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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background
As living beings, human beings can not escape from the events of diffusion and osmosis.
Every day we see the water running when turning on water faucets or flush the toilets. But, in fact,
water is all around us more of "switching" by invisible, by diffusion and osmosis. For example
when we brew tea in hot water. Brown color of tea bags seem to spread from the bag
toward the water. Most people would think that only molecules of tea that is being move. In fact,
water molecules were also being moved due to differences concentration between the bag of tea
bags in the surrounding water. Making pickles is also demonstrated the events of osmosis. Before
soaked in vinegar, pickled vegetables Textured dense and hard. However, once soaked in vinegar,
vegetable- pickled vegetables will be mushy. In this event, the water out of the cell because
vinegar is hypertonic. As well as pickled vegetables, wrapped in plant cells by a thin membrane
called the plasma membrane. This membrane is composed of bi-layer membrane that is able to
selectively regulate the flow of fluid from the environment of a cell.
Plasma membrane will be detached from the cell wall if the concentration of the fluid
outside the cell higher (PA or low water potential) than the concentration of fluid in the cell (PA
high) so there will be movement towards a more condensed molecules (low PA). To make the
solvent does not enter into the solution, the energy required is called osmotic pressure (TO). That
can mean PA = PO. To determine the potential value osmotic fluid cells can be used with one
plasmolisis method. This method pursued by determining the in which concentration of sucrose
that cells undergoing plasmolisis 50%. In these conditions, the concentration of sucrose is
considered the same with the concentration of the cell fluid. In other words, when the
concentration of the solution that causes 50% plasmolisis of cells are known, then the value of the
cell osmotic pressure can also be known.
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1.2.Basic problem
a. How the affect of concentration of sucrose solution in procentage of cells that being
plasmolized?
b. What is the value of cell concentration which causes 50% of total cells do plasmolisis?
c. What is the value of osmotic pressure of the fluid cells are calculated by the plasmolisis method?
1.3.Purpose
a. Explain the affect of sucrose solution concentration in procentage of cells which
plasmolized.
b. Identifying the sucrose solution concentration that causes 50% of total cells do plasmolisis,
c. Calculate the osmotic pressure of cell fluid by plasmolisis method.
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CHAPTER II
BASIC THEORY
2.1 Plant cell structure
Each cell contains a semi-liquid material chemical composition and structure the
inside is extremely complex. Semi-liquid material called protoplasm which is the living
material of cells. Collectively, the entire content of each cell certain so-called
protoplasts. Rock plant cells have cell walls that surround protoplasts. This cell wall is
permeable and is a protective layer. Protoplasm generally consist of a nucleus (the cell
nucleus) and cytoplasm. cytoplasm consists of the basic ingredients that are not
differentiated, together with organelles. Layer outside the cytoplasm called the plasma
membrane, attached to the cell wall and very thin. Plasma membrane surrounding the
living material in cells that controlling the increase and the reduction of materials in the
protoplasm.
Inside the plant cells there are also bubble-like structures called vacuoles.
Vacuole is a region that contains fluid cells and surrounded by vacuole membrane.
Although seen as part of the vacuole, this membrane is actually an inner barrier layer of
cytoplasm. Fluid cells in the vacuole consists of 98% water, proteins, sugars, organic
acids, and other compounds all colloidal dissolved. Most of the color of plants,
yellow and orange, as well as some red color, caused pigment plastids. However,
blue, purple, or violet, and most of the old red or bright red, such that there is a section
abaksial Rhoeo discolor leaves or onion bulbs red, caused by the pigment dissolved in
the fluid cells in a vacuoles. Anthocyanin pigments is a complex compound consisting
of pigments and sugars. Vacuole pigments soluble in water and will diffuse out of the
cell if the cell membrane is damaged due to heating or other means.
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2.2 Substance Transport by membrane
Transport of substances through the cell membrane can occur passively or actively.
Active transport processes require energy from the metabolism of such ATP (adenine
triphosphate) as the process against a concentration gradient direction. While passively
transport would occur if the following or the direction of the which means that the
concentration gradient direction from the solution of high concentration toward low
concentration solution. This process occurs without the need for energy results metabolism.
As an example of passive transport processes, among others:
2.2.1 Diffusion
Diffusion is the spread or migration of a molecular particle of high
concentration to low concentration. By the concentration difference , the diffusion
process can take place, where the concentration is the number of substances or
particles per unit volume. And a difference will arise when there differences in the
concentration of one state to another. more and more large concentration difference
between the two regions in the diffusion events, the sharp gradient of concentration,
will cause the speed of diffusion is greater. Diffusion can also occur due to random
motion continuous characteristic of all molecules are not bound in a solids. Each
molecule moves in a straight line until it collides with other molecules. If the balance
has been reached, the particles will remain move as freely as the original, but it will
not happen again diffusion, because the substance entering certain areas and leave
substance contained in the same amount, or it can be said of dynamic equilibrium
occurs. The essential nature of the diffusion process is that the particles as a
substance diffuses freely with each other. In addition to differences in concentration
and the random movement of particles, diffusion can also occur because of
differences in the nature.
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2.2.2 Osmosiss
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a permeable membrane in the differential
from a place of high concentration to a concentration low. The purpose of the
'concentration' here is the solvent concentration is water, and not the concentration
of solute (atu molecular ion) in water them. Therefore, osmosis is also commonly
defined as berpindahya water molecules from the high water concentration to low
concentration of water through semi-permeable membrane. Membrane is a
membrane semi permaeble which only allows passage of water and inhibits the
passage of substances dissolved. Osmosis is largely determined by the chemical
potential of water or water potential. Water potential is the same thing with the
chemical potential of water or chemical system, compared with kimai potential of
pure water at atmospheric pressure sama.potensial water and temperature will be
negative if the chemical potential of water the system is lower than pure water will
be positive and potentially apbila water chemistry in the system is greater than pure
water. Pressure exerted on the water or solution, will enhance the ability of osmosis
in a solution them. Pressure exerted or arising in this system is called pressure
potential, which in plants can potentially arise in form of turgor pressure. The
potential value of pressure can be positive, zero, or negative. In addition to potential
water (PA) in a potential pressure (PT) osmosis also influenced by osmotic pressure
(PO). Osmotic potential of a solution more declared as a status solution. Status of
our ordinary state solution in the form of concentration units, pressure units, or units
of energy. The relationship between potential water (PA) and pressure potential
(PT), and osmotic potential (PO) can be expressed by the following relationship:
PA = PO + PT
From formula above we can see that if there is no additional pressure (PT), so,
value of PA = PO.
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2.3 OsmotiC Pressure
To determine the potential value of osmotic fluid cells, one of which can be used
plasmolisis method. If the water potential in a cell is higher than the potential water around
the cell or outside the cell, then the water will leave the cell until potential water present in
the cell or outside the cell at large. Protoplasts which It shrinks the volume of water loss
and ultimately can be detached from the cell wall, regular events we are familiar with the
term plasmolisis. Methods plasmolisis can be reached by way of determining at what
concentration of sucrose that resulted in the number of cells that terplasmolisis reach 50%.
In these conditions concentration is considered equal to the concentration of which is
owned by the fluid cell. If solution concentration that causes 50% cell terplasmolisis
known, then cell osmotic pressure can be determined using the following formula:
With :
TO = Osmotic pressure (atm)
M = Concentration of solution which make 50% plasmolized cells (mol/liter)
T = Absolute temperature (273 + t°C)
If the cell pressure value is positive, potential osmotic will negative,
so :
Although the osmotic potential is not affected by pressure, but there are other factors
which may influence it,:
a. Increasing the concentration of a solution will decrease the potential value
osmotic. When the solute is not an electrolyte and hydration water molecules
are not binding, then the osmotic potential solution will be proportional to
the concentration of its molal.
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b. Ionization of solute molecules
Osmotic potential of a solution is not determined by the kind of substance, but
determined by the amount of particles (ions, molecules, and colloidal particles)
which contained in the solution. PO is more dependent on the ratio between the
number of solvent with the particles they contain.
c. Hydration of solute molecules.
Berionisasi water with the solute particles are usually called the hydration water.
Water of hydration can berionisasi with ions, molecules or colloidal particles. The
impact of water of hydration is the solution to be concentrated.
2.4 Plasmolisis
Fluid cells are usually hipertonis (high water potential), and the fluid outside
the cell hipotonis nature (low water potential) so that water will flow into the
between the two cells to isotonic fluids. When a cell is placed in solution hipertonis
to the cytoplasm so that the water inside the cells will diffuse out so that the
cytoplasm shrank and detached from the wall of his cell, this event is plasmolisis
called. If the cells is then inserted into the fluid hipotonis then the water will get into
the cell cytoplasm and re-expands, the event is called the deplasmolisis. There are
two important stages in the process of plasmolisis, are:
a. Insipien Plasmolisis
At this stage cell shrinkage or contraction of fluid from the cell wall can be
detected easily by the eye of the observer.
b. Eviden Plasmolisis
At this stage, the cells have reached the limit of contraction, so that the
cytoplasm regardless of the cell wall and reach spherik form.
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In this experiment, plasmolisis method can be used to determine the value of osmotic
pressure of the fluid cell, ie by identifying the occurrence of plasmolisis insipien
(resulting in 50% of plasmolized cells).
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Type of research
This type of research is carried out experimental research, because the investigation is the
influence of sucrose solution concentration on the percentage of cells that be plasmolisis.
3.2 Research Variable
a. Control Variable : time, kind of cells, volume of sucrose solution, magnification of
microscope
b. Manipulation Variable: concentration f sucrose solution.
c. Respon variable : procentageof plasmolized cells
3.3 Tools and Material
a. Leave of Rhoe discolor that the epidermal tissue contain cell fluid which have
purple color. It purpose to help us observe cells which have plasmolized.
b. Sucrose solution with molarity 0,28 M, 0.26M, 0.24M, 0.22M, 0.20M, 0,18M,
0.16M, and 0.14M.
c. Microscope
d. Watch glass
e. Sterile razor blade
f. Beaker Glass 100mL
g. Pippete
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3.4 Working Steps
1. Make a solutionby concentrated 0,28 M,by weigh 95,76 g crystal ofsucrose and
dissolving it into aquades so the volume become 1 liter.
2. Setting up 8 pieces of watch glass, then filled each with 5 ml sucrose solution
that has been provided and labeled on each cup Petri based on the concentration
of the solution.
3. Taking the red onion, then cut the epidermal layer of colored purple with a layer
of cells silet.dengan wrenching effort alone.
4. Submerge epidermal incisions in a Petri dish that already contains a solution of
sucrose with a predefined concentration or concentration concentration
ertentu.Setiap filled with the same number of incisions and then record the start
time of immersion.
5. Observing the changes that occurred after immersion for 30 minutes with
using a microscope.
6. Calculates all cells in one visual field, then calculate also how the number and
percentage of cells to total cells terplasmolisis wholly.
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CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND EXPLANATION
4.1 Result
Table 1. The affect of sucrose solution concentration in the number of cells that undergo the plasmoisis.
Concentration of Procentage of Number of cells Plasmolized cells
sucrose (mol/L) plasmolized cells (%)
0,28 182 142 78,02
0,26 162 131 80,86
0,24 162 82 50,62
0,22 154 75 48,70
0,20 147 68 46,26
0,18 178 53 29,78
0,16 138 41 29,70
0,14 126 28 22,22
4.2 Graphic
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Concentration at 50% cells do plasmolisis (plasmolisis insipien): 0,24 M
Room Temperature: 300C + 273 = 303 K
Calculate of Osmotic pressure (TO) sel:
4.3 Analysis
Tables and graphs based on observations, it is known that the concentration
sucrose solution affect the number of cells and the percentage of cells undergoing
plasmolisis. At sucrose concentrations of the most concentrated solution, ie 0.28M,
78.02% cell onion experienced plasmolisis. In contrast, at the concentrations The most
dilute sucrose solution, ie 0.14M, the number of cells that only a 22:22%. Thus, the
concentration of sucrose solution is proportional to the number of cells undergoing
plasmolisis.
Concentration that causes 50% of onion leaf cells that have plasmolisis is at a
concentration of 0.24 M. These results are obtained by drawing a line straight on the Y
axis (percentage of cells terplasmolisis) is the percentage of 50% with X-axis
concentration of sucrose solution) that is causing terplasmolisis cell so that it will meet at
a point through which the graph. In this study, ie at a temperature of 300C or 303K,
obtained the value of osmotic pressure (TO) cells of 5.967 atm.
4.4 Explanation
From the analysis of data obtained that by putting a slice of onion epidermal layer of
the color purple in a small concentration of sucrose solution (0.14 M) then the amount or
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percentage of cells undergoing plasmolisis slightly, while the slice of onion epidermal layer
of color on the concentration of sucrose solution higher (0.28) then the amount or
percentage of cells undergoing plasmolisis very much. The cause of differences in the
number or percentage of cells undergoing plasmolisis is the difference in the concentration
of sucrose. When the plant cells (onion) placed in a solution that hipertonis the solution of
higher concentration than the concentration of cell contents, then there eksosmosis the
discharge of water from the cell contents into the outer membrane. Because it decreases the
volume of the cell contents and because of its cell walls permeable, then the space between
the plasma membrane of the cell walls will be filled by a solution from outside. Release of
plasma membrane of the cell wall because of plasma cells shrink, so there is plasmolisis on
onion cells, so the greater the concentration of sucrose, the greater the percentage of cells
undergoing plasmolisis in onion cells.
4.4 Discussion
- Explain why the incident occurred plasmolisis. Support with data you get!
Answer :
Plasmolisis is the release of the cell membrane of the cell wall due to the discharge cell.
This is because the concentration in the cell is greater than the concentration outside the
cell, as well as the potential of the liquid in the cell is greater than the potential of the fluid
outside the cell. We can conclude from the data that the higher concentration make the
procentage of plasmolized cells more high to.
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
1. Plant cells are included in the solution will experience plasmolisis hipertonis
2. The higher the concentration of the solution, the more cells undergoing plasmolisis.
That is, the concentration of the solution is directly proportional to the number of cells
plasmolisis experience.
3. Plasmolisis insipien, or which causes 50% cell terplasmolisis, occurring in
concentration of 0.24 M
4. Osmotic pressure of the fluid cell at a temperature of 300C red onion is about 5.967
atm
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REFFERENCES
Rahayu, Yuni Sri, dkk. 2008. Petunjuk Praktikum Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Surabaya:
Laboratorium Fisiologi Tumbuhan Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Unesa.
Kimball, J. W. 1983. Biologi. Erlangga, Jakarta.
Tjitrosomo.1987. Botani Umum 2. Penerbit Angkasa, Bandung.
Salisbury, B. Frank. 1995. Fisiologi Tumbuhan Jilid 2. Bandung : ITB Press.
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UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA
PRACTICAL REPORT
PLANT PHYSIOLOGYDetermination of Osmotic Pressure of the cell fluid
HENDRA
ROSADI
093204027
BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
2011
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Determination of Osmotic Pressure of the cell fluid
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UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA
PRACTICAL REPORT
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Determination of Water Potential on Plant Tissue
HENDRA
ROSADI
093204027
BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
2011
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Determination of Water Potential on Plant Tissue
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ENCLOSURE
Pict 1. Picture of Onion cells which undergo lasmoisis