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FISHIES
Classes:
Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes
______ are the dominant aquatic vertebrates.
Fish have adaptations to an aquatic environment that make their movements through water
________________________
_______________South American Freshwater Fish
Internal Anatomy of _____ Fish
________________
• Large sheets of thin frilly tissue filled with capillaries that take in dissolved oxygen from the water and release carbon dioxide.
Circulatory system:pumps blood in a single loop through a
__________ chambered heart.
Countercurrent Flow
• The _____________ movement of water against the flow of blood in the fish’s gills.
• Maximizes the amount of oxygen the fish can pull from the water.
Swimming and Maneuvering
• Most fish swim by contracting large segmented muscles on either side of their body from the head to the ___________.
• This makes an S-shaped wave that pushes it through the water.
• They counteract these movements with their _____________.
_______ Anatomy of Bony Fish
Fins
• Surfaces that project from a fish’s body
• Keep the fish _________________
• Direct the movement of the fish
Fins
_______________________Class Agnatha
• Existed since the Cambrian and continues to live • Do not have paired fins• Have a notochord in both larvae and adults• Light sensitive pineal eye• No identifiable __________________• Ectothermic• Two-chambered heart• External Fertilization
Sea LampreyPetromyzon marinus
HagfishMyxine glutinosa
Jaws
• Evolved from gill arches
• Most jawed vertebrates have teeth on their upper and lower jaws.
• Teeth used to ________________ and process food
Jaws
• Gave vertebrates a huge advantage as predators and pushed them to the top of the _________________.
Two groups of jawed fish still exist:
Cartilaginous Fish
and
Bony fish
Cartilaginous Fish
• Skeletons made of cartilage while ancestors had skeletons made of bone
• They have lost the ability to make ___________________
• Cartilage is unique – it’s stronger than human cartilage.
Two Groups of Cartilaginous Fish
• Holocephali: chimeras • Elasmobrachs: sharks, rays and skates
Holocephali: chimeras
• Small group of deep-sea fish with platelike grinding teeth.
• Feed on crustaceans and other invertebrates
Elasmobranchs: sharks, rays and skates
• ___________ species of sharks
• 400 species of rays and skates
Ray Skate
Sharks
• Most hunt other ________________
• Some eat seals and sea lions
Biggest Sharks
_____________
Feed on plankton, krill
and algae
Basking Sharks
Filter feeder, eats plankton
Great White Shark
All Fish
• Have a ______________________system– This is a series of shallow canals on the sides
of the fish made up of cells that are sensitive to small changes in water movement.
– This allows them to have a sense of “distant touch”.
External Anatomy of Bony Fish
Class OsteichthyesBony Fish
• More than ______________ species
• Living in nearly every aquatic environment on Earth
• Some have become parasites of other fish
• One group can even spend short periods of time on land
Characteristics
• internal skeleton ossified (i.e., endochondral bone)
• ____________________or lung present
• bony scales (ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid, or cosmoid)
• gill slits covered by an operculum (single external gill opening)
• late Silurian to Recent
____________________
• Genus Hippocampus • Unique because
males become pregnant when the females deposit the eggs into the birthing pouch.
Nile Knifefish
• Will aggressively bite anything that moves
• Discharges an electrical charge