Flashcard Warm-up

Bone markings

Define and make a list of examples—(tuberoscity, foramen, etc.)

Axial DivisionThe Axial Division consists of 80 bones making up the skull, rib cage and vertebral column. It carries out the following functions:

1. Support and protection for the organs within the dorsal and ventral body cavities. 2. Provides the framework for the attachment of muscles that:

a. adjust the positions of the head, neck and trunk. b. Perform respiratory movements c. Anchor and stabilize the appendicular bones.

Appendicular Skeleton

The Appendicular Division consists of 126 bones making up the appendages and girdles that connect appendages to the body. The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula. The pelvic girdle is formed by the two coxal bones which are fused anteriorly.

Cranium Bones

I. AXIAL SKELETON (pp. 124-138) A. Skull (pp. 124-131) – formed by two sets of bones, the cranium and facial

bones. The skull bones are joined together by sutures, interlocking immovable joints.

1. Cranium – composed of 8 large flat bones (two of these bones exist in pairs, the parietal and temporal bones)

a. Frontal Bone –forms the forehead, projections under each eyebrow, and superior part of eye orbits

b. Parietal Bones – paired bones from the superior and lateral walls of the cranium

c. Temporal Bones – inferior to the parietal bones

Temporal Bone Markings

i. External Auditory Meatus- ear canal ii. Styloid Process – sharp needlelike projection inferior to

the meatus where many neck muscles attach iii. Zygomatic Process – the cheekbone iv. Mastoid Process – rough projection where muscles of the

neck attach v. Jugular Foramen – opening where jugular vein passes

through vi. Carotid Canal – opening for the internal corotid artery to

pass through

Occipital Bonea. Occipital Bone – most posterior bone of the cranium, the large

opening in the bottom of this bone is the foramen magnum where the spinal cord connects to the brain. The occipital condyles rest on the first vertebra of the spinal column

Sphenoid Bone

The feature called the "temple" is actually a wing of the Sphenoid bone

e. Sphenoid Bone – butterfly shaped bone that spans the width of the skull and forms the floor of the cranial cavity. Contains a small depression called the sella turcica (Turk’s saddle) which holds the pituitary gland in place

Posterior view

Ethmoid Bone

f. Ethmoid Bone – forms the roof of the nasal cavity and medial walls of the orbits

Facial Bones1. Facial Bones – fourteen bones, twelve are paired, only the mandible and

vomer are single bones a. Maxillae – fuse to form the upper jaw b. Palatine Bones – posterior part of the hard palate, failure of

these bones to fuse results in a cleft palate c. Zygomatic Bones – the cheekbones, form lateral walls of the

eyesockets d. Lacrimal Bones – fingernail sized bones forming the medial walls

of each orbit e. Nasal Bones –small rectangular bones forming the ridge of the

nose f. Vomer Bone – forms most of the nasal septum g. Inferior Conchae – thin curved bones projecting from the lateral

walls of the nasal cavity h. Mandible – lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone of the

face

Hyoid Bone

3. Hyoid Bone – the only bone of the body that does not articulate directly with another bone, suspended in the midneck region above the larynx where ligaments anchor it to the styloid processes of the temporal bone. Serves as a movable base for the tongue and attachment for neck muscles.

Fetal Skull

4. Fetal Skull – bones of the fetal skull are not fused but contain fibrous membranes called fontanels, “soft spots” that connect the cranial bones. They allow room for the brain to grow and allow the fetal skull to be compressed during child birth. Anterior fontanel, posterior fontanel, sphenoid fontanel, mastoid fontanel

Flashcard Warm-up

Bone markings of the temporal bone

Use your notes to write down the many markings found on the temporal bone alone (there are 6)

Facial bones

Use your notes to list the facial bones (fourteen bones but 12 of these are paired)

Vertebral Column

A. Vertebral Column (Spine) (pp. 131-134) – 26 irregular bones (before birth there are 33, but 9 of these fuse to form the sacrum and coccyx

B. Parts of a typical vertebrae include: Body, vertebral arch, vertebral foramen, transverse processes, spinous process, superior and inferior articular process

Cervical Vertebrae1. Cervical Vertebrae – 7, the first

two are called the atlas and axis –they allow you to rotate your head from side to side

Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae

2. Thoracic Vertebrae - 12, larger than the cervical vertebrae

3. Lumbar Vertebrae – 5, largest and sturdiest of the vertebrae

1-Vertebral Body 2-Spinous Process

3-Transverse Facet 4-Pedicle

5-Foramen 6-Lamina 7-Superior Facet

Lumbar

Inferior Vertebral Column

4. Sacrum - fuses with the coccyx inferiorly 5. Coccyx - considered the human “tailbone”

Bony ThoraxA. Bony Thorax (pp. 134-138) – sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae

1. Sternum – flat bone, the manubrium, body and xiphoid process 2. Ribs

a. True Ribs – first seven pairs that attach directly to the sternum b. False Ribs – the next five pairs attach indirectly to the sternum or

are not attached to the sternum at all c. Floating Ribs – last two pairs lack sternal attachments

APPENDICULAR SKELETON (pp. 138-145)

A. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle, also called the Pectoral Girdle (p. 138)

1. Clavical (Collarbones) – attaches to the manubrium of the sternum medially and the scapula laterally

2. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades) – also called “wings” due to flaring when we move our arms posteriorl

Important Bone markings: Acromion – enlarged end of the spine Coracoid process – connects with the

clavicle laterally at the acromioclavicular joint

Glenoid cavity – a shallow socket that receives the head of the humerus (arm bone)

Bones of the Upper Limb1. Arm

A. Humerus B. Important Bone Markings:

Greater and lesser tubercles – sites of muscle attachments near the head of the humerus

Deltoid Tuberosity – a roughened area of the shaft where the deltoid muscle attachesTrochlea – medial distal end that looks like a spool Capitulum – lateral distal end, looks like a ball Coronoid Fossa – depression above the trochlea Olecranon Fossa- posterior distal surface these two fossa’s allow the ulna to move freely when the elbow is bent and extended

Forearm Bones

Forearm Radius – the lateral bone

Important Markings:Radial tuberosity - just below

the head, where the biceps tendon attaches

Ulna - the medial boneCoronoid process- on

proximal end Olecranon process – on proximal end (forms the elbow by articulating into the olecranon fossa on the humerus

Trochlear Notch – groove that separates the coronoid and olecranon processes

Interosseous Membrane- the membrane that connects the radius and ulna along its length

Hand

3. Hand A. Carpals – wrist bones,

the most commonly fractured when falling on an outstretched hand is the scaphoid bone ( sits on thumbside)

B. Metacarpals – articulate with carpals and phalanges

C. Phalanges – finger bones

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle (pp. 141-143) –formed by the two coxal bones Coxal Bones (Hip

Bones) Formed by the fusion of three bones: Ilium – connects with the

sacrum at the sacroiliac joint, large flaring bone that forms most of the hip bone. Iliac crest- upper edge

Ischium

Ischium – the “sitdown” bone, it is most inferior

a. Ischial tuberosity - part you’re sitting on

b. Ischial spine - superior to the tuberosity, narrows the outlet

of the pelvis

Greater Sciatic notch – allows blood vessels and the large sciatic nerve to pass through

Pubis Bone

Pubis – most anteriorObturator Foramen –

opening which allows blood vessels and nerve to pass through to the thigh

Pubic Symphysis – where the two pubic bones fuse anteriorly to form a cartilaginous joint

Acetabulum – where the ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse, receives the head of the femur

Lower Limb Bones

Bones of the Lower Limbs (pp. 143-145) Thigh

Femur – heaviest, strongest bone in the bodyGreater and lesser trochanters – blunt processes at the proximal end that are sites of muscle attachments

Medial and Lateral condyles – at distal end where the femur articulates with the tibia

Lower Leg Bones Leg

Tibia – shinbone, medial weight-bearing bone of lower leg Tibial Tuberosity – proximal end of tibia where patellar ligaments and tendon attach

Medial malleolus – distal inner bulge of the ankle

Fibula – stick-like lateral bone of lower leg, joins with the tibia proximally and distally

Lateral malleolus – distal fibula that forms the outer part of the ankle

Foot Bones

Foot Tarsals – 7 bones cuneiform

bones (medial, intermediate, lateral) cuboid, navicular, talus, calcaneus

Metatarsals – form the sole Phalanges - toes

Helpful Websites for Studying

http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/skull/antskul.htm

http://www.getbodysmart.com/index.htm http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/menu/animation.html