsaturated C16acids of marine oils by GLC separationfactors on normal and organosilicone poly-esters. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 40: 744-745.

ACKt~AN, R.G., and P.M. JANGAARD. 1965. Thegrey (Atlantic) seal; fatty acid composi-tion of the blubber from a lactatingfemale. Can. J. Biochem. 43: 251-255.

ACKMAN, R.G., P.J. KE, W.A. MACCALLUM, and D.R.ADAMS. 1969. Newfoundl and capel inlipids: fatty acid composition and altera-tions during frozen storage. J. Fish.Res. Board Can. 26: 2037-2060.

ACKMAN, R.G., and J.C. SIPOS. 1965. Isol ationof the saturated fatty acids of some mar-ine lipids with particular reference tonormal odd-numbered fatty acids andbranched-chain fatty acids. Compo Bio-chem. Physiol. 15: 445-456.

5

ALLENDORF, F.W., F.I3. CHRISTIANSEN, T. DOBSON,F. EANES, and O. FRYDENBERG. 1979. Elec-

ALLEN, R.L. 1975. A life table for harp sealsin the northwest Atlantic. Rapp. P.-V.Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer 169: 303-311.

AITKEN, R.J. 1979. Tubal and uterine secre-tions: the possibil ity for contraceptiveattack. J. Reprod. Fertil. 55: 247-254.

ADOLPH, E.F. 1951. Some differences in respon-ses to low temperatures between warm-blooded and cold-blooded vertebrates.Am. J. Physiol. 166: 92-103.

1956.A fromZasshi

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