Do you need to understand the technical solutions and associated services that allowmultimedia communications between established mobile cellular networks and any formof fixed wireless communications? If so, this practical book, presenting the fundamentalsof individual fixed and mobile wireless technologies in terms of architectures, standards,management capabilities, and quality of service issues, is essential reading.
Adopting the term Fixed-Mobile Convergence (FMC), an analysis of the interwork-ing between cellular networks and a variety of wireless technologies such as WLAN,WiMAX, RFID and UWB is provided. An in-depth study of the convergent solutionsoffered by UMA and IMS is also given, in addition to the commercial realities of imple-menting convergent solutions. Up-to-date information about technical solutions, prod-ucts, vendors, and current service offerings is included. You’ll also find criteria foranalyzing and evaluating fixed-mobile convergent products and services, and numerousdiagrams and feature/component tables. This practical text is ideal for engineers andpractitioners in the field of telecommunications and wireless communications, as wellas for graduate students of electrical and computer engineering.
Joseph Ghetie is a Network and Systems Engineer Consultant and Instructor for hisown technical consulting and training business TCOM & NET. He previously workedfor Telcordia Technologies (Bell Communications Research) for over 13 years, wherehe was responsible for developing architectures, requirements, and designing solutionsfor network management integration, providing consulting, and supporting managementstandards development. He has taught over 35 tutorials at major international conferencesand symposia, and has authored 27 advanced technical courses in data communications,telecommunications, Internet networking, network and service management, and wire-less communications.
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2008
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data
p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-521-51356-2 (hardback)1. Internet telephony. 2. Mobile communication systems. 3. Cellular telephone systems. 4. Telephone.5. Convergence (Telecommunication) 6. Bluetooth technology. 7. Radio frequency identification systems.I. Title.TK5105.8865.G52 2008004.6′2 – dc22 2008015446
ISBN 978-0-521-51356-2 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence oraccuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred toin this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on suchwebsites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
I dedicate this book to my granddaughters,Nadia and Talia,with the wish they discover that science is the key to understandingour universe and that art is the key to understanding human beingsand the human spirit.
Disclaimer page xvHow the Book is Organized xviList of Figures xxList of Tables xxviPreface xxixAcknowledgments xxxiAcronyms xxxiii
Part I Wireless Communications: Networking and Management
1 Wireless Communications and Networking 3
1.1 Communications Networks 31.2 Communications Architectures and Protocols 51.3 Wireless Communications 91.4 Wireless Communications Classification 111.5 Wireless Communications Architecture 141.6 Wireless Communications Architectural Components 151.7 Wired and Wireless Communications Networks 171.8 Spectrum Designation in Wireless Communications 191.9 Wireless Communications at a Glance 22
2 Network Management 25
2.1 Network and Systems Management Concepts 252.2 Network and Systems Management Models 282.3 Management Systems Classification 302.4 Management Systems Evolution 312.5 Network and Systems Management Platforms 332.6 Internet SNMP-based Management 362.7 ISO OSI CMIP-based Management 402.8 Network and Systems Management Requirements 452.9 Network and Systems Management Products 46
3.1 Service Management Conceptual Model 473.2 Classes of Services 483.3 Quality of Service Parameters 493.4 Service Level Specifications/Agreements 513.5 Guidelines for Establishing SLAs 533.6 QOS Measurement Mechanisms 543.7 Service Management and COS/QOS/SLA 543.8 High-level Service Management Requirements 553.9 Service Level Management 56
3.10 Service Management Products 57
Part II Cellular Mobile Radio Networking and Management
4 Cellular Mobile Radio Networking 63
4.1 Cellular Mobile Radio Communications Concepts 634.2 Mobile Radio Link Access Methods 644.3 PCS/PCN Communications Architecture and Components 664.4 Cellular Mobile Radio Spectrum 684.5 Handoff/Handover and Roaming in Mobile Networks 704.6 Cellular Mobile Networks Classification 714.7 GSM Packet Radio Service Network Architecture and Components 734.8 Cellular Mobile Standards and Standards Organizations 754.9 Cellular Mobile Applications and Services 78
4.10 Cellular Mobile Networks Evolution 804.11 GSM and CDMA Cellular Networks Comparison 824.12 UMTS/IMT-2000 Architecture and Components 864.13 Mobile Internet Protocol 904.14 Signaling in Cellular Mobile Communications 934.15 Leading Cellular Smartphone Technical Specifications 96
5 Cellular Mobile Radio Networks Management and Services 100
5.1 Cellular Mobile Network Management Services 1005.2 Mobile Networks Management Requirements 1015.3 Cellular Mobile Networks Service Providers 1015.4 Cellular Mobile Networks Management Products 1035.5 Service Level Management in Mobile Networks 1065.6 GSM/GPRS Data Networking 1105.7 GPRS Classes of Services 1125.8 GPRS QOS Profiles 1135.9 Service Management Products in Mobile Networks 115
Part III Fixed Wireless Technologies: Networking and Management
6 Wireless Local Area Networking 121
6.1 Wireless LAN Architecture 1216.2 WLAN Networking Solutions Comparison 1226.3 WLAN IEEE Standards 1246.4 IEEE 802.11n and 802.11s WLAN Standards 1256.5 Wi-Fi Multimedia Specifications 1276.6 FCC Released Unlicensed Spectrum Specifications 1286.7 WLAN Security Aspects 1286.8 Wireless LAN Adapters for Computing Devices 1326.9 WLAN Systems Controllers 134
6.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of WLAN Technologies 1356.11 WLAN Access Points and WLAN Service Platforms 1366.12 WLAN Layered Communications 1396.13 WLAN Management Requirements 1406.14 WLAN Management Products 1426.15 Voice over WLAN Architecture 1436.16 Challenges of Transmitting Voice and Video over WLAN 1446.17 WLAN QOS and VoWLAN QOS Metrics 147
7 Wireless Personal Area Networking 149
7.1 Wireless PAN Architecture 1497.2 WPAN Networking Solutions 1507.3 Bluetooth WPAN Architecture 1517.4 Bluetooth Protocol Architecture 1547.5 Bluetooth Profiles 1557.6 Bluetooth Standards and Applications 1577.7 Bluetooth Security 1587.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bluetooth Technology 1597.9 Bluetooth Products 160
7.10 ZigBee Network Architecture 1607.11 ZigBee Protocol Architecture 1627.12 Advantages and Disadvantages of ZigBee Technology 1647.13 ZigBee Products 1647.14 Comparison of Bluetooth and ZigBee 1667.15 Power Line Communications Architecture 1667.16 WPAN Management and WPAN QOS 169
8 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networking 172
8.1 Wireless MAN Technologies 1728.2 Local Multipoint Distributed Services 173
8.3 Multi-Channel Multipoint Distributed Services 1748.4 Free Space Optics Metropolitan Access 1768.5 WiMAX-Wireless Metropolitan Area Network Architecture 1778.6 WMAN Networking Solutions Technical Comparison 1788.7 WiMAX Standardization 1798.8 Mobile WiMAX 802.16e Main Features 1808.9 WiMAX Protocol Architecture 181
8.10 WiMAX Security 1828.11 Advantages and Disadvantages of WiMAX Technology 1838.12 WiMAX and 3G Cellular Mobile Comparison 1848.13 WiMAX Applications, Products and Service Providers 1848.14 WiMAX Management Requirements and Management Products 1878.15 WiMAX Quality of Services and QOS Metrics 188
9 Wireless Near-Field Sensor Networking 191
9.1 Near-Field Sensor Technologies 1919.2 RFID Networking Architecture Components, Frequencies 1929.3 Classification of RFID Tags 1939.4 RFID Standards 1949.5 RFID Applications 1959.6 RFID Security Aspects 1979.7 RFID Vendors, Products, and System Integrators 1989.8 Near-Field Communications 1999.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of RFID and NFC Technologies 201
9.10 Ultra Wide Band Network Architecture 2029.11 Advantages and Disadvantages of UWB Technology 2049.12 Wireless USB 205
Part IV Fixed Wireless Cellular Mobile Networks Convergence and Integration
10 Fixed-Mobile Convergence Overview 209
10.1 Why Convergence? 20910.2 Convergence Explained 21010.3 Fixed-Mobile Convergence History 21110.4 A High Level Wireless Convergence Concept 21110.5 Fixed-Mobile Convergent Network Architecture 21210.6 Fixed-Mobile Convergent Network Components 21310.7 Fixed-Mobile Convergent Network Interfaces and Protocols 21410.8 Drivers of Fixed-Mobile Convergence 21410.9 Convergence Functional Requirements 215
11.1 WLAN Convergent Network Architecture 22011.2 WLAN Convergent Applications 22011.3 802.11n–based WLAN Implementation Case Study 22111.4 Convergent WLAN Cellular Mobile Network Architecture 22311.5 Dual Mode WLAN Mobile Convergent Handsets 22411.6 Siemens WLAN Cellular Mobile Convergent Network Case Study 22611.7 WLAN Mesh Networks 22711.8 Metropolitan Mesh WLAN Convergent Network Case Study 23011.9 Wi-Fi and BlackBerry Convergence 231
11.10 Wi-Fi and iPhone Convergence 23211.11 Siemens HiPath WLAN Network Management Solution 23311.12 QOS in WLAN Cellular Mobile Convergent Networks 235
12 Wireless PAN Cellular Mobile Convergence 238
12.1 Bluetooth Networking 23812.2 Bluetooth Convergent Applications 23912.3 Multi-mode Bluetooth Mobile Convergent Terminals 24012.4 Convergent Bluetooth Cellular Mobile Network Architecture 24112.5 Bluetooth and GSM Health Care Convergent Networks Case Studies 24312.6 ZigBee Networking Standards 24412.7 ZigBee Convergent Applications 24712.8 ZigBee-based Electrical Power Management Case Study 24712.9 ZigBee, Wi-Fi, GSM Convergence Case Study 248
12.10 ZigBee and Wi-Fi Coexistence and Interference 25012.11 AirBee ZigBee Network Management System 25112.12 WPAN PLC-based Management System 25312.13 The Concept of Femtocell 254
13 Wireless MAN Cellular Mobile Convergence 256
13.1 WiMAX Mobile Convergent Applications 25613.2 WiMAX and Internet Protocol Television 25613.3 Multi-mode WiMAX Mobile Convergent Terminals 25713.4 Convergent WiMAX Cellular Mobile Network Architecture 25913.5 WiMAX and Ultra Wide Band Convergence 26013.6 WiMAX and Fixed Wired EPON Convergence 26113.7 WiMAX, Wi-Fi, and RFID Convergence Case Study 26313.8 WiMAX and Metro Mesh Convergence Case Study 26413.9 QOS in Fixed-Mobile WiMAX Convergence 266
13.10 WiMAX Mobile Convergence Service Providers 26613.11 WiMAX as an Alternative to 4G Cellular Mobile 26713.12 The Upcoming Auction of the 700 MHz Spectrum 268
14 Wireless Sensor Networks Cellular Mobile Convergence 270
14.1 RFID Technology Development 27014.2 RFID Tag Standards and Code Structures 27214.3 RFID Tag Evaluation Criteria 27414.4 RFID Reader Evaluation Criteria 27414.5 RFID and Cellular Mobile Networks Convergence 27514.6 RFID-based Health Care Services Case Study 27614.7 IBM’s Secure Trade Lane RFID-based Case Study 27814.8 NFC Networking, Standards, and Applications 28014.9 NFC and Cellular Mobile Networks Convergence 281
14.10 NFC Payment and Promotion Case Study 28214.11 UWB-based Wireless USB Products 28414.12 Mobile Ad-hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks 284
Part V Fixed Wireless Cellular Mobile Networks Convergence: StandardizedNetworking Solutions
15 UMA-based Fixed Wireless and Cellular Mobile Networking Solutions and Products 289
15.1 What is Unlicensed Mobile Access or GAN? 28915.2 UMA-based Network Architecture 28915.3 UMA-based Networking Overview 29015.4 UMA-based WLAN and GSM/CDMA Convergent Networking Solution 29115.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of the UMA/GAN Technology 29215.6 UMA/GAN Standard Specifications 29315.7 UMAN UNC Design Requirements and Functionalities 29315.8 UMAN UNC Discovery and Registration 29415.9 Securing the UMA “up” Interface 295
15.10 GERAN to UMAN UNC Handover Operation 29615.11 UMAN to GERAN UNC Handover Operation 29615.12 UMAN Signaling Protocol for Voice Communications 29715.13 UMAN Signaling Protocol for Data Communications 29715.14 UMAN Mobile Station Lower Layers Protocols 29915.15 UMA-based FMC Solutions, Products, and Services 30015.16 UMA-based Nokia Dual-mode 6301 Handset 302
16 Session Initiation Protocol 303
16.1 What is the Session Initiation Protocol-SIP? 30316.2 SIP System Architecture 30316.3 SIP Overview 30516.4 SIP-based Message Exchange 30716.5 SIP Message Format, Fields, and Options 30816.6 SIP IETF Standards and Extensions 310
19 The Economics of Fixed Wireless Cellular Mobile Networks Integration 378
19.1 Economic Drivers of Fixed-Mobile Convergence 37819.2 Projected Mobile Communications Growth 37919.3 Projected Development of WLANs and Mesh WLANs 38119.4 Projected Development of Bluetooth and ZigBee Networks 38219.5 Projected Development of WiMAX Networks 38219.6 Projected Development of RFID, NFC, and WUSB Networks 38319.7 Projected Development of UMA-based Convergent Networks 38419.8 Projected Development of IMS-based Convergent Networks 38519.9 Evaluation Criteria for Fixed-Mobile Convergence Solutions 386
20 Fixed-Mobile Convergence Implementation: Status, Trends, and Issues 390
20.1 Benefits of Fixed-Mobile Convergence 39020.2 Trends in Fixed and Mobile Wireless Communications 39120.3 Trends in Fixed-Mobile Convergence 39320.4 3GPP Long Term Evolution, 3GPP2 Ultra Mobile Broadband,
and NGMN 39420.5 World Wide Web 2.0 and Service Oriented Architecture 39620.6 General Issues in Fixed-Mobile Convergence 39720.7 Issues in UMA-based Convergence Implementation 39720.8 Issues in IMS-based Convergence Implementation 39820.9 Conclusions 398
Product and service information contained in this book are primarily based on techni-cal reports and documentation, including publicly available information received fromsources believed to be reliable. However, neither the author nor the publisher guaranteesthe total accuracy and completeness of information published herein. Neither the authornor the publisher shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising outof use of this information. Any mention of products, suppliers, and service providers inthis book is done where necessary for the sake of scientific accuracy or for backgroundinformation to provide an example of a technology for illustrative or clarification pur-poses. No information provided in this book is intended to be or shall be construed tobe as either positive or negative endorsement, certification, approval, recommendationor rejection of any product, supplier, application, or service.
The book consists of six major parts organized into 20 chapters. The first part describesthe fundamental concepts of wireless communication and networking along with theconcepts of network and service management. The second part is focused on one of theentities of convergence, cellular mobile radio networks with their network and servicemanagement capabilities. The third part presents the other side of the convergence equa-tion, the fixed wireless technologies that span from local area networks, to personal areanetworks, to near-field sensor networks, and metropolitan access networks. The fourthpart introduces all the elements of fixed-mobile convergence analyzing the particulararchitectural solutions, products, and services that result from the integration betweeneach form of fixed wireless network and mobile cellular network. Several convergentimplementations case studies are analyzed. The fifth part is dedicated to an in-depth anal-ysis of two major standardized sets of solutions and specifications that provide a totalapproach to convergence, namely, the Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) and IP-basedMultimedia Subsystem (IMS) with particular references to signaling using the SessionInitiation Protocol (SIP). The sixth part provides an overall analysis of convergent ser-vices, quality of service, service providers, industry trends, economics of convergence,and evaluation criteria for fixed-mobile solutions/products as well as issues regardingdesign, development, and implementation of fixed-mobile convergence.
The organization of this book is simple. First, we introduce the palette of individualwireless technologies with a magnifying glass to show what is important and relevantto convergence, i.e., architectures, standards, management capabilities, and quality ofservices. Then we look at the individual approaches taken for converging pairs of fixedwireless and cellular mobile networks. Next, we provide a more in-depth look at theglobal convergent solutions offered by UMA and IMS. Finally, we analyze the marketingprojection of convergent solutions, keeping an eye on the real issues when implementingthese solutions.
Part I. Wireless Communications: Networking and Management
Chapter 1 is an overview of the world of wireless communications as supported throughvarious architectures with a diverse set of components and spectrum allocations.
Chapter 2 presents the overall concept of open network management systems, man-agement platforms, layered communication architectures, management protocols, and
specific management requirements for wireless communications along with networkmanagement products.
Chapter 3 presents the service management concept and its components, classes of ser-vices, quality of service, and service level agreements/specifications along with specificservice management products.
Part II. Cellular Mobile Radio Networking and Management
Chapter 4 provides an overview of cellular mobile radio networking architectures, andradio link access methods. Identification of spectrum allocation for specific technologies,standards organizations, and overall generational evolution steps are all intended toprovide a common view of the primary entity of the fixed-mobile convergence equation.
Chapter 5 investigates specific aspects of cellular mobile networks and service man-agement with focus on GSM/GPRS classes of services and GPRS service profiles.
Part III. Fixed Wireless Technologies: Networking and Management
Chapter 6 analyzes the wireless local area network environment from architecture to spe-cific standards implementation with a special focus on challenges raised by transmittingvoice over wireless LANs, a key requirement for convergence.
Chapter 7 analyzes the wireless personal area network environment from architecturesto major standards implementations (Bluetooth and ZigBee) including analysis of QOSin wireless PAN environment.
Chapter 8 analyzes the evolution of wireless metropolitan access solutions with focuson WiMAX architecture, solutions, standards, and products.
Chapter 9 is dedicated to the analysis of near-field sensor networks from architecturesto major standard implementations (RF Identification, Near Field Communications andUltra Wide Band) along with network and service management capabilities.
Part IV. Fixed Wireless Cellular Mobile Networks Convergenceand Integration
Chapter 10 provides an overview of the fixed-mobile concept that includes terminology,architectural components, interfaces, and protocols, including the overall requirements,solutions, and technical forums created to advance fixed-mobile convergent concepts.
Chapter 11 presents the specific architectural solutions, applications, products, andservices created as part of the technical effort to provide convergence between wirelessLANs (IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n and WLAN Mesh) and cellular mobile networks. Severalconvergent implementations case studies are analyzed.
Chapter 12 presents the specific architectural solutions, applications, products, andservices born out of the convergence between wireless PANs (Bluetooth and ZigBee)
and cellular mobile networks. Several convergent implementations case studies areanalyzed.
Chapter 13 presents the specific architectural solutions, applications, products, andservices aimed at incorporating wireless metropolitan access, represented by WiMAXtechnology, into wide area cellular mobile networks. Several convergent implementationscase studies are analyzed.
Chapter 14 presents the specific architectural solutions, applications, products, andservices created as part of the technical effort to extend fixed-mobile convergence toincorporate the convergence between wireless near-field sensor networks (RFID, NFC,UWB) and cellular mobile networks. Several convergent implementations case studiesare analyzed.
Part V. Fixed Wireless Cellular Mobile Convergence: StandardizedNetworking Solutions
Chapter 15 is a comprehensive presentation of the Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA)set of standard specifications. It includes an overview of UMA evolution, driving forces,and specific architectures to incorporate the convergence aspects in a unique approachthat spans wireless LANs, PANs, WiMAX, and sensor networks. Details about UMAnetwork design, the UMA Network Controller, signaling protocols for voice and datacommunications, and interoperability parameters in UMA operations are supplementedby UMA-based fixed-mobile convergence solutions and products.
Chapter 16 is a comprehensive analysis of the signaling protocol of choice for IMS-based networks, namely, the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). Details about SIP devel-opment, acceptance, applicability and actual standards include SIP message formats,fields, optional parameters and specific implementation of this protocol in voice over IPoperations and IMS-based network design and operations.
Chapter 17 is a comprehensive presentation of the IP-based Multimedia Subsystem(IMS) set of standard specifications. It includes an overview of IMS evolution, drivingforces, high-level conceptual architecture, specific architectural components, sub mod-ules, functions, and the all-important stepping-stones for convergence not only within thewireless world but also between wired and wireless networks. Details about standards,proposed amendments, signaling specifications, and interoperability parameters in IMSoperations are supplemented by analysis of partial implementations of IMS-based fixed-mobile convergence products and services.
Part VI. Fixed-Mobile Convergence Services, Industry Trends, andImplementation Issues
Chapter 18 looks into Quality of Service (QOS) aspects of fixed wireless cellular mobilenetworking solutions from the perspective of both voice and data parameters, and associ-ated QOS metrics. Integrated/Differentiated Services, Multi-Protocol Label Switching,
and Policy-based Management are also analyzed. Specific services and service providersof convergent solutions in both UMA-based and IMS-based networks are identified andanalyzed.
Chapter 19 provides the economic perspective of fixed-mobile convergence startingwith the driving forces and opponents of convergence, This is followed by diagramsdepicting projected growth of various convergent applications in the domain of wirelessLANs, PANs, WiMAX, and sensor networks along with the growth of the telecommu-nications industry in general, and the mobile communications sector in particular. Acomprehensive set of evaluation criteria was developed to analyze and qualify fixed-mobile convergent solutions and products.
Chapter 20 is a summary of benefits of fixed-mobile convergence followed by ananalysis of the state of implementations and trends in fixed-mobile convergence. Adetailed list of issues confronting fixed-mobile convergence implementation in bothUMA-based and IMS-based versions concludes this chapter.
1.1 Telecommunications Network Model page 41.2 Data Communications Network Model 41.3 Data Transmission Procedures 61.4 Connection-oriented and Connectionless Transmission Services 61.5 OSI Layered Communications Stack 71.6 OSI Protocol Data Units Layer by Layer 91.7 Wireless Communications Model 101.8 Wireless Communications Classification 121.9 Wireless Communications Architecture 15
1.10 Wireless Communications Architectural Components 161.11 An Overall View of Data Communications Networks 181.12 Communications Media and Transmission Rates 201.13 Wireless Communications at a Glance 23
Chapter 2
2.1 Basic Manager-Agent Management Model page 262.2 Network Management Topology Frameworks 262.3 Open Management Systems Conceptual Architecture 272.4 Models of the Wireless Manager-Agent Paradigm 282.5 Management Systems Domains 302.6 Management Systems Evolution 322.7 Management Platforms Frameworks 342.8 Management Platforms Architectural Model 352.9 Management Platform Core Operations and Services 35
2.10 Internet TCP/IP-based Communications Stack 362.11 SNMP-based Protocol Communication Stack 372.12 SNMP-based Manager-Agent Paradigm 382.13 Internet Management Layered Architecture and Standards 382.14 SNMP-based Manager-Agent Services 392.15 Enterprise Network SNMP-based Management Architecture 40
2.16 OSI Management Layered Architecture and Standards 412.17 OSI-based Manager-Agent Relationship 422.18 OSI CMISE/CMIP-based Manager-Agent Services 422.19 TMN OSI-based Network Management Architecture 442.20 Network Management Functions Decomposition 44
Chapter 3
3.1 Communication Service Conceptual Model page 483.2 Communication Service Components 483.3 Communications Quality of Service Parameters 503.4 QOS Mapping with Layered Communications 523.5 SLA Management Model 523.6 Service Life Cycles 533.7 Service Management Processes 553.8 Service Management and TMN Layered Architecture 563.9 Telecommunications Operations Map 57
3.10 End-to-End QOS-based Service Level Management 59
Chapter 4
4.1 Cell-based Mobile Radio Communications Concept page 644.2 Cellular Mobile Communications Access Methods 654.3 PCS/PCN Network Architecture and Components 664.4 Cellular Spectrum Allocations in the US 684.5 PCS Spectrum Allocations in the US 694.6 IMT-2000 Worldwide Spectrum Allocations 694.7 Handoffs/Handovers between Mobile Cells and Carriers 704.8 Cellular Mobile Networks Classification 724.9 Core GSM/GPRS Network Architecture and Components 74
4.10 Cellular Mobile Networking-related Standards Organizations 754.11 Types of Standards and Standards Processes 764.12 PCS Standards and Standards Organizations 774.13 Cellular Mobile Networks Evolution 814.14 3G Migration Path of Current Wireless Mobile Systems 824.15 UMTS Architectural Components and Interfaces 874.16 A Simplified View of the UMTS Architecture and Interfaces 884.17 UMTS Layered Communication Stacks for Data Communications 894.18 Internet Protocol (IP) Data Unit Structure 904.19 Mobile IP Datagram Flow 914.20 Mobile IP Header Registration Request Format 924.21 Common Channel Signaling SS7 Network Architecture 94
4.22 SS#7 Communication Stack for PSTN and Cellular Mobile Networks 954.23 Cellular Mobile and PSTN Signaling Network 96
Chapter 5
5.1 TeMIP Management Platform Architecture page 1045.2 Vodaphone/Mannesmann Mobile Network TeMIP-based TMN 1055.3 Siemens Mobile Integrator TeMIP-based Management Solution 1055.4 QOS in UMTS Networks 1075.5 End-to-End QOS in Wireless Networks 1075.6 GSM/GPRS/EDGE Data Networking 1105.7 Micromuse NetCool SLM Application Suite 1175.8 Micromuse Netcool/Omnibus Architecture 117
Chapter 6
6.1 Wireless LAN Architecture page 1226.2 Wireless Systems Controller Architecture 1356.3 WLAN 802.11 MAC Frame Format 1406.4 Logical Link Control Frame Format 1406.5 WLAN Layered Communication Stack for Data Communications 1416.6 Voice over WLAN Network Architecture 144
Chapter 7
7.1 A Residential Network Infrastructure page 1507.2 Wireless Personal Area Network Architecture 1507.3 Bluetooth Wireless Personal Area Network Architecture 1537.4 Bluetooth Protocol Stack 1547.5 ZigBee Network Architecture 1617.6 ZigBee Framing Protocol Architecture 1637.7 Power Line Communications-based PAN 167
13.3 WiMAX and EPON Networks Convergence 26213.4 WiMAX, Wi-Fi, and RFID Convergent Network 26413.5 WiMAX and Wi-Fi Mesh Convergent Network Architecture 26513.6 FCC 700 MHz Auction Frequency Allocations 269
Chapter 14
14.1 RFID EPCglobal Code Structure page 27114.2 UHF RFID ISO 18000 Part 7 Code Structure 27314.3 RFID and Cellular Mobile Convergent Network Architecture 27614.4 RFID-based Health Care Service Network Architecture 27714.5 IBM’s Secure Trade Lane 27814.6 EPCglobal Standard Architecture and IBM’s EPCIS 28014.7 NFC and Cellular Mobile Networks Convergent Architecture 28214.8 High-level Wireless Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks Architecture 285
Architecture 29215.3 Discovery and Registration in UMA Networks 29415.4 UMAN Signaling Protocol Architecture for Voice Communication 29815.5 UMAN Signaling Protocol Architecture for Data Communications 29815.6 UMA/GAN Mobile Stations Lower Layers Protocol Stack 299
Chapter 16
16.1 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) System Components page 30416.2 SIP Basic Functional Model 30416.3 SIP-based Session Establishment 30416.4 SIP-based Signaling Messages in VoIP 30716.5 SIP Message Format, Fields, and Options 30816.6 H.323 Family of Standards and Protocol Stacks 31416.7 Session Controller Gateway Architecture 31616.8 SIP-based Mobile Hosts Interoperability in Wireless Networks 31716.9 SIP-based VoIP Network Architecture 318
16.10 Electronic Number Mapping (ENUM) Network Architecture 321
1.1 OSI Layers Main Functions and Services page 81.2 Relationships between Frequencies and Wavelengths 20
Chapter 2
2.1 Open Management Systems Components Descriptions page 282.2 SNMP-based Management Evaluation 392.3 OSI-based Management Evaluation 43
Chapter 3
3.1 Service Management Layer Functions and Activities page 58
Chapter 4
4.1 GSM Frequency Bands and Channel Numbering page 774.2 Comparisons of Cellular Mobile PCS with other Wireless Technologies 834.3 GSM Basic Technical Features 844.4 GSM Strengths and Weaknesses 844.5 CDMA Main Features 854.6 CDMA Strengths and Weaknesses 864.7 Cross-reference between 3GPP and 3GPP2 Terminology 894.8 Leading Cellular Smart Handset Technical Specifications 984.9 Leading Cellular Smart Handset Performance Test Results 99
Chapter 5
5.1 Cellular Mobile Service Providers in the USA page 1025.2 UMTS QOS Traffic Classes 1085.3 UMTS Traffic Class Attributes 108
5.4 USA/Worldwide Cellular Telephony Data Service Performance 1115.5 GSM GPRS Classes of Services 1125.6 GPRS Multislot Classes 1135.7 GPRS Delay Classes 1145.8 GPRS Reliability Classes 1145.9 GPRS Throughput Classes of Services 115
Chapter 6
6.1 Comparisons of the Main WLAN Networking Solutions page 1236.2 IEEE WLAN Spectrum Allocation and other Features 1296.3 WLAN Security Standards Evolution 1316.4 WLAN Adapters for PCs and Laptops 1336.5 WLAN Access Points Evaluation 1386.6 Voice over Wireless LAN Products Evaluation 1466.7 Voice over Wireless LAN Quality of Service 1486.8 Wi-Fi Multimedia QOS Specifications 148
Chapter 7
7.1 PAN and WPAN Comparative Infrastructures page 1517.2 WPAN Technologies Evaluation 1527.3 ZigBee Frequency Allocation 1627.4 Bluetooth and ZigBee Comparison 1677.5 WPAN Applications and Performance Metrics 170
Chapter 8
8.1 Wireless Metropolitan Access Technologies Comparison page 1798.2 Mobile WiMAX and 3G Cellular Mobile Technologies Comparison 1858.3 WiMAX QOS Classes and Applications 1898.4 WiMAX Forum Applications Classes and QOS Parameters 189
Chapter 9
9.1 RFID Range of Frequencies page 1929.2 RFID Classes and Typical RFID Applications 197
13.1 Comparison of WiMAX with other 4G Frontrunners page 268
Chapter 14
14.1 Bar Code System and RFID Technologies Comparison page 27114.2 RFID Tags Classification 271
Chapter 16
16.1 ITU-T H.323 and IETF SIP Signaling/Call Control Comparison page 315
Chapter 17
17.1 IMS Reference Points and Interface Descriptions page 338
Chapter 18
18.1 Internet Applications and DiffServ Class Attributes page 36318.2 IntServices and DiffServices Comparative Analysis 36318.3 UMTS QOS Traffic Classes 375
The past two decades have marked an unprecedented growth in size and sophisticationof almost every aspect of telecommunications. Two major achievements stand out inthis development. First, the Internet network, the quintessence of data communicationsand public/private access to information. Second, Cellular Mobile Radio wireless com-munication, the untethered jewel of voice communication beyond borders that openedanother door to worldwide conversation. As a result, today, there are hundreds of millionsof users with continuous access to the Internet and over three billion users of cell phones.
Cellular mobile communications has moved in a decade through three generations.The first generation was marked by the need to build a large physical/geographical pres-ence. The second generation has moved from analog formats to digital communicationsand added features that allow decent data services running along with voice communi-cations. More recent advancements have led to the third generation of cellular mobiletransmission with a focus on providing data services in the class of broadband commu-nications.
In the same span of time, a similar growth has taken place in the wireless expan-sion of well-established networking technologies, commonly known as “fixed wireless”.The most popular customer premises technology, the Local Area Network, has becomeWireless LAN, matching its data rate with wired frontrunners. This metamorphosis hascontinued by adopting voice communication over a traditional data dedicated technol-ogy. Identical phenomena took place in the Wireless Personal Area Network thanksto the Bluetooth, ZigBee, and other technologies. On the same token, the Near-FieldSensor Networks, once liberated from the limitations of infrared and laser barcode-liketechnologies, found their own voice in the form of Radio Frequency ID, Near FieldCommunications, and Ultra Wide Band USB technologies. After some shaky attemptsto provide wireless Metropolitan Area Network solutions, WiMAX technology has beenaccepted as the standard technology that brings wireless broadband access to the homeand small businesses. The story of fixed wireless technologies does not end here becausevarious levels of mobility have been added making the initial name “fixed wireless”somehow a misnomer.
Consequently, it was just a matter of time in the chase of ideal communication “any-time, anywhere, any technology”, to realize the need of transparent communicationsfor any form of media, be that data, voice, or video. Hence, the need for interoperabil-ity between cellular mobile radio networks of latest generations and any form of fixed
wireless networks, i.e., Fixed-Mobile Convergence, the very subject of this practicalbook. Similarly, the obvious outcome of convergent solutions has become the use ofone handset/cell phone and one portable number that works across any wireless net-work capable of transmitting digital information at the highest possible/available datarate.
First and foremost, I would like to thank my friend and colleague Gene Geer. His helpin reviewing and editing the entire book, his comments and questions, and his utmostgrace and diligence in improving the material made his contributions invaluable. Thankyou Gene.
And, I thank three field colleagues who reviewed my initial proposal and who providedvaluable feedback and guidance in writing this book: Dr. Petre Dini, Cisco Systems, atireless promoter of technical conferences that always provided excellent sources andopportunities to exchange information; Dr. Michael Kincaid, MSK and Associates, whointroduced me to the world of wireless communications almost two decades ago; andVictor Arabagian, Lucent/Alcatel, an engineer, who is confronting the reality of businessconstraints in the wired and wireless worlds.
I would like to express my gratitude and thanks to the management, editors, andcontributors to technical magazines such as IEEE Communications, IEEE Network,Business Communications Review, Wireless Week, Wireless Design and Development,Network World, Telecommunications, and Telephony for the interesting and informativearticles they have published on the theory, practice, product features, and real case studiesrelated to fixed-mobile convergence.
And I thank, without naming, the staff of all companies that provided technical infor-mation and documentation of the many products and networking solutions I describe inthe book. I thank the organizers of CEBIT exhibitions in Germany, an excellent sourceof products, information, and demonstrations. My heart goes to my friends Dieter andMarianne Eisenburger as well as Carmen Soare and Dan Pupeza for their utmost hospi-tality over several years while I attended the CEBIT exhibitions. I feel fortunate and Iwish everyone could have friends like them.
Exactly one year ago, a gentleman from Cambridge University Press, Mr. Phil Mey-ers, approached me with a proposal to write a book that would capture the amazingdevelopments taking place in the world of wireless communications in general, and inthe realm of fixed cellular mobile networks convergence in particular. The goal of thisconvergence is straightforward: Transparent communications across all wireless tech-nologies having as the centerpiece multi-mode cell phones or handsets. This goal is nolonger just a dream; it has captured the imaginations of the technical community andthe prospective customers who are discovering the true meaning of communications“anytime, anywhere” regardless of the wireless technology used.
Here I am after one year, writing, drawing, thinking, reading, correcting material,teaching and consulting, working almost every day to build the content of this book.And, as in any of my other achievements, I could not have succeeded without the directsupport, understanding, and encouragement from my wife Veronica. Thank you verymuch Vera.
