Five Kingdoms ClassificationFive Kingdoms ClassificationPlant SystematicPlant Systematic

Major Divisions of Life:Major Divisions of Life:• Taxonomic rankings:

– Species (smallest)

– Genus

– Family

– Order

– Class

– Phylum

– Kingdom

Five KingdomsFive Kingdoms• Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera

• Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

• Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

• Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

• Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

KingdomsKingdoms• Monera bacteria, blue-green algae, and

spirochetes

• Protista protozoans and algae of various types

• Fungi funguses, molds, mushrooms, yeasts, mildews, and smuts

• Plantae (plants)mosses, ferns, woody and non-woody flowering plants

• Animalia (animals)sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

Kingdom Protista:Kingdom Protista:• Most diverse organisms

• Animal-like called protozoa

• Plant-like called algae– Do not have roots, stems, leaves

– Both multi-cellular and uni-cellular

– One of major producers of nutrients and oxygen

AlgaeAlgae• Six phylaSix phyla

–EuglenoidsEuglenoids

–DiatomsDiatoms

–DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates

–Green Green

–Red Red

–BrownBrown

Classification of AlgaeClassification of Algae

• classical schemes based on cellular properties

AlgaeAlgae• eucaryotes that have chlorophyll and eucaryotes that have chlorophyll and

other pigments for carrying out other pigments for carrying out oxygenic photosynthesisoxygenic photosynthesis

• lack well-organized vascular lack well-organized vascular conducting systemconducting system

• have simple reproductive structureshave simple reproductive structures

• phycologyphycology– study of algaestudy of algae

Distribution of AlgaeDistribution of Algae• primarily aquatic

– planktonic• suspended in aqueous environment• phytoplankton

– algae and small aquatic plants

• zooplankton– animals and nonphotosynthetic protists

– benthic• attached and living on the bottom of a body of water

– neustonic• live at water-atmosphere interface

Distribution…• some terrestrial

– on moist surfaces

– endosymbionts in protozoa, mollusks, worms, and corals

– endosymbionts, epiphytes, and parasites of plants

– associate with fungi to form lichens

Structure of the Algal Structure of the Algal Thallus (Vegetative Form)Thallus (Vegetative Form)

•thallus (pl., thalli)–body of an alga

Algal ReproductionAlgal Reproduction• Asexual

– fragmentation• thallus breaks up and each fragment forms a

new thallus

– spores• zoospores – flagellated motile • aplanospores – nonmotile

– binary fission• mitotic nuclear division followed by

cytoplasmic division

Reproduction…Reproduction…• sexual

– oogonia (s., oogonium)• relatively unmodified vegetative cells in

which eggs are formed

– antheridia (s., antheridium)• specialized structures in which sperm are

formed

– zygote• product of fusion of sperm and egg

Green AlgaeGreen Algae• Most diverse

• Major pigmentation is chlorophyll

• Most live in freshwater, some in oceans, moist soil, tree trunks, in snow, and even in fur of sloths

• Can reproduce sexually or asexually

• Have a complex life cycle

ChlorophytaChlorophyta (Green Algae) (Green Algae)

• wide diversity of body forms– some have holdfasts

• reproduce both sexually and asexually

Unicellular forms:e.g., genus ChlamydomonasChlamydomonas

stigma – aids in phototaxis

*fresh water alga*fresh water alga

Colonial formColonial form

PandorinaPandorina (simple colony) (simple colony)

*16 cells.*16 cells.

**AsexualAsexual by daughter colonies by daughter colonies

**Sexual Sexual by fusion of motile by fusion of motile anisogametes and zygote gives anisogametes and zygote gives motile zoospores and divided to motile zoospores and divided to form daughter colonies.form daughter colonies.

Colonial Green Algae

• Volvox sp.

• 500-5,000 cells arranged to form a hollow sphere

• Cells are connected by strands of cytoplasm, move together

• A few cells are specialized for reproduction

• New colonies develop w/in existing colonies

VolvoxVolvox

• SPHERICAL COLONY OF HUNDREDS OF FLAGELATTED CELLS (colony is motile)

• ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:– A SURFACE CELL DROPS INSIDE BALL

AND BY MITOSIS PRODUCES DAUGHTER COLONY.

– PARENT COLONY EVENTUALLY BURSTS TO RELEASE DAUGHTER COLONIES.

CHLOROPHYTA--CHLOROPHYTA--VolvoxVolvox

• Sexual Reproduction:• Haploid heterogametes (egg and sperm)

from within the parent colony.

• Sperm and egg fuse to form a diploid zygote.

• The zygote undergoes meiosis to produce 4 haploid nuclei within the zygote. Only one nucleus survives. It is released as a spore from the zygote and produces a new haploid colony by mitosis.

CHLOROPHYTA--CHLOROPHYTA--VolvoxVolvox

• Shows some DIVISION OF LABOR within the colony:

• Vegetative cells

• Sperm producing cells

• Egg producing cells

• Daughter colony-producing cells

CHLOROPHYTA--CHLOROPHYTA--VolvoxVolvox

Order Volvocales - have flagellated cells and colonies with glycoprotein cell walls Family Volvocaceae - colonial, flagellated cells Volvox sp. - colony of algal cells, usually 500 or more, cells are biflagellated with the colony moving (swimming) as a unit.  The spaces between the cell is filled with water and mucilage.  The large cells inside are daughter colonies formed by cell divisions (asexual reproduction).  Eventually colony ruptures releasing the daughter colonies.

• Filamentous with spiral chloroplast in each cell

• Forms green “scum” in ponds

• Pyrenoids (sites of starch storage) occur in the chloroplast

• Asexual reproduction is by fragmentation of the filament.

CHLOROPHYTA-CHLOROPHYTA--

SPIROGYRA

• Sexual reproduction by conjugation of isogametes:– Two haploid filaments line up.– Conjugation tube forms between each

adjacent pair of cells.– The contents of one cell moves through the

conjugation tube and fuses with the contents of the other = diploid zygote.

– Thick-walled zygospore forms from zygote.– The zygospore overwinters.

CHLOROPHYTA--CHLOROPHYTA--SPIROGYRASPIROGYRA

– In spring, the zygospore undergoes meiosis

to produce 4 haploid nuclei.

Only one survives and divides by mitosis to make a new vegetative filament.

CHLOROPHYTA--

SPIROGYRASPIROGYRA

Colonial Green AlgaeColonial Green Algae

• Spirogyra sp.

• Freshwater• Forms long thread like colonies called filaments stacked end to end

Spirogyra reproduce sexually by conjugation

Asexual reproduction is performed by formation of daughter colonies which are produced by specialized reproductive cells called "gonidia" (singular, gonidium).

Sexual reproduction is oogamous. The gametes are differentiated into female and male gametes. Female gametes are non-motile and are called eggs and are formed in special reproduction these cells called "oogonia". The male gametes are small and motile each is provided with two flagella and is formed in special reproductive cells called "antheridia". When male gametes are liberated from the antheridium they are attracted with the eggs, and one succeeds in fertilizing the eggs. The zygote forms a thick wall and is transformed to resting zygospores which after a period can germination of the zygote.

Volvox may represent three evolutionary lines of development:*An increase in the number of cells of the colony.*The specialization of certain cells for reproduction.*Advancement in sexual reproduction from isogamy to oogamy.

Division: Euglenophyta*Euglenoids can be found in fresh water in which decaying organic matter is present.*The pigments, chlorophyll and carotenoids give the plant a green colour and are contained in plastids. Unlike the blue- green algae the cell possesses an organized nucleus.

Phylum Euglenophyta

Division Division EuglenophytaEuglenophytaCHLOROPHYLL a and b

carotenoids, xanthophylls

Store food as Store food as PARAMYLONPARAMYLON

1 TO 3 flagellaNO cell wall

PELLICLE submembrane protein

(glucose polymer)

fresh water habitatsHAVE STIGMA

photosensetive eyespot

Unicellular - EuglenophytaUnicellular - Euglenophyta

• Ex. Euglena• Found in ponds and lakes around the world• Possess chloroplasts–photosynthetic(autotroph)• Can also be heterotrophic and absorb decaying

organic matter• Two flagella• Eyespot-cluster of red pigment-not a real eye• No cell wall but have a pellicle• Reproduce by binary fission

Reproduction Asexual reproduction by longitudinal cell division starting from the front end of the cell

Sexual reproductionNo sexuality is known in Euglena.

Division: C h r y s o p h y t a*The Chrysophyta vary in colour from greenish yellow to golden brown as a result of the predominance of carotenes and xanthophylls. *The food reserves includes "leucosin" a complicated carbohydrate and oils, starch is not formed. In some members the cell wall consists of two overlapping halves and is impregnated with silica.*Members of this division vary in shape. They may be unicellular, motile; or the cells may form colonies, or they may be filamentous multicellular or tubular structure with many nuclei and no cross walls (coenocytes).***The plants of this division are usually divided into three classes, the yellow green, golden browns and the diatoms.

Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) :Diatoms are present in large numbers in

almost all types of water: salt, brackish, and fresh.

"jewels of the sea"

An accumulation on the ocean floor of the siliceous cell walls of diatoms has result in enormous deposits of fossils, which now on land are referred to as diatomaceous earth.

Usage of Diatomaceous earth

* a carrier for liquid nitroglycerin in dynamite. * abrasive in toothpaste. *It is employed extensively in the filtration of liquids. *An excellent insulting material, especially at high temperatures, * in boilers and blast furnaces, small amounts of it in cement greatly increase the strength of concrete.

Structure of the diatom cell:Two major groups of diatoms are known the centrals

in which the cell is usually rounded and pinnales in which the cell is elongated.

Chemically, the wall composed of pectin and silica. The protoplast of a diatom consists of cytoplasm, a

nucleus and one or several plastids bearing a golden-brown pigment that masks the chlorophyll. Food is stored in the form of oil. The cell contains a large central vacuole.

What are diatoms? Diatoms are single celled algae that have two hard coverings of silica, SiO2, (almost identical to opal). [2,3] The two sides are called the epitheca and hypotheca; they fit together like a box and lid or petri dish, the epitheca overlapping the hypotheca. [2]

Reproduction of Diatoms

Two individuals come in contact within a mucilaginous envelop. The nucleus of

each cell divides meiotically to form four haploid daughter nuclei out of these four

nuclei in each cell, two nuclei then degenerate. The protoplast of each cell divides to form two gametes of

unequal sizes each having a nucleus, gamates of one cell fused with the gametes

of the other cell to form two zygospores. The two mate zygotes elongate to form auxospores, which develop valves and

form new diatoms.

Phylum Phaeophyta – Phylum Phaeophyta – Brown Brown AlgaeAlgae “dusky plants”“dusky plants”

• Contain chlorophyll a and c & fucoxanthin a brown accessory pigment

• Dark yellow brown color

• Largest & most complex of the algae

• Found in cool, shallow coastal waters of temperate or arctic regions

Phaeophyta – Sagassum sp.

• Sargassum sp. – form huge floating mats many km long in an area known as the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda

• Also found on beaches of Caribbean and southern US

PhaeophytaPhaeophyta – – “Giant kelp”“Giant kelp”

• Giant kelp – grows to 60mGiant kelp – grows to 60m

Phaeophyta – Phaeophyta – Fucus Fucus sp.sp.

• Fucus has a holdfast to anchor alga to bottom• Body is of stipes - flattened stem like structures• Blades are leaf like structures• Gas filled bladders keep alga upright in water

PHAEOPHYTA-Brown Algae

• multicellular cold water seaweeds

• Fucoxanthin – brown pigment

• food stored as laminarin (future energy source?)

• source of iodine & algin – used in ice cream

• most structurally complex algae• shows tissue differentiation • body is a flat thin thallus

• exhibit the Diplohaplontic Life Cycle (as do the higher plants)

PHAEOPHYTA-Brown AlgaePHAEOPHYTA-Brown Algae

PHAEOPHYTA: PHAEOPHYTA: FucusFucus

• Fucus (rockweed) has a flat and dichotomous thallus

• found in coastal waters

• holdfasts for anchorage

• air bladders for buoyancy

• receptacles contain conceptacles which produce gametes

Uses of AlgaeUses of Algae• Major food source for life in the ocean – phytoplankton• Produce much of the Earth’s oxygen through

photosynthesis• Nori-dried Poryphora – used to wrap sushi• Carrageenan in ice cream, salad dressings, pudding, candy,

chocolate milk• Other products from algae - pancake syrup, egg nog• Chemicals from algae are used in plastics, waxes,

transistors, deodorants, paints, lubricants, artificial wood• Agar derived from algae is used to thicken nutrient mixtures

in labs used to grow bacteria