Fitting bio-fumigant cover crops into intensive vegetable ...called Biofumigation Mathieu Ngouajio,...

Mathieu Mathieu NgouajioNgouajioDept. HorticultureDept. Horticulture

Fitting bio-fumigant cover crops into intensive vegetable production

systems for integrated crop management

© Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture

Attract beneficial

insectsReduce soil compaction

Add organic matter

Enhance mycorrhiza

Add N(legume)

Enhance Microbialactivity

Suppressweeds

Suppressdiseases

Suppressnematodes

Reduceerosion

Increase waterinfiltration

Recyclenutrients

Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture


Synthetic chemicalsSynthetic chemicalsMethyl bromideMethyl bromideMethyl iodideMethyl iodideTeloneTeloneVapamVapamVorlexVorlex

Plant residuePlant residueMainly plants that Mainly plants that produce produce glucosinolatesglucosinolates


Secondary plant Secondary plant metabolitesmetabolitesProduced by 15 plant Produced by 15 plant familiesfamiliesMainly the Mainly the BrassicaBrassica (or (or mustard) family. mustard) family. >100 >100 glucosinolatesglucosinolateshave been identified have been identified ((≠≠R)R)

GlucoseSulfur

R=Side chain

R—CN—OSO3

-

S—C6H11O5


MyrosinaseMyrosinase enzymes are enzymes are responsible for the responsible for the degradation of degradation of glucosinolatesglucosinolatesBut But MyrosinasesMyrosinases and and glucosinolatesglucosinolates are are located in different located in different compartments in the cellcompartments in the cellTissue Damage triggers Tissue Damage triggers the reaction the reaction

Tissue Damage

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IsothiocyanateIsothiocyanate is is the most the most important important breakdown breakdown product of product of glucosinolatesglucosinolatesUsed in Used in Commercial Commercial fumigantsfumigants

R—CN—OSO3

-

S—C6H11O5

R NSThiocyanate

Thiocyanate

C R SN

IsothiocyanateIsothiocyanateITCITC

C

Mathieu N

gouajio, Michigan State U

niversity D

epartment of H

orticulture

IsothiocyanateIsothiocyanatehas shown has shown activity on many activity on many plant pestsplant pests

IsothiocyanateIsothiocyanate

DiseasesDiseases

InsectsInsects

Nematodes

NematodesWeedsWeeds

R SN

C


Brassica Species are called Biofumigantsbecause they release isothiocyanate upon damage of their tissues

The process of incorporating fresh residues of BrassicaSpecies in the soil is called Biofumigation

Mathieu N


niversity D

epartment of H

orticulture


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Species selectionSpecies selectionAppropriate seeding Appropriate seeding raterateSeeding time (tolerate Seeding time (tolerate freezing temperature freezing temperature down to 28 F)down to 28 F)Initial fertilizer if soil is Initial fertilizer if soil is poorpoorAllow the cover crop Allow the cover crop to grow up to to grow up to flowering stage (do flowering stage (do not allow seed set)not allow seed set) Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University

Department of Horticulture

OthersOthers••TurnipTurnip••RapeRape••BroccoliBroccoli••EtcEtc


Cover CropCover Crop Range Rate UsedOilseed radishOilseed radish 10 to 2510 to 25 1515Oriental mustardOriental mustard 4 to 64 to 6 66Yellow mustardYellow mustard 10 to 1410 to 14 88Brown mustardBrown mustard 10 to 1410 to 14 88SudangrassSudangrass 40 to 8040 to 80 6060

Rate: Lbs/A

• Broadcast and incorporated• Large scale: Drilled


22


Oct. 13, 2003Oct. 13, 2003

Mini tillerMini tiller

Mathieu N


niversity D

epartment of H

orticulture

Oct. 13, 2003Oct. 13, 2003

Mathieu N


niversity D

epartment of H

orticulture

Cover crops incorporated at flowering stageJune 23, 2006

About 45 Days after planting


Use multiple Use multiple passes of a passes of a disc or a disc or a rototillerrototiller



Simultaneous flail mowing and incorporation


Flail mowing + incorporationFlail mowing + incorporation

RototillerRototiller

DiscDisc

No killing no incorporationNo killing no incorporation

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Cucumbers

Cucumbers

Cucumbers

Tomatoes

Tomatoes

Cucumbers

Cucumbers

Cucumbers

Tomatoes

Tomatoes

Snap bean

Onions

Onions

Carrots

The cover crop should be scheduled in the rotation system and planted in fall of the year before onions


0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

2250

Oilseedradish

Orientalmustard

Yellowmustard

Brownmustard

Sudangrass Control

# pe

r 10

0 cm

3 so

il

MSU Plant Diagnostic LabMSU Plant Diagnostic Lab

Muck research farm 2005: OnionMuck research farm 2005: OnionMore beneficial microorganisms More beneficial microorganisms in the cover crop plotsin the cover crop plots

400

420

440

460

480

500

520

Oilseedradish

Orientalmustard

Yellowmustard

Brownmustard

Sudangrass Control

Plan

ts/ 2

5 ft

a abc ab ab bc c


22


J F M A M J J A S O N D

Cover crop

Celery

Celery growing seasonCelery growing seasonMathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture


Cover crop

Celery

Celery growing seasonCelery growing seasonMathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture

The Brassica species improved celery yield in 2004 & 2005

2005 Hamilton yield

0

5

10

15

20

25

BT AT

Yiel

d (k

g/pl

ot)

Cereal ryeOilseed radishOriental mustardYellow mustardControl

b a a ab b b a a a b

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Plant Parasitic Nematodes

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Control OrientalMustard

OilseedRadish

Rye Yellowmustard

Cover Crop

Nem

atod

es/1

00 c

m3

Hamilton 2004Hamilton 2004CeleryCelery

Fewer nematodes Fewer nematodes in the oilseed in the oilseed radish and yellow radish and yellow mustard plotsmustard plots

MSU Plant Diagnostic LabMSU Plant Diagnostic Lab

DecaturDecatur•• 5 Cover Crops5 Cover Crops•• ControlControl••Seeding April 14 Seeding April 14 & 28 & 28

HamiltonHamilton•• 7 Cover Crops7 Cover Crops•• ControlControl•• seeding April 5 seeding April 5 Collaborationwith Dr. Bird Lab

Mathieu N


niversity D

epartment of H

orticulture

Hamilton siteAbout 3 acres

Decatur siteAbout 7 acres


Control plots have lowest yield

Marketable Yield: Hamilton

15171921232527293133

Brownmustard

Orientalmustard

Oilseedradish

Yellowmustard

Control

Brassica cover crop

Yiel

d (L

b/20

plts

)

a a aa b


Control plots have lowest yield

Marketable Yield: Decatur

15

17

19

21

23

25

27

Brownmustard

Orientalmustard

Oilseedradish

Yellowmustard

Defenderradish

Mustard mix Control

Brassica cover crop

Yiel

d (L

b/20

plts

)

ab ab aa bab ab


EXPO. Dec 2007

33



Cover crop

Eggplant

Eggplant growing seasonEggplant growing seasonMathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Methylbromide

Oilseedradish

Orientalmustard

Yellowmustard

SoilBuilder® Control

Treatment

Yiel

d (b

ushe

ls/A

)2007


The The biofumigantsbiofumigants improved various improved various vegetable production systemsvegetable production systems


They should be used in combination with They should be used in combination with other management tools.other management tools.They should be considered as a cover They should be considered as a cover crops first and any crops first and any biofumigationbiofumigation effect effect should be a plus. should be a plus.



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Fitting bio-fumigant cover crops into intensive vegetable ...called Biofumigation Mathieu Ngouajio,...

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