®

KOCH FLEXICHEVRON® MISTELIMINATORS IN UTILITY,REFINERY, AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL FGD SERVICES

FGD Application

Koch designs and manufactures a variety of productsfor flue gas desulfurization (FGD) applications. FGDapplications are relevant to large electrical power producers, kiln flue gas for cement production, potlineflue gas for aluminum or other metal foundries, fluegas from FCC units in refineries, or other power orprocess flue gasses which require SO2 removal.

Processes vary depending on the amount of SO2involved, the solution being used to absorb the SO2,and the particular equipment used in the absorptiontower. The most common process is using lime/lime-stone slurry FGD systems. Chemistry for this particu-lar process involve a lime or limestone slurry whichconsists of a solution of calcium compound solids insuspension as well as calcium salts (sulfites and sul-fates) in solution. These dissolved compounds aregenerally not a significant problem unless the solutionis saturated. In this case, as free Ca++ ions and SO2 (aq)continue to react, the resulting products are calciumsulfite and sulfate in varying proportions dependingupon operating pH as well as other factors. The addi-tional reaction of Ca++ with CO2 in the absorber formcarbonate products, which will occur to a minor extentat low pH. At a pH above 8, significant carbonationoccurs due to free calcium hydroxide in the absorber.This results in carbonate deposition on the internals,including the mist eliminators.

As the sulfite, sulfate, and carbonate compounds areformed in a supersaturated solution, precipitates areformed adding to the suspended solids level and scal-ing potential. Additives such as magnesium, sulfur,and dibasic acid (DBA) allow one to operate in an"inhibited oxidation" state, preventing precipitate dep-osition on equipment and mist eliminators.

It quickly becomes apparent that there are a numberof variables affecting the equilibrium of reaction with-in the system. The main components for concern, inthe mist eliminator zone, are calcium sulfite and calci-um sulfate. The sulfite precipitates out as a soft, whitematerial which is easily washed from any surface onwhich it settles. Calcium sulfate is a hard and difficultto remove compound. Once the sulfate precipitatehas initially taken hold, wether it be in crevices, hid-den zones, or rough area in general, further precipita-tion continues more rapidly.

FLEXICHEVRON®

General Design

Some applications with lower SO2concentrations may warrant only onechevron level due to lower L/G ratios,or other unique tower geometries.However, for the majority of applica-tions, the mist elimination zone isfrequently made up of two stages ofmist eliminators. This two stagedesign normally applies to eithervertical flue gas flow or horizontalflue gas flow. The lower, or firststage mist eliminator is often referredto as the "roughing" or "bulk entrain-ment separator". It is typically charac-terized by a high capacity, open designwith the intent on removing as much liq-uid as possible. Typically, this chevron levelis irrigated intermittently from both the top andthe bottom.

The second stage mist eliminator operates drier, is generally more efficient relative to the first stage, andis typically irrigated intermittently from the bottomonly. At times, users may elect to have a top spray forthe upper level mist eliminator, to periodically flushthe system during low demand periods, or unit out-ages. Care must be taken to "balance" the perform-ance of the two mist eliminator stages as each impactthe performance of the other. Selecting a first stageME that is too "open" will result in too much slurry get-ting to the second stage, and potentially plug and cre-ate a cleaning issue. Selecting a first stage that is toorestrictive may also result in potential cleaning issues,due to the shear volume of solids at the first stagelevel. Whether it be the first stage or the second stagemist eliminator , both levels offer a clean profile, freeof any hooks or grooves that can accumulate solidsbuildup or impede washing. In essence, a "hydraulichook" is created between chevron blades due to highand low pressure gradients. This hydraulic hook cre-ates the same effect as a physical hook, i.e. a disen-gaging point to allow for liquid drainage, without thepluggage risk normally associated with using a realhook.

FLOW DIRECTION

Hydraulic Hook

Hydraulic Hook

Pressure contours using CFD reflects low pressure areas resulting in liquid accumulation.

1

Materials of construction vary widely depending on the customer’s preferences, operating conditions, amountof chlorides in the flue gas, maintenance requirements, and ultimate product cost. For this reason, Koch offersa variety of materials with the following continuous operating temperatures, when properly supported.

Temperature in degrees fahrenheit

FLEXICHEVRON® Polypropylene Polypropylene Polypropylene Polysulfone FRP Stainlessw/5% Glass w/20% Glass Steel

Style VIII 170 185 200 300 300 350+

Style XII/XIV 170 185 200 300 300 350+

Style XXVII 170 185 200 n/a n/a n/a

Style XXVIII 170 185 200 n/a n/a n/a

Customer requirements are such that Kochdesigns need to meet a multitude of requirements.For this reason, we have developed a "designpentagon" which ensures no detail will be over-looked in the FGD design

Flue gasfrom Boiler

By-passdamper

Booster fan

Recycle fanStack

Gasreheat Process Water

MIST ELIMINATORS

Absorber

Limestonefrom store

Limestonesilo

Ball Mill

Limestone slurrybuffer tank

Oxidation aircompressor

Gypsumfeed tank

Secondaryhydrocyclonefeed tank

Purge breaktank

Centrifugefeed tank

Centratetank

Primaryhydrocyclones

Splitter box

Secondaryhydrocylones

Process Water

Gypsum tostore

Watertreatmentchemicals

Water treatmentplant

Treated effluentto discharge

Sludgefor disposal

Centrifuge

Limestone/Gypsum FGD plant - Process flow schematic

Koch-Otto York Design Pentagon

Capacity

MechanicalIntegrity

Pressure Drop

Fouling Resistance & Cleaning

FLEXICHEVRON® Mist Eliminators

Moisture Carry Over

2

PROBLEMFREE

DESIGN

3

Spray Wash Design for FGD Systems

Koch has designed and supplied innumerable FLEXI-CHEVRON® mist eliminators for many applicationsfor evaporators, process engineering, and air pollu-tion control. Although a benefit of chevron type misteliminators is their resistance to fouling and plug-gage, it is frequently necessary to include irrigationof the chevron. Otherwise, as material builds up onthe chevron blades, local velocities increase due toless open area. This substantially increases pressuredrop proportional to gas V2 and may result in re-entrianment of collected droplets. Irrigation isrequired in the majority of FGD applications.

Some mist eliminators are more resistant to foulingthan others. Those with narrow blade spacings, orwith more tortuous gas streams, were prone to morefouling as well as more difficult to accommodatewash water spray patterns. Hooks on a chevron infouling service are ineffective as they quickly bridgeover with solids. In comparative tests with otherchevron products, FLEXICHEVRON® products wereespecially resistant to fouling and solids build up.

The essential requirement of effective chevronwashing can be summarized as follows:

• The design of the chevron must be such that the wash liquor can reach all parts of the chevron where fouling may accumulate. Braces or other structural members must be designed to minimizeinterference with wash spray patterns.

• Spray nozzles should be full cone, 90º - 120ºspray angles.

• Maintain wash water pressure at 2 bar minimum.• Spray pattern coverage of the chevron should be

150% of chevron cross sectional area.

• Recommended slurry recycle in the wash water should not exceed 50%.

• A typical irrigation rate is 2.5 m3/hr/m2 of chevron cross section.

• Wash nozzles are typically mounted about 500mm from the near face of the chevron (vertical flow applications).

• Recommended wash water frequency should be aminimum of 60 seconds per hour.

Test system for checking plugging resistance ofFLEXICHEVRON®

Side view of a two stage FLEXICHEVRON®

and Washing System in a horizontal flow duct

5400 mm

10,5

00 m

m

FLEX

ICH

EVR

ON

®

FLEX

ICH

EVR

ON

®

LiquidSump

PI

COMPRESSEDAIR

TEST CHEVRON

MIST

SLURRY PUMP

SLURRY

SPRAYNOZLE

RO

TAM

ETER U-TUBE

MANOMETER

LIMESLURRY TANK

PI

SEALED PORT FORVANE ANEMOMETER

EXHAUSTFAN

AIRIN

TAKE

Was

h N

ozzl

es

Side view of a two stage FLEXICHEVRON® and Washing System in a vertical tower.

Exact frequencies and wash water volumes can bestbe determined from plant experience, overall waterbalance required for the absorber, and total avail-able wash water. The Koch applications engineercan tailor the design to specific customer require-ments.

3300

mm

FLEXICHEVRON®

Upper Spray wash Header

Lower Spray wash Header

Intermediate Spray wash Header FLEXICHEVRON®

Koch FLEXICHEVRON®

Mist Eliminators for theFGD IndustryKoch offers many types of chevron mist eliminatorsto facilitate the numerous styles of absorbers andinternal support arrangements.

FLEXICHEVRON® Style VIII Mist Eliminators

Multi purpose mist eliminators designed specificallyfor FGD absorbers where fouling, ease of cleaninglow pressure drop, and dependability are important.The Style VIII continues to occupy the majority ofKoch FGD applications due to its rugged construc-tion and low moisture carryover. The Style VIII canbe used in either vertical or horizontal gas flow. TheStyle VIII can be either a single stage or multi stageapplication and is available in stainlesssteel, polyproylene, polysulfone,noryl, or fiberglass.

FLEXICHEVRON® Style XII/XIVMist Eliminators

Patented product primarily developed for vertical upflow, high velocity absorber application. The StyleXII/XIV is a two stage arrangement with focus onmass removal for the first stage and efficiency for thesecond stage. Velocities of over 20ft/sec. are possiblewith these mist eliminators.The Style XII/XIV is avail-able in polypropylene,polysulfone, stainless steeland fiberglass

FLEXICHEVRON® Style XXVIIMist Eliminators

This mist eliminator combines excellent efficiencyand strength at an economical price. The Style XXVIIcan be either a single stage or multi stage applicationand comes in standard vane spacing of 1.625”,1.125”, or 0.875”. The style XXVII is used as eitheroriginal equipment or replacement equipment asretrofitting existing absorbers is a simple process usingthe existing mist eliminator support network. The misteliminator is available only in polypropylene.

FLEXICHEVRON® Style XXVIIIMist Eliminators

The Style XXVIII is a tilted mist eliminator used as abulk separation device in a multi stage mist elimina-tor arrangement. The Style XXVIII offers excellentcapacity, low pressure drop, and liquid removalcharacteristics. Generally, the Style XXVIII is used incombination with the Style XXVII but can also beused with the Style VIII or Style XII. The mist elimi-nator is available only in polypropylene.

FLEXICHEVRON®

Style VIII Mist Eliminator

FLEXICHEVRON®

Style XII/XIVMist Eliminators

FLEXICHEVRON®

Style XXVIII Mist Eliminator

FLEXICHEVRON®

Style XXVII Mist Eliminator

5

6

How do you Rate a FLEXICHEVRON®

By considering various force balances for detach-ment or shattering of droplets, and by consideringthe terminal velocity of the droplets so formed, it canbe shown that reentrainment is controlled by adimensional reentrainment number:

Rn=

where: Fs = F Factor based on superficial velocity=Ug ✓σ = liquid surface tensionρι= liquid density

g = acceleration of gravityUg = superficial gas velocityρg= gas density

Reentrainment will occur if Rn is above a certain criti-cal value. In practice, the critical value of Rn can bedetermined by measuring the critical velocity for the

chevron of interest with an air-water system at ambi-ent conditions. From the critical velocity, above whichreentrainment occurs, and the known physical proper-ties of the air-water system, (Fs)critical and (Rn)critical can

be determined. The critical reentrainment numbercan then be applied to other systems or conditionsto determine the maximum capacity for a givenchevron.

Unfortunately, the difference between droplet pene-tration and reentrainment is often misunderstood.Droplets that penetrate the chevron are too small tobe effectively removed by impaction. On the otherhand, reintrained droplets are generally quite largeand originate from droplets that have coalesced onthe chevron blades. At high gas velocities, a chevroncan have removal efficiency of 100% and simultane-ously reentrain extensively. Conversely, at low gasvelocities, the chevron may not reentrain but has poorremoval. Optimal chevron performance is achieved at a gasvelocity that is as high as possible but not so high that ityields reentarinment. It is a challenge to design engi-neers to develop chevron blade profiles for which thecritical velocity is as high as possible.

s

σρg

ρg

F4

FLEXICHEVRON® Mist Eliminators

Removal Efficiency of FLEXICHEVRON® Style VIII (3 Pass)Vertical Upflow

05

10152025303540

Superficial Velocity (m/s)

Superficial Velocity (ft/sec)

6.56 9.

8413

.12

15.1

2

2 3 4 5

19.6

8

6

VIII-3-0.75VIII-3-1.0VIII-3-1.5

Lim

it D

rop

Siz

e (M

icro

ns)

Pressure Drop of FLEXICHEVRON® Style VIII (3 Pass)Vertical Upflow

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.6

Superficial Velocity (m/s)

Superficial Velocity (ft/s)

VIII-3-0.75 VIII-3-1.0 VIII-3-1.5

6.56

9.84

13.1

2

16.4

0

2 3 4 5

Pre

ssur

e D

rop

(mba

r)

Removal Efficiency of FLEXICHEVRON® Style VIII (2 Pass)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Superficial Velocity (m/s)

Superficial Velocity (ft/s)

6.56

9.84

13.1

2

16.4

0

2 3 4 5

19.6

8

6

VIII-2-0.75VIII-2-1.0VIII-2-1.5

Vertical Upflow

Lim

it D

rop

Siz

e (M

icro

ns)

Pressure Drop of FLEXICHEVRON® Style VIII (2 Pass)Vertical Upflow

0.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.70

Superficial Velocity (m/s)

Superficial Velocity (ft/s)

VIII-2-0.75 VIII-2-1.0 VIII-2-1.5

6.56

9.84

13.1

2

16.4

0

Pre

ssur

e D

rop

(mba

r)

2 3 4 5

s

Removal Efficiency of FLEXICHEVRON® Style XII/XIV Combination

020406080

100120140160180200

Face Velocity, ft/s

Face Velocity, m/s

0.15

0.30

0.46

0.61

0.76

0.91

1.07

1.22

1.37

1.52

1.68

1.83

1.98

2.13

2.29

2.44

2.59

2.74

2.90

3.05

3.20

3.35

3.51

3.66

3.81

3.96

4.11

4.27

4.42

4.57

0.5

1.5 2.

53.

5 4.5 5.

56.

5 7.5 8.

5 9.5

10.5

11.5

12.5

13.5

14.5

Lim

it D

rop

Siz

e, M

icro

ns

Vertical Upflow

Pressure Drop of FLEXICHEVRON® Style VIII (2 Pass)Horizontal Gas Flow

0.000.200.400.600.801.001.20

Superficial Velocity (m/s)

Superficial Velocity (ft/s)

VIII-2-0.75 VIII-2-1.0 VIII-2-1.5

Pre

ssur

e D

rop

(mba

r) 9.84 13

.12

16.4

019

.68

22.9

726

,25

29,5

3

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pre

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e D

rop

(mba

r)

Pressure Drop of FLEXICHEVRON® Style VIII (3 Pass)Horizontal Gas Flow

00.5

11.5

22.5

3

Superficial Velocity (m/s)

Superficial Velocity (ft/s)

VIII-3-0.75 VIII-3-1.0 VIII-3-1.5

9.84 13

.12

16.4

019

.68

22.9

726

,25

29,5

3

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Pressure Drop of FLEXICHEVRON® Style XII-1.5 & XIV-2.5 Combination

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Face Velocity, ft/s

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.75

Face Velocity, m/s

2.74

2.90

3.05

3.20

3.35 3.

513.

663.

81 3.96

4.11

4.27 4.

424.

51

2.74

2.90

3.05

3.20

3.35 3.

513.

663.

81 3.96

4.11

4.27 4.

424.

51

pres

sure

Dro

p, in

. w.g

.

pres

sure

Dro

p, m

bar.

Vertical Upflow

Removal Efficiency of FLEXICHEVRON®Style XXVII

0102030405060708090

100

Face Velocity, ft/s

Face Velocity, m/s

XXVII-2-0.875 XXVII-2-1.125 XXVII-2-1.625

0.15 0.

460.

76 1.07 1.

371.

68 1.98

2.29 2.

59 2.90 3.

203.

51 3.81 4.

11 4.42

0.5 1.

52.

5 3.5 4.

55.

5 6.5

7.5 8.

5 9.5

10.5

11.5

12.5

13.5

14.5Li

mit

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ize,

Mic

rons

Vertical Upflow

Pressure Drop of FLEXICHEVRON®Style XXVII

0.0000.1000.2000.3000.4000.5000.6000.7000.800

Face Velocity, ft/s

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

Face Velocity, m/s

XXVII-2-0.875 XXVII-2-1.125 XXVII-2-1.625

1.98

2.13

3.29 2.

442.

592.

742.

903.

053.

203.

35 3.51

3.66

3.81

3.96 4.

114.

274.

424.

57

6.5

7.0

7.5 8.

08.

59.

09.

510

.010

.511

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.812

.513

.813

.514

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.515

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.

pres

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Dro

p, m

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Vertical Upflow

7

Style XII/XIV

Style VIII (3-Pass)

Style XXVII

Style VIII (2-Pass)

Style VIII (3-Pass)

Style XXVII

Style XII/XIV

Style VIII (2-Pass)

Style XII/XIV

Style XXVII

Style VIII (2-Pass)

Style VIII (3-Pass)

DEC

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FLEXICHEVRON® HIERARCHY

8

Mist Measurement and Conformation of Mist Elimination PerformanceKoch-Otto York routinely supplies the services formeasuring the overall performance of the mist elim-inator. This is done using the Phase Dopper ParticleAnalyzer (PDPA) which is a sophisticated laser-basedinstrument capable of accurately measuring dropletsize and velocity. The PDPA has been used in thefield since 1992, at numerous Utility power plantsand at scrubber supplier R&D facilities. The PDPAwas determined to be the "most accurate measure-ment method tested" in a joint study involving theElectric Power Research Institute (EPRI).

PDPA Operation

The essence of the operation of the PDPA consists ofa laser beam that is produced and split by a beamsplitter to form two identical polarized laser beams.Two fiber optic conductors in a shielded cable con-vey these beams to the transmitter. The transmitterlens takes the two parallel laser beams and crossesthem to form a "probe volume". The probe volumeis ellipsoidal in shape, and the intersecting beamsare in the vertical plane. A droplet passing throughthe probe volume acts as a spherical lens and scatterlight by refraction and reflection.

A receiver intercepts a portion of the refracted lightscattered by the droplet and directs it towards threephoto detectors. The detectors are connected tofiber optic conductors to a photo detector unit,which converts the three light signals into three elec-tronic signals that are processed to extract dropletvelocity and droplet size information. The electron-ic signal appears on an oscilloscope as Gaussian(bell shaped) curves or waves. The signal processormeasures the time between the peaks and valleys ofthe waves, compares it to amount of time the dropletis in the probe volume, and determines dropletvelocity. The size of the droplet is determined bythe phase shift between the signals from the threedetectors. Raw data is collected in the form of his-tograms, both droplet diameter histograms anddroplet velocity histograms. From these histograms,the data can be sorted to determine average valuesfor droplet velocity, droplet size range, and overallliquid outlet volumes. Further technical details canbe provided in the Koch-Otto York report, "Laser-based Instrument Measures Mist EliminatorCarryover", written by Dr. Ken McNulty.

Insertion of the PDPA into a FGD scrubber.

PDPA Droplet Dia Histogram

PDPA Droplet Velocity Histogram

9

PDPA Measurement Verification

The PDPA was compared to other measurementmethods in a test program sponsored by EPRI in1994. The other two methods included a hot wireanemometer (AIMS) method, and, a MgO/treatedpaper method which measures the number and sizeof droplets by impaction. Direct moisture carryoverwas measured by the testing laboratory, and verifiedindependent of the measurements taking by thePDPA. Neither team of operators knew the resultsobtained by the other. A third party independentcontractor took the data from both teams and com-pared the results. This eliminated any possibility ofcollusion in the tests. Measurements were madewith the PDPA in the outlet duct approximately 30"

above the chevron where the ducting narrowed. Atthis elevation, essentially all of the droplets enteringthe narrowed duct were carried over and collecteddownstream.

Table 1 shows the carryover as a function of velocityfor both the independent testing laboratory, and thePDPA. The accuracy demonstrated by the PDPA inthe independently sponsored test program, is quiteacceptable for commercial applications where thecarryover can vary over orders of magnitude withvelocity. The PDPA was ± 10% of the direct carry-over measurement. The MgO/treated paper was ±23%, and the AIMS was ± 40%. The PDPA was alsodetermined to have excellent repeatability.

PDPA Field Testing & SitePreparation

The weight of the PDPA is approximately 45 lbs. andcan be inserted into a 6" diameter port. The PDPA istypically suspended with taut 3/8" diameter steelcables, which will need to be installed prior to thetest. A safe staging area (minimum 4 x 8 ft.) will berequired at each test port to accommodate two tech-nicians, instrument electronics, computer, and auxil-iary equipment. Provisions should be made to mini-mize exposure to the elements due to the electronicsrequired and calibration of the instrument once itarrives on site. A typical test will involve three days.The first day is devoted to transporting the equipmentto the staging area, set-up, and aligning the optics.

The second day is devoted to actual absorber meas-urements. The third day is used for teardown and packing the equipment. Typically, five minutes worthof data will be accumulated at each test point, but canvary depending on the amount of moisture carryover.Raw data is many times available prior to the depar-ture of the technicians, and a full technical report isissued 2-3 weeks after the test is complete.

Test Mist Loading Gas Velocity Volumetric PDPA Carryover(gpm/ft2) (ft/sec) Carryover (gpm/ft2)

(gpm/ft2)

1 1.5 12.07 0.0004 0.000462 1.5 15.26 0.0022 0.00183 1.5 17.07 0.038 0.052 (0.0431)4 1.5 12.06 0.0005 0.00049

Table 1 Comparison of Mist Eliminator Carryover as Measured by the PDPA and by Collection and Volumetric Measurement

J.E. Lundeen, A.F. Jones, R.G. Rhudy, P. Bowen

"Evaluation of Mist Eliminator Carryover Measurement Methods for Full-Scale FGD Systems"

Koch has strong commitment to research at ourResearch Center in Wichita, KS, where we are devel-oping new mist eliminator designs and solving ourcustomers’ most complex problems. In FGD, Kochhas continuing programs to develop lower pressuredrop, higher capacity chevron designs, evaluate andoptimize wash water systems designs, analyzingabsorber designs and to apply new methods to vali-date field performance using the Phase DopplerParticle Analyzer.

Keeping you at the forefront of technology

Using the Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer, performance data is taken in the horizontal flow test unit.

The 8ft. diameter test tower offers simulated performance in 1/8 scale.

CFD capabilities allow Koch-Otto York to analyze the complete absorber package and ensure appropriate flue gas distribution through the mist eliminator.

10

Worldwide HeadquartersKoch-Glitsch, LP

4111 East 37th Street North Wichita, KS 67220 - USA tel: (316) 828-7181 fax (316) 828-8018

North American Offi cesKoch-Glitsch, LPKoch-Otto York Separations Technology

6611 Killough Road Houston, TX 77086 - USA tel: (800) 736-7036 fax (281) 445-7032

4111 East 37th Street North Wichita, KS 67220 - USA tel: (316) 828-7181 fax (316) 828-8018

European Offi cesKoch-Glitsch B.V.B.A.Koch-Otto York Separations Technology

Bijkhoevelaan 12 2110 Wijnegem - Belgium tel: + 32 3 647.28.47 fax + 32 3 647.28.79

Koch-Glitsch Italia, S.r.l.Koch-Otto York Separations Technology

Viale Giulio Cesare 29 24124 Bergamo - Italy tel: + 39 035 227 35 61 fax + 39 035 227 34 00

Koch-Glitsch Corporate Offi ces

TrademarksDEMISTER, FLEXICHEVRON, FLEXIFIBER, KOCH-OTTO YORK, KOCH-GLITSCH and OTTO YORK and design (Football) are registered trademarks of Koch-Glitsch, LP.

YORKMESH, YORK-EVENFLOW and DEMISTER-PLUS are trademarks of Koch-Glitsch, LP.

Tefl on is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours.Halar is a registered trademark of Ausimont.Kynar is a registered trademark of Elf Atochem.

Bulletin MEPC-01. Rev. 0707. © 2007 Koch-Glitsch. LP. All rights reserved.

Web Sitewww.koch-ottoyork.com

Emergency NumbersUnited States: 316-207-7935Europe: +32 3 641 65 86

All data in this brochure are for general information only and are based on tests carried out under conditions which may or may not apply to your requirements. No warranties or guarantees are expressed or implied. No information contained in this brochure constitutes an invitation to infringe any patent, whether now issued or issued hereafter. All descriptions and specifi cations are subject to change without notice.