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Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology Adelaide, 4/15/2008 Combining Meteorological Ensemble Forecasts and Uncertainty of Initial Hydrological Conditions Andy Philipp, Gerd H. Schmitz, Johannes Cullmann (IHP/HWRP), Thomas Krauße
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Page 1: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments

Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology

Adelaide, 4/15/2008

Combining Meteorological Ensemble Forecasts and Uncertainty of Initial Hydrological Conditions

Andy Philipp, Gerd H. Schmitz,Johannes Cullmann (IHP/HWRP), Thomas Krauße

Page 2: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 2

Contents

01 Introduction02 The PAI-OFF Forecasting System03 Application (Catchment in Eastern Germany)04 Summary

Page 3: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 3

01 Introduction

Extreme flood events in small and steep catchments are characterised by:

– High runoff coefficients resulting from extreme rainfall events– Small retention capacity– Steep and fast floodwaves– Difficult online forecasting due to high process dynamics – Increasing vulnerability due to short warning times

Flood formation: factors of influence

Page 4: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 4

01 IntroductionState of the art in flood forecasting & problemsATMOSPHERE

Precipitation gauges(on-site)

Radar nowcasting

NWP > precip. Forecast

Uncertain quantitative precipitation forecast (uncertainty increases with decreasing catchment size and increasing lead time of the forecast)

CATCHMENT

Formation and concentration of runoff - modelled with R-R-model

Uncertain catchment state and retention characteristics

Uncertain process description

Parameterisation/calibration uncertainty

FLOOD ROUTING

Hydrodynamic routing model

No major problem with good data - but adequate portraiture of governing processes necessary (backwater effects, instationary flow, …)

Dealing with numerics and computational efforts

Objective: Robust and efficient forecasting system on the basis of artificial neural networks with the ability of quantifying the uncertainty of the forecast

Page 5: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 5

Objective: Robust and efficient forecasting system on the basis of artificial neural networks with the ability of quantifying the uncertainty of the forecast

PAI-OFF (Process modelling and artificial intelligence for online flood forecasting

02 The PAI-OFF Forecasting System

Page 6: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 6

MLFNRiverreach

AN

N g

en

era

tion

PoNNCatchment

Modelled Input-Output Scenarios for all realistic and possible constellationsof pre-event catchment state and precipitation

WATER LEVELDISCHARGEA

pp

licati

on

Online-Measurements

Weather forecast

Initial hydrologicalconditions

DISCHARGE

Hydrodynamics(HEC-RAS)

Lower boundary

River reach Cross sectionsManning’s values

Upper boundary

Catchment

R-R-Model(WaSiM)

Discharge

Precipitation

Temperature, etc…

Catchment parameters

+UNCERTAINTYMCM

+UNCERTAINTY

+UNCERTAINTY +UNCERTAINTY

Pre

para

tion

Page 7: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 7

02 The PAI-OFF Forecasting SystemSetup of the rainfall runoff ANN (PoNN)

Catchment basedprocess data

PoNN input PoNN Forecast

Statefeatures

Hydrologicresponsefeaturesand precipitationforecast

Productvectors Σ

Orographic Zonesfor derivation of state features

Areas of similar hydrologic responsefor derivation of hydrologic response features

Page 8: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 8

02 The PAI-OFF Forecasting SystemSetup of the rainfall runoff ANN (PoNN)

Derivation of hydrologic response features

Catchment Process data PoNN input

Areas of similar hydrologic response (1 to 3)for derivation of hydrologic response features

1

2 3

Mean precipitation for zone 1

Mean precipitation for zone 2

Mean precipitation for zone 3

Convolution kernel 1

Convolution kernel 2

Convolution kernel 3

Feature 1

Feature 2

Feature 3

Co

nvo

lutio

nof partial flo

ws

accordin

gto

time increm

ent

Po

NN

–polyn

om

ialneuron

al network

Page 9: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 9

02 The PAI-OFF Forecasting SystemSetup of the rainfall runoff ANN (PoNN)

Derivation of state features

Catchment Process data PoNN input

Topographic Zones 1 and 2for derivation derivation of state features

1

2

Discharge QP

oN

N –

polyno

mialne

uronal netw

ork

Vegetation period index

Mean precipitation in catchment

Pre-event rainfall index for 1 and 2

Mean temperature for 1 and 2

Mean precipitation for 1 and 2

Page 10: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 10

02 The PAI-OFF Forecasting SystemPoNN training with serial stepwise regression

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

0 2 4 6 8 10

Output Data Base

PoNN Training

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

0 5

MSE

I nput

ITERATIVE

TRAINING

Error function

Training performance

Meteorological Input andcatchment state

forming product vectors pi

Training of PoNN

Optimal configurationof pi is determinedstepwise for p1…pn

PoNN

Training Output

2

3

1

Training sufficient?no yes Forecast

nn pp

p

pppp

1

5

4321

......

............

.........

nn pp

p

pppp

1

5

4321

......

............

.........

nn pp

p

pppp

1

5

4321

......

............

.........

Page 11: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 11

03 ApplicationCatchment and ANN setup

Page 12: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 12

03 Application

Rainfall runoff ANN(PoNN – Kriebstein gauge)

Validation of ANN models (R-R and routing) (italic)

Routing ANN(MLFN – Erlln gauge)

Event Gauge [m³/s]

Model [m³/s]

2002 1330 1234

1996 186 190

1954 537 439

1955 229 337

1958 439 781

1973 86 103

1974 586 537

1977 257 253

1983 406 366

1993 131 111

1995/07 288 248

1995/09 293 293

1998 200 181

Event Gauge [m³/s]

Model [m³/s]

1974 608 635

1983 569 606

1986 444 385

1995/07 433 399

1995/09 453 403

1996 241 247

1998 307 305

* Event 2002 not recorded due todamage to gauging station

Page 13: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 13

03 ApplicationPAI-OFF performance for extreme rainfall event 08/02

Accumulated rainfall 12.08.-13.08.2002, 06 UTC(German Weather Service, Meteomedia)

Accumulated rainfall10.08.-13.08.2002, 06 UTC (German Weather Service)

Page 14: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 14

03 ApplicationPAI-OFF performance for extreme rainfall event 08/02

Forecast for Kriebstein gauging station (12.08.2002 11:00) for 199 synthetic quantitative rainfall forecasts (based on real event)

(computation time on 2-GHz-PC approximately 8 mins.)

Page 15: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 15

03 ApplicationPAI-OFF performance for extreme rainfall event 08/02

Forecast for Kriebstein gauging station (12.08. 11:00) for different initial hydrological conditions (taken from the years 1953 to 1999), chared with 2002

rainstorm(computation time approximately 2 mins.)

2002

1985

1982

19552002

1955

1982

1985

2002gauge

Page 16: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 16

04 SummaryPAI-OFF performance for extreme rainfall event 08/02

Page 17: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 17

04 Summary

Advantages of PoNN for portraiture of the rainfall-runoff function

– Basis: polynomial (Taylor)-approximation of the rainfall-runoff function (Stone-Weierstrass Theorem)

– Low computational effort online MCM– Constant number of training epochs, not depending on the lead

time of the forecast (vs. MLFN)– Selection and interpretability in a physical senseful manner of

input vectors via network training (arrangement of vectors through serial stepwise regression)

– Better ability to generalize than MLFN– Comparing catchment model and ANN:

• NSE 0,97• Error in peak flows max. 4 %• Error in peak time < 1 hour

Page 18: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 18

04 Summary

• Integration of other sources of uncertainty – Meteorological uncertainty

• Improved quantitative rainfall forecasts (ensembles needed for sampling the possible occurrence range)

• Incorporation of stochastic modeling and downscaling techniques to disaggregate on-site measurements of precipitation and to generate more realistic wetness conditions

– Hydrological uncertainty• Uncertain process modelling and parameterization of the

water movement in the vadose zone most sensitive for runoff formation

• MCM and/or perturbation methods for consideration of uncertain soil hydraulic properties

– Calibration uncertainty• Fuzzy/pareto optimal paremter sets• Integration of different relevant sources of uncertainty in a

framework (current research at our institute)

Potential of improvement

Page 19: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 19

Thank You for Your Attention!

Funded by:German Federal Ministry for Education and Science

References:Cullmann, J. (2007): Online Flood Forecasting in Fast Responding Catchments on the Basis of

Artificial Neural Networks, Dissertation TU Dresden.

Görner, W., J. Cullmann, R. Peters, G. H. Schmitz (2006): Nutzung künstlicher neuronaler Netze zur Bereitstellung von Entscheidungsgrundlagen für operative und planerische wasserwirtschaftliche Aufgaben, Projektbericht RIMAX.

Peters, R. (2007): Künstliche neuronale Netze zur Beschreibung der hydrodynamischen Prozesse für den Hochwasserfall unter Berücksichtigung der Niederschlags-Abfluss-Prozesse im Zwischeneinzugsgebiet, Dissertation TU Dresden.

Schmitz, G. H., J. Cullmann, W. Görner, F. Lennartz, W. Dröge (2005): PAI-OFF: Eine neue Strategie zur Hochwasservorhersage in schnellreagierenden Einzugsgebieten. Hydrologie und Wasserbewirtschaftung 10, 2005.

Page 20: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 20

04 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick

• Trainingsdatenbank – Verbesserungen am prozessbasierten Modell (WaSiM-ETH)

• Schneemodellierung• Parametrisierung (eindeutig? oder transient)

• Pre-Processing– Mehr physikalische begründete Merkmale (vs.

Netzarchitektur?)– Deterministisches Verfahren für beliebige Einzugsgebiete– Objektivierung der Merkmalsselektion?

• Neuronales Netz– Aggregierung des Niederschlagsfeldes zu (flächenbezogenen)

eindimensionalen Inputs mgl. Oszillationen in Vorhersage (Glättung?)

– Andere Architekturen zur Zeitreihenvorhersage (rekurrente und modulare Netze)

– Plattformunabhängigkeit und Modularisierung

Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten

Page 21: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 21

02 Das PAI-OFF Vorhersagesystem

Process Modelling and Artificial Intelligence for Online Flood Forecasting (PAI-OFF):

– Synthese der Vorteile physikalisch begründeter Modellierung (Prozessbeschreibung) mit denen von künstlichen neuronalen Netzen (Schnelligkeit und Robustheit)

– Dabei Vermeidung mangelnder Generalisierbarkeit der neuronalen Modells durch spezifische Methodik (datengetrieben)

Einzugsgebietsspezifische Methodik zur Berücksichtung der Vorhersageunsicherheit

Die PAI-OFF-Methodik

Page 22: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 22

01 Einführung

Starkregen

Hydrologische Charakteristika des EZG

Hochwasser-ereignis

Hochwasserentstehung: Einflussfaktoren

Menge/Intensität, Dauer (räumliche und zeitliche Verteilung des Niederschlagsfeldes)

Zugrichtung/orographische Effekte (advektive und konvektive Ereignisse)

Größe des Flussgebiets, Topographie/Morphologie

Retentionscharakteristik (Bodenart, Landnutzung)

Große EZG: (Abflussbildung, Abflusskonzentration), Wellenablauf

Kleine EZG: Abflussbildung und Abflusskonzentration, Wellenablauf Flash Floods

+

Page 23: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 23

02 Das PAI-OFF VorhersagesystemSetup des N-A-ANN (PoNN)

• Größe des Einzugsgebietes

• Topographie / Morphologie

• Retentionscharakteristik

• Bodenart, Landnutzung

• Flussnetz

Charakteristiken des Einzugsgebietes

Vorgeschichte des Ereignisses

• Gebietszustand/Feuchte

• Abflussbereitschaft

• Speichervermögen

• Vegetationsentwicklung

Niederschlag

• Form

• Intensität

• Dauer

• Volumen

Gebietsantwort Hydrologic Response FeaturesEreignisvorgeschichte

State Features

Page 24: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 24

04 Zusammenfassung und AusblickPerformance von PAI-OFF für Extremereignis 2002

Vorhersage Pegel Kriebstein (12.08. 11:00 Uhr) für verschiedene Ereignisvorgeschichten (1953 bis 1999), beaufschlagt mit synthetischen Ensemble-

Vorhersagen (rund 5200 Simulationen)

Page 25: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 25

02 Das PAI-OFF VorhersagesystemSetup und Training des Hydrodynamik-ANN (MLFN)

Zuflussganglinie(oberstrom)

Zuflussgangliniender Nebenflüsse

Ganglinieam Zielpegel

Input-Vektor

Zielgröß

e(T

arget-W

ert)

Input-Output-

Paar

Trainings-menge

Kontroll-menge

Test-menge

MS

E

Epoche

MLFN-Training

ST

OP

QZeit

Validierung

HEC-RASMLFN

TRAINING

STOPÜberanpassung ?

Page 26: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 26

02 Das PAI-OFF Vorhersagesystem

Auf Grund der mehr oder minder mangelhaften Generalisierbarkeit künstlicher neuronaler Modelle (Trainings-Datenbank):

– Historische Reihen (Felder)– Entwicklung eines Niederschlagsgenerators aus Beobachtungen

und KOSTRA (Görner 2006)– Generierung typischer, Hochwasser auslösender

Niederschlagsszenarien– Variation

• Form und Schiefe der Hyetographen an Referenzstation• Zugrichtung und Geschwindigkeit advektiver Felder• Für konvektive Ereignisse Ort der Maximalintensität sowie

Radius des gesamten konvektiven Ereignisses• Zufallsanteil

– Ereignis-Datenbank hydrologisch/hydraulisches Modell Input-Output-Datenpaare für das Netztraining

Meteorologische Analyse

Page 27: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 27

03 Anwendungsbeispiel Freiberger Mulde

Vorhersage für verschiedene Startpunkte, Niederschlagsereignis 2002 real; Pegel Kriebstein

Performance von PAI-OFF für Extremereignis 2002

Page 28: Flood Forecasting for Fast Responding Catchments Faculty of Forestry, Geo- and Hydrosciences Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Department Hydrology.

A. PhilippFlash Flood Forecasting

Slide 28

02 Das PAI-OFF VorhersagesystemNiederschlagsgenerator – Bsp. Pegel Kriebstein

Konvektives Ereignis über Fichtelberg


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