Which type of modified stems are typical of plants that historically have needed to protect themselves from mammalian herbivores?. tubers stolons thorns (correct answer) rhizomes (your answer) Q.2 Correct What is not a function of modified leaves? trapping and digesting insects for an additional nutrient source wrapping around structures for support attracting pollinating insects with their bright colors absorbing soil minerals (your answer) Q.3 Incorrect Which of these actions describes secondary growth? growth in height development of leaves and flowers (your answer) development of wood and bark (correct answer) 4. development of fruit Q.4 Correct The main source of water necessary for photosynthesis to occur in the leaf mesophyll is _____. 1. soil via the xylem (your answer)
Transcript
Which type of modified stems are typical of plants that historically have needed to protect themselves from mammalian herbivores?.
tubers
stolons
thorns (correct answer)
rhizomes (your answer)
Q.2 Correct
What is not a function of modified leaves?
trapping and digesting insects for an additional nutrient source
wrapping around structures for support
attracting pollinating insects with their bright colors
absorbing soil minerals (your answer)
Q.3 Incorrect
Which of these actions describes secondary growth?
growth in height
development of leaves and flowers (your answer)
development of wood and bark (correct answer)
4.
development of fruit
Q.4 Correct
The main source of water necessary for photosynthesis to occur in the leaf mesophyll is _____.
1.
soil via the xylem (your answer)
2.
soil via the phloem
3.
the atmosphere through the cuticle and stomata
4.
all of the above
Q.5 Incorrect
Which of these statements is not true about plant sclerenchyma cells?
1.
Like parenchyma and collenchyma, they all contain cytoplasm at maturity (correct answer)
2.
They can be classified as sclereids or fibers.
3.
Their cell walls contain lignin in addition to cellulose. (your answer)
Q.6 Incorrect
What is true about all types of plant meristematic cells?
1.
They are distributed evenly in all tissues throughout the plant.
2.
They are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells. (correct answer)
3.
They increase the surface area of dermal tissue by developing root hairs. (your answer)
4.
They subdivide into three distinct cell types named parenchyma, ground meristem, and procambium.
5.
They give rise to protoderm, which is involved in photosynthesis.
Q.7 Correct
Which of these statements is true about xylem and/or phloem?
1.
Xylem and phloem cells are derived from the ground meristem cells.
2.
Xylem is made of companion cells and vessel elements.
3.
Xylem and phloem cells are derived from procambium cells. (your answer)
4.
Phloem cells do not contain cytoplasm.
Q.8 Incorrect
What part of the root is responsible for water and nutrient absorption?
1.
root cap
2.
zone of cellular division (your answer)
3.
trichomes
4.
zone of cellular maturation (correct answer)
Q.9 Incorrect
Where are the youngest wood and the youngest bark in a tree trunk?
1.
Youngest wood is in the center of a tree; youngest bark is the outside of the bark.
2.
Youngest wood is in the center of a tree; youngest bark is the inner part, next to the vascular cambium. (your answer)
3.
Youngest wood is toward the outside, near the vascular cambium; youngest bark is the outside of the bark.
4.
Youngest wood is toward the outside, near the vascular cambium; youngest bark is the inner part, next to the vascular cambium. (correct answer)
Q.10 Correct
Monocot vascular bundles do not have a vascular cambium between the xylem and phloem. This means that _____.
1.
monocots are much less efficient at conducting water and sugars
2.
all monocots have very thin stems
3.
monocots do not produce wood in annual rings (your answer)
Girdling is a procedure to kill unwanted tress by cutting a groove into the bark of the tree. The groove must completely encircle the trunk and should penetrate into the wood to a depth of at least 1/2 inch on small trees, and 1 to 1-1/2 inches on larger trees. Why does this procedure cause tree death?
1.
No water can be transported from the roots to the leaves.
2.
No water can be transported from the leaves to the roots.
3.
No sugars can be transported from the leaves to the roots. (your answer)
4.
Both water and sugars are prevented from being transported.
Q.14 Incorrect
The surface area of a plant's root system is substantially larger than the surface area of its shoot system. Which hypothesis best explains the extensive surface area of roots?
1.
needed for contact with soil particles for mineral and water absorption (correct answer)
2.
provides structure for vascular tissue in the roots
3.
provides good anchoring ability of the root system
4.
needed to store sugars for overwintering capability (your answer)
Q.15 Incorrect
Loss of water from the aerial parts of plants is called _____.
1.
dehydration
2.
high heat of vaporization
3.
respiration
4.
gas exchange (your answer)
5.
transpiration (correct answer)
Q.16 Incorrect
Which of the following cross-membrane transport mechanisms occur without any expenditure of energy by the cell?
1.
facilitated diffusion (correct answer)
2.
H+-ATPases
3.
symporter
4.
cotransporter
5.
pump (your answer)
Q.17 Incorrect
Which of the following features of plant cells allows for symplastic movement of water?
1.
porous cell walls
2.
Casparian strip
3.
plasmodesmata
4.
both the plasmodesmata and Casparian strip (correct answer)
5.
both the Casparian strip and porous cell walls (your answer)
Q.18 Incorrect
Which of the following features of plant cells allows for apoplastic movement of water?
1.
porous cell walls (correct answer)
2.
plasmodesmata
3.
large central vacuole
4.
endodermal cells (your answer)
Q.19 Incorrect
Formation of menisci, such as occur in a tube filled with water, is an important factor in plant water movement. A meniscus is created by _____.
1.
the downward pull of gravity on the water column in the tube
2.
downward pressure from the atmosphere on the topmost layer of water molecules
3.
the water molecules along the walls of the tube being pulled downward by adhesion (your answer)
4.
the topmost layer of water molecules being pulled downward by the hydrogen bonds to the water molecules below (correct answer)
Q.20 Incorrect
Which of the following observations provides the strongest evidence against root pressure being the principal mechanism of water transport in the xylem?
1.
Not all soils have high concentrations of ions.
2.
It requires movement of water into the xylem from surrounding cells in the roots.
3.
Over long distances, the force of root pressure is not enough to overcome the force of gravity. (correct answer)
4.
It requires development of a water potential gradient between roots and shoots. (your answer)
Q.21 Correct
Which of the following would be expected to contribute to relatively high rates of transpiration?
1.
heavy cloud cover
2.
cool air temperature
3.
calm air
4.
low atmospheric CO2 concentration (your answer)
Q.22 Correct
Which of the following structural features of plants would not be expected to reduce transpiration?
1.
thick cuticle on leaves and stems
2.
abundant epidermal hairs on leaves and stems
3.
sunken stomata
4.
stomata on upper and lower surfaces of the leaves (your answer)
5.
reduced leaf size
Q.23 Incorrect
Which of the following would not be expected to contribute to high rates of transpiration?
1.
high atmospheric CO2 concentration (correct answer)
2.
bright sunlight
3.
warm air temperature
4.
brisk wind (your answer)
Q.24 Incorrect
Which of the following supports the finding that sugar translocation in phloem is an active (energy-requiring) process?
1.
Sucrose occurs in higher concentrations in companion cells than in the mesophyll cells where it is produced. (correct answer)
2.
Movement of water occurs from xylem to phloem and back again.
3.
Strong pH differences exist between the cytoplasm of the companion cell and the mesophyll cell. (your answer)
4.
H+-ATPases are abundant in the plasma membranes of the mesophyll cells. (correct answer)
Q.25 Incorrect
Which of the following is not a net sink for products of photosynthesis in a deciduous angiosperm tree? (Hint: deciduous trees shed their leaves in the fall and must grow new leaves in the spring.)
1.
leaves in early spring
2.
flowers in summer
3.
fruits in summer (your answer)
4.
roots in early spring (correct answer)
5.
roots in early autumn
Q.26 Incorrect
While hiking in a forest, you notice an unusual plant growing on the branches of a tree. What will help you to determine if this plant is epiphytic or parasitic?
1.
If the plant is green, it is epiphytic; if not, then it is parasitic.
2.
The root of an epiphytic plant will be in the soil, but a parasitic plant will grow from the trunk of a tree.
3.
The roots of a parasitic plant will penetrate under the bark into the tree xylem, and the roots of epiphytic plant will not. (correct answer)
4.
The epiphytic plant will have leaves forming tanks collecting water, and the parasitic plant will not. (your answer)
5.
All of the above apply.
Q.27 Incorrect
Both ectomycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia are able to supply plants with usable forms of nitrogen. From what sources do rhizobia and ectomycorrhizal fungi that are associated with plants obtain nitrogen?
1.
Fungi absorb N2 from the atmosphere, and rhizobia obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material.
2.
Fungi obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material, and rhizobia absorb N2 from the atmosphere. (correct answer)
3.
They both absorb ammonia from soil, which they nitrify to NO2-.
4.
They both obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material. (your answer)
Q.28 Correct
What major benefits do plants and mycorrhizal fungi receive from their symbiotic relationship?
1.
Plants receive enzymes and fungi receive nitrogen and phosphorus.
Plants receive photosynthetic products in exchange for living in root nodules
4.
Plants receive nitrogen and phosphorus, and fungi receive photosynthetic products. (correct answer)
Q.31 Incorrect
Which criteria allow biologists to divide chemicals into macronutrients and micronutrients?
1.
molecular weight of element or compound
2.
the quantities required by plants (correct answer)
3.
how they are used in metabolism
4.
whether or not they are essential for plant growth (your answer)
5.
all of the above
Q.32 Incorrect
Both ectomycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia are able to supply plants with usable forms of nitrogen. From what sources do rhizobia and ectomycorrhizal fungi that are associated with plants obtain nitrogen?
1.
Fungi absorb N2 from the atmosphere, and rhizobia obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material.
2.
Fungi obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material, and rhizobia absorb N2 from the atmosphere. (correct answer)
3.
They both absorb ammonia from soil, which they nitrify to NO2-.
4.
They both obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material. (your answer)
Q.33 Incorrect
Which elements are most often the limiting nutrients for plant growth?
1.
nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus (correct answer)
2.
nitrogen, potassium, hydrogen
3.
nitrogen, sodium, chlorine
4.
nitrogen, carbon, oxygen
5.
nitrogen, potassium, sodium (your answer)
Q.34 Incorrect
Which of the following is not true about an essential nutrient?
1.
It is necessary for plant growth and reproduction.
2.
It is required for a specific structure or metabolic function.
3.
It is produced by symbiotic bacteria. (correct answer)
4.
All of the above are correct. (your answer)
Q.35 Incorrect
Which of the following signals indicates shade to a plant?
1.
light quantity
2.
blue light
3.
far-red light (correct answer)
4.
red light (your answer)
Q.36 Incorrect
In the fall, the leaves of some trees change color. This happens because chlorophyll breaks down and the accessory pigments become visible. What hormone is responsible for this?
1.
phototropin
2.
abscisic acid (correct answer)
3.
cytokinin
4.
ethylene (correct answer)
5.
salicylic acid (your answer)
Q.37 Correct
Which of the following cannot be sensed by plants?***
1.
gravity
2.
pathogens
3.
wind
4.
light
5.
none of the above (your answer)
Q.38 Incorrect
If cells in the _____ are removed, roots will no longer respond to gravity.
1.
root hairs
2.
zone of elongation
3.
root cap (correct answer)
4.
secondary meristem (your answer)
Q.39 Incorrect
Upon exposure to blue light, plants not only begin to grow toward the light, but move their chloroplasts to the sunny side of each cell. Why would it be advantageous to move chloroplasts within cells?
1.
to maximize light absorption by the chloroplasts for photosynthesis (correct answer)
2.
to increase production of phototropic hormones
3.
to maximize heat absorption by the chloroplasts for cellular respiration
4.
to increase ATP production during the light-independent reactions
5.
all of the above (your answer)
Q.40 Incorrect
Suppose a plant had a photosynthetic pigment that absorbed far-red wavelengths of light. In which of the following environments could that plant thrive?
1.
on the floor of a lake, whose water contains abundant green algae
2.
on the forest floor, beneath a canopy of taller plants (correct answer)
3.
on the ocean floor, in very deep waters
4.
on mountaintops, closer to the Sun (your answer)
Q.41 Incorrect
Which of the following is not a characteristic of plant hormones?
1.
They exist in plants in very tiny amounts.
2.
They change their shape in response to stimulus. (correct answer)
3.
They are able to move from one cell to another cell through extracellular spaces.
4.
They affect only cells having an appropriate receptor.
5.
All of the above are correct descriptions of plant hormones. (your answer)
Q.42 Incorrect
You have a small tree in your yard that is the height that you want it, but not as many branches as you want it to be. How can you prune it to trigger it to increase the number of branches?
1.
Cut off the leaves at the ends of several branches.
2.
Cut off the tips of the main shoots. (correct answer)
3.
Cut off lower branches.
4.
Cut some of the higher branches off at the stem.
5.
Cut off the leaves at the base of most of the branches. (your answer)
Q.43 Incorrect
What do phototropin and ABA have in common?
1.
They induce stomata closing.
2.
They regulate opening and closing of water pores in the plasma membrane.
3.
They regulate activity of H+-ATPases. (correct answer)
4.
They are localized in the plasma membrane.
5.
All of the above apply. (your answer)
Q.44 Correct
You buy some fresh fruit at the grocery store. When you get home you are in a hurry, and you put the fresh fruit in the crisper with some overripe fruit. At the end of the week you are disappointed to find that your new fruit has already become overripe. What happened?
1.
The refrigerator was probably set too high. As a result, the production of auxin was induced in overripe fruit and caused production of ethylene in the fresh fruit.
2.
The fresh fruit was not washed before refrigerating, so ethylene was still present on the surface of the fruit, causing the fresh fruit to overripen.
3.
The overripe fruit released ethylene that increased the rate of ripening in the fresh fruit. (your answer)
4.
The fresh fruit was damaged, producing ethylene that sped up the ripening process.
Q.45 Incorrect
Research indicates that certain plants that are adapted to shady habitats do not respond to far-red light by growing taller. Which of the following would be a logical hypothesis for why these plants do not respond to far-red light?
1.
The shade plants do not have phototropin.
2.
The shade plants do not have protein kinases.
3.
The shade plants do not have cryptochromes.
4.
The shade plants do not have phytochrome. (correct answer)
5.
All of these are reasonable hypotheses. (your answer)
Q.46 Incorrect
Mammalian eyes sense light because they contain cells having molecules called opsins, which change structure when exposed to light. Which of the following plant molecule(s) would be analogous to mammalian opsins in their light-sensing ability?
1.
auxin and phototropins
2.
auxin and Pfr
3.
Pfr and phototropins (correct answer)
4.
cytokinins and phototropins
5.
ABA and Pfr (your answer)
Q.47 Incorrect
During self-fertilization, which of the following is absent?
1.
pollination
2.
transfer of pollen from one plant to the other (correct answer)
3.
presence of a gametophyte
4.
all of the above (your answer)
Q.48 Incorrect
Which of the following correctly identifies the function of the flower part named?
Home flower gardeners in northern latitudes like to grow plants that flower only in the spring or flower only in the late summer and fall. They are planting flowers that are most sensitive to _____.
1.
photoperiod (correct answer)
2.
temperature differences
3.
water availability
4.
nutrient availability (your answer)
Q.50 Incorrect
What is the male gametophyte made of?
1.
generative cell and polar nuclei
2.
polar nuclei and tube cell
3.
generative cell and two gametes
4.
generative cell and tube cell (correct answer)
5.
microspores (your answer)
Q.51 Incorrect
Which of these events occurs first in seed germination?
1.
Cell division occurs in the embryo, and growth starts.
2.
Mitochondria multiply and provide energy for growth processes.
3.
Water is taken up. (correct answer)
4.
Oxygen is produced and proteins are synthesized.
5.
New mRNAs and proteins are produced. (your answer)
Q.52 Incorrect
What is an essential part of alternation of generations in plants?
1.
meiosis to produce gametes
2.
meiosis to produce gametophyte
3.
mitosis to produce gametes (correct answer)
4.
fertilization to produce spores
5.
fertilization to produce gametes (your answer)
Q.53 Incorrect
What is the similarity between spores and gametes?
1.
They are produced by meiosis.
2.
They are haploid. (correct answer)
3.
They divide by mitosis.
4.
They can fuse with another cell to form a new organism.
5.
They are made by a sporophyte. (your answer)
Q.54 Incorrect
While looking at a flower in your garden, you notice that it has carpels with very long styles and stamens with very short filaments. This plant most likely to reproduce by _____.
1.
cross-pollination (correct answer)
2.
selfing
3.
asexual reproduction (your answer)
Q.55 Incorrect
What is not true about the carpel of a flower?
1.
The stigma receives the pollen.
2.
The style provides the pathway for the growth of the pollen tube.
3.
Meiosis of the megaspore forms the eight nuclei of the embryo sac. (correct answer)
4.
The ovary encloses one or more ovules, which contain the embryo sac. (your answer)
Q.56 Incorrect
The egg of a plant has a haploid chromosome number of 12 (n = 12). What is true about the number of chromosomes in the cells of other tissues of this plant?
1.
The sperm has 6 chromosomes.
2.
The leaves and stems have 12 chromosomes.
3.
The zygote has 12 chromosomes.
4.
The endosperm has 36 chromosomes. (correct answer)
5.
All of these answers apply. (your answer)
Q.57 Correct
Angiosperms are unique in having double fertilization that forms endosperm. What is true about double fertilization in angiosperms?
1.
One pollen grain combines with the egg to form the zygote, and one pollen grain combines with the polar nuclei to form endosperm. Two sperm combine with a polar nucleus to form endosperm.
2.
Two pollen grains combine with two ovules to form the zygote and endosperm.
3.
One sperm combines with the polar nuclei to form the zygote, and one sperm combines with the egg to form endosperm.
4.
One sperm combines with the egg to form the zygote, and one sperm combines with the polar nuclei to form endosperm. (your answer)
Q.58 Correct
A summer occupation in the Corn Belt states is de-tasseling the corn: removing unwanted male flowers so that female flowers on the same plant are pollinated by the desired pollen for the hybrid corn. What does this tell you about corn?
1.
The flowers are perfect and the plant is dioecious.
2.
The flowers are perfect and the plant is monoecious.
3.
The flowers are imperfect and the plant is dioecious.
4.
The flowers are imperfect and the plant is monoecious. (your answer)
Q.59 Correct
There are advantages and disadvantages to adaptations. Animals that are endothermic are likely to be at a disadvantage in which of the following environments?
1.
very cold environments
2.
very hot environments
3.
environments with a constant food source
4.
environments with variable and limited food sources (your answer)
Q.60 Incorrect
Which one of the following is not a good strategy for increasing the surface area of an object relative to the volume?
1.
increase the amount of branching
2.
increase the amount of folding
3.
enlarge and make more spherical (correct answer)
4.
make flatter
5.
None of these are good strategies. (your answer)
Q.61 Incorrect
When the mammalian brain compares the actual temperature of the body to the preferred temperature of the body, which general component is being used?
1.
sensor
2.
effector
3.
integrator (correct answer)
4.
stimulating sweat glands to increase evaporation
5.
both constriction of skin blood vessels to decrease heat loss and stimulation of sweat glands to increase evaporation (your answer)
Q.62 Incorrect
An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster?
1.
The elephant will because it has the higher surface area/volume ratio.
2.
The elephant will because it has the lower surface area/volume ratio.
3.
The mouse will because it has the higher surface area/volume ratio. (correct answer)
4.
They will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount. (your answer)
Q.63 Incorrect
You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic environments with high salt levels. While studying these bacteria, you note that their internal environment is similar to the salt concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the internal salt concentrations of the bacteria change as the salt concentration in their environment changes. The new species can tolerate small changes in this way, but dies from large changes because it has no mechanism for altering its own internal salt levels. What type of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate its internal salt levels?
1.
conformation (correct answer)
2.
regulation
3.
integration
4.
assimilation (your answer)
5.
all of the above
Q.64 Incorrect
Which of the following is a true statement about body size and physiology?
1.
The amount of food and oxygen an animal requires and the amount of heat and waste it produces are inversely proportional to its mass.
2.
The rate at which an animal uses nutrients and produces waste products is independent of its volume.
3.
Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a squared function. (correct answer)
4.
The wastes produced by an animal double as its volume doubles, and triple as its surface area triples. (your answer)
Q.65 Correct
Which term best describes an animal that, although generating a significant amount of heat through metabolism, nonetheless does not maintain a constant body temperature?
1.
homeothermic endotherm
2.
heterothermic ectotherm
3.
homeothermic ectotherm
4.
heterothermic endotherm (your answer)
Q.66 Incorrect
Which of the following structural features of epithelial tissues are related to the function of these cells?
1.
They have polarity. (correct answer)
2.
They have a long life span.
3.
low rates of mitosis and cytokinesis
4.
The cells are loosely packed. (your answer)
Q.67 Correct
A researcher is setting up an experiment to measure basal metabolic rate in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster – a small rodent). Which of the following would be the best set of conditions for the voles immediately before and during the measurement?
1.
House the animals in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress; conduct measurements in a warmer room than the room where housed.
2.
House the animals in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed.
3.
House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a colder room than the room where housed, and exercise the voles.
4.
House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed. (your answer)
Q.68 Incorrect
Marine vertebrates are _____ to their environment.
1.
isotonic
2.
hypotonic (correct answer)
3.
hypertonic
4.
osmotonic (your answer)
Q.69 Correct
What is the function of the shark rectal gland?
1.
It is involved in osmoregulation. (correct answer)
2.
It is responsible for excretion of undigested residue.
3.
It secretes a hypotonic solution.
4.
It concentrates electrolytes necessary for homeostasis in a hypertonic environment. (your answer)
Q.70 Incorrect
The force driving simple diffusion is _____ while the energy source for active transport is _____.
1.
the concentration gradient; ADP
2.
the concentration gradient; ATP (correct answer)
3.
transmembrane pumps; electron transport
4.
phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP (your answer)
Q.71 Incorrect
Terrestrial organisms lose water through evaporation. In what ecosystem might an entomologist find a good study organism to examine the prevention of water loss?
1.
wet rain forest
2.
desert (correct answer)
3.
prairie
4.
chaparral (your answer)
Q.72 Correct
Which of the following affects the osmolarity of a solution?
1.
concentration of cations
2.
concentration of anions
3.
concentration of water
4.
all of the above (your answer)
Q.73 Incorrect
Reabsorption of water in the hindgut of insects is controlled by which of the following?
1.
osmotic gradients created by ion pumps (correct answer)
2.
selective absorptive processes that take place in the Malpighian tubules
3.
selective absorptive processes that take place in the hemolymph
4.
osmoregulators in the rectal gland (your answer)
Q.74 Correct
The products of filtration in the renal corpuscle enter the renal tubule through which of the following structures?
1.
the proximal convoluted tubule
2.
the loop of Henle
3.
the collecting duct
4.
Bowman's capsule (your answer)
Q.75 Incorrect
For filtration to take place through the capillaries of the renal corpuscle, _____.
1.
concentration of ions must be greater in the capillaries (the glomerulus) than in the renal tubule
2.
there must be a greater pressure inside the glomerulus than in the renal tubules (correct answer)
3.
there must be a larger concentration of proteins in the renal tubule than in the glomerulus
4.
there must be more than one capillary bed in the renal corpuscle (your answer)
Q.76 Incorrect
The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because _____.
1.
absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated
2.
differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient (correct answer)
3.
the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification
4.
additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle (your answer)
Q.77 Incorrect
Malpighian tubules form pre-urine, which is further processed by which of the following anatomical structures?
1.
hindgut (correct answer)
2.
hemolymph
3.
rectal gland
4.
spiracles (your answer)
Q.78 Incorrect
Why are the renal artery and renal vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in vertebrates?
1.
The kidneys require constant and abnormally high oxygen supply to function.
2.
The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys. (correct answer)
3.
The kidneys require higher than normal levels of hormones.
4.
None of the above are true. (your answer)
Q.79 Incorrect
The filtrate formed in the renal corpuscle is analogous to the _____ formed in Malpighian tubules.
1.
hemolymph
2.
pre-urine (correct answer)
3.
uric acid
4.
hypertonic solution (your answer)
Q.80 Incorrect
A potassium ion gradient is set up in the Malpighian tubules through an active transport process. As a result, potassium concentration is higher in the lumen of the tubules than in hemolymph. How would the potassium gradient affect water movement?
1.
Water would be forced out of the lumen of the Malpighian tubules through an osmotic gradient.
2.
The potassium gradient would have no effect on water movement.
3.
There would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the tubules. (correct answer)
4.
Water would be conserved, forming a hypertonic solution in the Malpighian tubules. (your answer)
Q.81 Incorrect
When comparing root systems of plants growing on a square foot in a cornfield and on a meadow, what result do you expect to receive?
1.
The overall mass of roots will be identical in a cornfield and on a meadow.
2.
The mass and length of roots in a cornfield will be higher because soil is fertilized.
3.
The mass and length of roots on a meadow will be higher because soil is poorer and there is higher diversity of plants. (correct answer)
4.
The overall mass of roots on a meadow will be lower, but the length will be higher since roots need to grow deeper to reach nutrients. (your answer)
Q.82 Correct
In a meristematic region, the cell plate during mitosis is perpendicular to the side of the stem. In what direction will the stem grow?
1.
laterally in width
2.
vertically in height (your answer)
Q.83 Correct
Researchers using a dendrograph found that the trunk diameter of a beech tree increased and decreased slightly on a daily basis and that this variation correlated negatively with transpiration rate. Under which of the following sets of conditions should the daily changes in trunk diameter be the highest?
1.
cool spring day, no wind, soil partially frozen
2.
cool spring day, no wind, high soil moisture
3.
hot summer day, windy, low soil moisture
4.
hot summer day, no wind, low soil moisture
5.
hot summer day, windy, high soil moisture (your answer)
Q.84 Incorrect
Which theory of water transport in xylem can also be used to explain the movement of water in non-vascular plants such as mosses?
1.
cohesion-tension
2.
capillarity (correct answer)
3.
proton pump
4.
root pressure
5.
root pressure and capillarity (your answer)
Q.85 Incorrect
An eccentric millionaire botanist has offered a $25,000 scholarship to anyone who can successfully get a plant to grow through a vertical maze in complete darkness. The maze is not in a box; the maze is simply drawn on the wall, and the contestants must get their plant to grow in a pattern that matches the path through the maze. You need the money and feel confident that you can accomplish this task. Which of the following techniques will help you succeed?
1.
Apply auxin directly to the shoot tip on the side to which you want the tip to bend.
2.
Apply auxin directly to the lower part of the stem opposite from the direction you want the stem to bend. (correct answer)
3.
Inject compounds that block auxin receptors into the part of the stem opposite from the direction you want the stem to bend.
4.
Plant the roots in two different pots, and apply auxin to the root bucket that is on the same side as the direction you want the plant to bend. (your answer)
Q.86 Correct
You have discovered a previously unidentified plant, and you cultivate it in your lab. You notice that its flowers close when people are talking, yet are open when the lab is relatively quiet. You suspect that this plant may have the ability to hear! Based on what you know about plant sensation, which of the following hypotheses is the most reasonable to explain this phenomenon?
1.
There is a cell-surface protein on the epidermal cells that becomes phosphorylated in response to vibration by sound waves.
2.
There are tiny hairs on epidermal cells that bend in response to the vibration of sound waves, triggering an action potential in epidermal cells.
3.
There is a cell-surface receptor on root cells that becomes phosphorylated when the soil vibrates in response to sound waves.
4.
All of the above answers are correct. (your answer)
Q.87 Incorrect
The hammer orchids resemble female thyranide wasps and release a chemical signal called pheromone to deceive male thyranide wasps and accomplish pollination. Compared to food-deceiving orchids, is it more or less likely that pollen of hammer orchid will be transferred to the flower of the same species than to flower of the different species?
1.
more likely (correct answer)
2.
less likely
3.
similar probability (your answer)
Q.88 Incorrect
In house sparrows (Passer domesticus) it is generally found that both males and females care for the eggs and young. However, some male house sparrows do not provide parental care. In addition, it is known that young that receive parental care from both the male and female are more likely to survive to fledging (leaving the nest). Which of the following activities by males that do not provide parental care would represent the most beneficial trade-off for the reduced survival of their offspring?
1.
attacking the nests of neighboring males
2.
mating with additional females and fathering more eggs (correct answer)
3.
eating to build up energy stores for migration
4.
grooming to eliminate parasites from their feathers (your answer)
Q.89 Correct
Hagfish (Eptatretus cirrhauts) are a jawless marine vertebrate that are isotonic with their environment and are considered to be osmoconformers. How might this interesting adaptation limit the habitat that the hagfish can tolerate?
1.
Hagfish are not limited by salinity.
2.
Osmoconformers do not face the same osmoregulators pressures as osmoregulators and can live in any marine environment.
3.
Individual hagfish will adapt to different salinities over their lifetime and therefore can inhabit any marine environment.
4.
Hagfish habitat is limited by the salinity of the environment. (your answer)
