Flood Risk Assessment In Dhanera , Gujarat By Using GIS And …

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected]

Volume 10, Issue 9, September 2021 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Volume 10, Issue 9, September 2021 Page 21

ABSTRACT Flood is an overflow of water that submerges land and the inflow of tide onto land. Floods usually cause large-scale loss of human life and wide spread damage to properties. In this study, integration of the satellite and GIS datasets are carried out to prepare the flood zonation mapping of Dhanera, Gujarat, India by using Arc GIS and Remote Sensing. The developed methodology processes information of seven parameters namely flow accumulation, distance from the drainage network, elevation, land use, rainfall intensity and geology. The initials of these criteria gave the name to the developed method: “FIGUSED”. The relative importance of each parameter for the occurrence and severity of flood has been connected to weight values. These values are calculated following an “Analytical Hierarchy Process”, a method originally developed for the solution of Operational Research problems. According to their weight values, information of the different parameters is superimposed, resulting to flood hazard mapping. Keywords: Flood, Risk Assessment, Dhanera, Gujarat, GIS, RS.

1. INTRODUCTION Flood is unpredictable and unexpected event which is not only damages the natural resources, lives and environment but also causes health problem and loss of economy. When the river banks are overtopped, river water spreads over the flood plain and thus causes damage to crops and property within the flood plain of river. Since the flood plains are preferred location for human settlement and his activities, it is important that floods to be controlled so that the damage does not exceed an acceptable limit. The total damage caused by floods in terms of loss of life, property and economic loss due to disruption of economic activity are all too-well known. Flooding, as a major natural disaster, affects many parts of the world including developed countries. Due to this natural disaster, billions of dollars in infrastructure and property damages and hundreds of human lives are lost each year. India is one of the worst floods affected countries in the world. Deep depression in Gujarat state in June 2015 brought heavy rains on 24th June 2015 and affecting major part of the Gujarat state by flood. It is not possible to prevent floods but it is possible to reduce the damages due to floods by controlling the effect of floods. Thus, flood control or flood management is defined as the prevention or reduction of the flood damages. Flood modelling is one of the engineering tools which provide accurate information of the flood profile. The rainfall, runoff, catchment characteristics and return period are the parameters which govern the flood. These hazards and losses can be prevented and reduced by providing reliable information to the public about the flood risk through flood inundation maps. Flood inundation maps are very essential for municipal planning, emergency action plans, flood insurance rates, and ecological studies.

Flood Risk Assessment In Dhanera , Gujarat By Using GIS And RS

T.Subramani1, C.Kathirvel2, R.Yogesh3, K. Sibi Chakravarthy4, R.Maheshboopathi5

1Professor & Dean, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, India

[email protected]

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation

(Deemed to be University), Salem, India

3,4,5UG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, India




Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are successfully used to visualize the extent of flooding and also to analyse the flood maps to produce flood damage estimation maps and flood risk map. The GIS must be used together with a hydraulic method to estimate flood profile with a given return period.

1.1 Objectives The objective of the study is to assess the use of Remote Sensing and GIS for measuring and predicting the flood prone area in Dhanera, Gujarat. To study the flood risk assessment using FIGUSED method. To find out the flood prone zone of the study area.

2. METHODOLOGY Figure 1 shows the methodology of the study.

Figure 1 Methodology

3. STUDY AREA Dhanera is a city in Banaskantha district in the northern part of the state of Gujarat, India. Longitude 240 – 310degree North and latitude 120 – 020 degree east. It is close to the city of Deesa. It was founded around 710 years ago by Mughal kings and after Mughals it given to shashanikrao's of Dhanera, people of shashanikrao caste are living in Dhanera from last 609 years. Current it has a population of 60000 and comes under Municipality. It is 32 km away from Deesa.

3.1 History Dhanera is one of the earliest settlements of North Gujarat.

3.2 Geography Dhanera is located at 24.52°N 72.02°E. It has an average elevation of 128 meters (420 ft).

3.3 Demographics




As of 2001 Indian census,Dhanera had a population of 22,183. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Dhanera has an average literacy rate of 55%, lower than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 67% and, female literacy is 42%. In Dhanera, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age. The temple of shri 1008 jetgirijimaharaj in the village of JIVANA, 10 km away from dhanera.On the 11th (agiyaras) of each month people come to pray to jetgirijimaharaj.

3.4 Dhanera Derasar In Dhaneranagare three derasar which are Shree Shantinath and Shree Ajitnath, the oldest among them. Second is in paras society of Shree Shitalnathdada and lastly of Shree Rushabhdevdada. Further inDhaneraGurumandir of shreeRajendrasurisurji M. S. and Padmavti and Mahalaxmimandir.

3.5 Panjrapole Dhanerapanjrapole is situated at Saral Village which is about 7 km from Dhanera. Initially in 1953 on a very small scale it came to existence at mochi vas Dhanera and recently its shifted to a big place of around 220 viga at saral. Recently we have around 2700 animals consisting cows/bull/goats/sheep. The annual expense is around 2.25 Cr

3.6 Transport

3.6.1 Rail Dhanera Railway station on Jodhpur-Ahmedabad Line comes under the administrative control of Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways. It has direct rail links Gujarat cities Bhildi, Patan, mehsana, Ahmedabad and Rajasthan cities Raniwara, Bhinmal, Jalore, and Jodhpur. There are several passenger trains on this route for which passenger don't need Reservation.

3.6.2 Road Dhanera is located on NH168A connecting Sanchore and Deesa. Road Passes through Dhanera city and Nenava Town. Public and Private Buses are available for Nearby Cities.

3.6.3 Air The nearest Airport is the Deesa Airport, but there are no schedule flights. It is just 34 km from Dhanera city. The nearest International Airport is Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, Ahmedabad which is 203 km away from Dhanera. Figure 2 shows the location of Dhanera in Banas kantha district, Gujarat.

Figure 2 Location of Dhanera in Banaskantha district, Gujarat

4. ABOUT GIS AND RS

4.1 Introduction Now-a-days the field of Remote Sensing and GIS has become exciting and glamorous with rapidly expanding opportunities. Many organizations spend large amounts of money on these fields. Here the question arises why these fields are so important in recent years. Two main reasons are there behind this. 1) Now-a-days scientists, researchers, students, and even common people are showing great interest for better understanding of our environment. By environment we mean the geographic space of their study area and the events that take place there. In other words, we have come to realize that geographic space along with the data describing it is part of our everyday world; almost every




decision we take is influenced or dictated by some fact of geography. 2) Advancement in sophisticated space technology (which can provide large volume of spatial data), along with declining costs of computer hardware and software (which can handle these data) has made Remote Sensing and G.I.S. affordable to not only complex environmental / spatial situation but also affordable to an increasingly wider audience.

4.2 Remote Sensing Literally Remote Sensing means obtaining information about an object, area or phenomenon without coming in direct contact with it. If we go by this meaning of Remote Sensing, then a number of things would be coming under Remote Sensor, e.g., Seismographs, fathometer etc. Without coming in direct contact with the focus of earthquake, seismograph can measure the intensity of earthquake. Likewise, without coming in contact with the ocean floor, fathometer can measure its depth. However, modern Remote Sensing means acquiring information about earth’s land and water surfaces by using reflected or emitted electromagnetic energy. From the following definitions, we can have a better understanding about Remote Sensing: According to White (1977), Remote Sensing includes all methods of obtaining pictures or other forms of electromagnetic records of Earth’s surface from a distance, and the treatment and processing of the picture data. Remote Sensing then in the widest sense is concerned with detecting and recording electromagnetic radiation from the target areas in the field of view of the sensor instrument. This radiation may have originated directly from separate components of the target area, it may be solar energy reflected from them; or it may be reflections of energy transmitted to the target area from the sensor itself. According to American Society of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing imagery is acquired with a sensor other than (or in addition to) a conventional camera through which a scene is recorded, such as electronic scanning, using radiations outside the normal visual range of the film and camera- microwave, radar, thermal, infra-red, ultraviolet, as well as multispectral, special techniques are applied to process and interpret remote sensing imagery for the purpose of producing conventional maps, thematic maps, resource surveys, etc. in the fields of agriculture, archaeology, forestry, geography, geology and others. According to the United Nations (95th Plenary meeting, 3rd December, 1986), Remote Sensing means sensing of earth’s surface from space by making use of the properties of electromagnetic wave emitted, reflected or diffracted by the sensed objects, for the purpose of improving natural resource management, land use and the protection of the environment. According to James B.Campell (1996), Remote Sensing is the practice of deriving information about the earth’s land and water surfaces using images acquired from an overhead perspective, using electromagnetic radiation in one or more regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, reflected or emitted from the earth’s surface. So, the stage of Remote Sensing includes: A source of electromagnetic radiation or EMR (Sun) Transmission of energy from the source to the surface of the earth, through atmosphere Interaction of EMR with earth’s surface. Transmission of energy from surface to Remote Sensor mounted on a platform, through atmosphere Detection of energy by the sensor. Transmission of sensor data to ground station – Processing and analysis of the sensor data. Final data output for various types of application

4.2.1 Remote Sensors Remote sensors are the instruments which detect various objects on the earth’s surface by measuring electromagnetic energy reflected or emitted from them. The sensors are mounted on the platforms discussed above. Different sensors record different wavelengths bands of electromagnetic energy coming from the earth’s surface. As for example, an ordinary camera is the most familiar type of remote sensor which uses visible portion of electromagnetic radiation.

4.3 Geographical Information System (GIS) The expansion of GIS is Geographic Information System which consists of three words, viz. Geographic, Information and System. Here the word ‘Geographic’ deals with spatial objects or features which can be referenced or related to a specific location on the earth surface. The object may be physical / natural or may be cultural / man made. Likewise, the word ‘Information’ deals with the large volume of data about a particular object on the earth surface. The data includes a set of qualitative and quantitative aspects which the real-world objects acquire. The term ‘System’ is used to represent systems approach where the complex environment (consists of a large number, of objects / features on the earth surface and their complex characteristics) is broken down into their component parts for easy understanding and handling, but




is considered to form an integrated whole for managing and decision making. Now-a-days this is possible in a very short span of time with the development of sophisticated computer hardware and software. Therefore, GIS is a computer-based information system which attaches a variety of qualities and characteristics to geographical location and helps in planning and decision making. A Geographic Information System (GIS) may be defined in different manners. International Training Centre (ITC), Holland defined Geographic Information System (GIS) as a computerized system that facilitates the phases of data entry, data analysis and data presentation especially in cases when we are dealing with geo referenced data. Indian Society of Geomatics (ISG) and Indian Space Application Centre (ISRO) defined GIS as a system which provides a computerized mechanism for integrating various geoinformation data sets and analyzing them in order to generate information relevant to planning needs in a context.According to Centre for Spatial Database Management and Solutions (CSDMS), GIS is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing things that exist and events that happen one earth. Figure 3 shows the GIS data- Thematic layers of a spatial features

Figure 3 GIS data- Thematic layers of a spatial features

5. FACTORS INFLUENCE FLOODING The factors or parameters which are used in the weighting of the flood prone areas of Dhanera, Gujarat are FIGUSED(Flow Accumulation, Rainfall Intensity, Geology, Land Use, Slope, Elevation, Distance to Drainage Network) method. These parameters will be described as follows.

5.1 Flow Accumulation Flow accumulation is the total of water which is flowing to a lower area. The accumulation is converted into cell form as output from raster data. High values for accumulated flow indicate areas where concentrations of water flow and have consequences as flood areas.

5.2 Rainfall Intensity The intensity of rainfall is a measure of the amount of rain that falls over time. The intensity of rain is measured in the height of the water layer covering the ground in a period of time. It means that if the rain stays where it falls, it would form a layer of a certain height.

5.3 Geology Geological condition of an area is an important factor in the identification of flood disaster areas, because it has an impact on strengthening or weakening the strength (magnitude) of floods. Permeable rock formations support water percolation and groundwater infiltration. In contrast, crystalline rocks which are impermeable rocks support surface flow.

5.4 Land Use Land use involves the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such as arable fields, pastures, and managed woods. Land use affects the




level of infiltration, is related to surface water and groundwater. Forests and dense vegetation support infiltration, while urban and grassland settlements support surface runoff.

5.5 Elevation And Slope Water flows from high elevations to low elevations and for that, slope affects the runoff and infiltration. Flat areas at low elevation, the flood faster than areas with high elevations and steep slopes. Naturally, low slopes and elevations are placed at high weights as potentially flooded areas.

5.6 Distances From Drainage Network Apart from the concentrated area of surface water, river overflow is crucial at the beginning of the flood event. Often the flooding comes from the river and spreads around it. The role of the river for flooding decreases with increasing distance from the river.

6. GIS ANALYSIS

6.1 BASE MAPS Figure 4 shows the location of dhanera.

Figure 4 Location of Dhanera

Figure 5 shows the SRTM DEM

Figure 5SRTM DEM

Figure 6 shows the Hill shade image.




Figure 6 Hill shade image

Figure 7 shows the slope map.

Figure 7Slope map

Figure 8 shows the flow direction map.

Figure 8Flow direction map




Figure 9 shows the flow accumulation map.

Figure 9 Flow accumulation map

Figure 10 shows the stream order.

Figure 10 Stream order

Figure 11 shows the FCC image of landsat TM+

Figure 11 FCC image of Landsat TM+

6.2 Methodology




The present study the parameters selected such as flow accumulation (F), rainfall intensity (I), geology (G), land use (U), slope (S), elevation (E) and distance from the drainage network (D). These parameters chosen based on their relevance to flood hazards as documented in the literature (Kazakis et al 2015). Input data for each parameter is processed in a GIS environment and the seven parameters are visualized in independent thematic maps. The elevation, slope and flow accumulation are products of the digital elevation model (DEM). Moreover, geological information offers insight on the geological units, while land use information1 results to the relevant thematic map. Distance from the rivers can be calculated by imposing buffer zones around the drainage network information. Finally, rainfall intensity is estimated from rainfall measurements, using a modified Fournier index. Figure12 shows the Methodology adopted in the present research.

Figure 12 Methodology adopted in the present research

6.3 Figused Parameters

6.3.1 Flow Accumulation This parameter considers the zone of accumulation of water flow entering a basin. The data is obtained through the processing of DEM data so that the flow accumulation zone can be generated. Flow accumulation parameters have a range of values 0 - 705. The higher the accumulated flow value, the higher the water accumulated in the area. Figure 13 shows the flow accumulations in the study area.

Figure 13 Flow accumulations in the study area




Figure 14 shows the rainfall intensity in the sudy area.

Figure 14 Rainfall intensity in the study area

6.3.2 Rainfall Intensity Rainfall intensity is expressed using the modified Fournier index (MFI). MFI is the sum of the average monthly rainfall intensity at eachrain gauge station. The spatial distribution of the rainfall intensity hasbeen performed considering the allocation of stations in the studiedarea.The range of values on rainfall parameters is <489 - 820 mm / month. This value is the value of the distribution of rainfall classes throughout Dhanera, Gujarat. The higher rainfall, the greater potential for floods in an area.

6.3.3 Geology The geology of flood hazard areas is an important criterion, becauseit may amplify/extenuate the magnitude of flood events. Permeable formations favour water infiltration, throughflowand groundwater flow. Onthe contrary impermeable rocks, such as crystalline rock, favour surfacerunoff.Most of the locations in our study area consist of quaternary sediments. Only few locations consist of granite. Figure 15 shows the geology of the study area.

Figure 15 Geology of the study area

Figure 16 shows the land use of the study area.




Figure 16 Land use of the study area

6.3.4 Land use Land use influences infiltration rate, the interrelationship betweensurface and groundwater as well as debris flow. Thus, while forest and lush vegetation favour infiltration, urban and pasture areas support theoverland flowofwater. A large proportion of the studied area is coveredby mixed water bodies andbuilt-up land which have been assigned ratesequal to 10 each.

6.3.5 Slope The slope in this study uses units of percentage (%). The data source for this parameter is the DEM data 30 m resolutions. Slope parameters have a range of values from 0 – 11.90%. Areas that have a gentle slope have greater flood potential than areas that have steep slopes. Figure 17 shows the slope map of the study area.

Figure 17 Slope map of the study area

Figure 18 shows the Elevation of the study area.




Figure 18 Elevation of the study area

6.3.6 Elevation Water flows fromhigher to lower elevations and therefore slope influencesthe amount of surface runoff and infiltration. Flat areas in low elevationmay flood quicker than areas in higher elevationwith a steeperslope. The range of values in the altitude parameter is 79 - 285 m.

6.3.7 Distance from drainage network Figure 19 shows the distance from drainage network of the study area.

Figure 19 Distance from drainage network of the study area

Apart from areas of concentrated surface water, river-overflows arecrucial for the initiation of a flood event. Often the inundation emanatesfrom riverbeds and expands in the surroundings. The role of riverbeddecreases as the distance increases. That explains why “distance fromthe drainage network” has been assigned a high weight in the methodology.The classes of this criterion have been defined by processing recordsof historical floods in the study area. It appears that areas nearthe river network <250m are highly flood hazard, whereas the effectof this parameter decreases in distances >2000 m.

6.4 Normalized Weights The normalized weight is an indicator of multi-parameter analysis for groundwater potential. The normalized weight was derived from the assigned weight of a parameter feature class divided by the corresponding geometric mean. The formula is represented as: Normalized weight= (Assigned weight of a parameter)/(Geometric mean)




The normalized weighted map is an indicator of potential groundwater zone. The class with maximum weight is considered as very high suitable zone and least weighted class is less or unsuitable zone for groundwater. Normalized weights of different features of thematic layers the map of each thematic layer was classified. Ranks assigned to different features of the individual themes and their normalized weights are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Classes of the parameters and according to normalized weights

The qualitative parameters of land use and geological formation were classified similarly to previous studies with modifications accordingly the characteristics of the study site. The acquired values are processed in order to calculate the relative significance of each criterion and the corresponding weighting factor (w). Following the calculation of the weights, the FHI can be calculated using Eq.

The acquired values are processed in order to calculate the relative significance of each criterion and the corresponding weighting factor (w). Following the calculation of the weights, the FHI can be calculated using Equations. Figure 20 shows the FIGUSED Map.




Figure 20 FIGUSED map

Figure 21 shows the soil erosion assessment using FIGUSED Method.

Figure 21 Soil erosion assessment using FIGUSED Method

The soil erosion rate varies from very low to very high as shown in the legend. Locations having very high rate of erosion are susceptible to severe flood.

7. CONCLUSION GIS techniques and analysis are valuable tools for various fields. This has been used for mapping, modellingand analysis of variety of applications in disaster management at various levels and scales. Floods are naturalphenomena which cannot be prevented. However, human activity is contributing to an increase in the likelihood andadverse impacts of




extreme flood events. Firstly, the scale and frequency of floods are likely to increase due to climate change, which will bring higher intensity of rainfall and rising sea levels as well as to inappropriate rivermanagement and construction in flood plains which reduces their capacity to absorb flood waters. Secondly, thenumber of people and economic assets located in flood risk zones continues to grow. The present study shows asimple and cost-effective way of using geographical information system for creating flood risk assessment map from theavailable data base. In this study, an attempt has been made to prepare flood hazard map using ArcGIS and Remote Sensing.An index-based methodology has thus been developed, named“FIGUSED” and it is expressed with the corresponding FHI index. Using the flood hazard map, Khimat, Rajoda and Pachhol are identified as flood prone areas in our study area, which will assist inappropriate planning of development works.

References [1] T.Subramani, and R. Elangovan, “Planning Of A Ring Road Formation For Salem Corporation Using GIS”,

International Journal of Engineering Research And Industrial Applications, Vol.5, No.II, pp 109-120, 2012 [2] T.Subramani,, S.Krishnan. and P.K.Kumaresan.., “Study of Ground Water Quality with GIS Application for

Coonur Taluk In Nilgiri District.”, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research,Vol.2, No.3, pp 586-592, 2012.

[3] T.Subramani, and S.Nandakumar,, “National Highway Alignment Using Gis” International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol.2, Issue.4, pp 427-436, 2012.

[4] T.Subramani, and P.Malaisamy,“Design of Ring Road For Erode District Using GIS”, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research,Vol.2, No.4, pp 1914 - 1919,2012.

[5] T.Subramani., P.Krishnamurthi., “Geostatical Modelling For Ground Water Pollution in Salem by Using GIS”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ,Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 2), pp.165-172, 2014.

[6] T.Subramani., T.Manikandan., “Analysis Of Urban Growth And Its Impact On Groundwater Tanneries By Using Gis”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 2), pp.274-282, 2014.

[7] T.Subramani., P.Someswari, “Identification And Analysis Of Pollution In Thirumani Muthar River Using Remote Sensing”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 2), pp.198-207, 2014.

[8] T.Subramani, R.Vasantha Kumar, C.Krishnan “Air Quality Monitoring In Palladam Taluk Using Geo Spatial Data”, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research (IJAER),Volume 10, Number 32, Special Issues pp.24026-24031,2015

[9] T.Subramani,”Identification Of Ground Water Potential Zone By Using GIS”, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research (IJAER), Volume 10, Number 38, Special Issues, pp.28134-28138, 2015

[10] T.Subramani, M.Sivagnanam , " Suburban Changes In Salem By Using Remote Sensing Data" , International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) , Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2015 , pp. 178-187 , ISSN 2319 - 4847. 2015

[11] T.Subramani, P.Malathi , " Drainage And Irrigation Management System For Salem Dist Tamilnadu Using GIS" , International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) , Volume 4, Issue 5, pp. 199-210 , 2015

[12] T.Subramani, P.Malathi , " Land Slides Hazardous Zones By Using Remote Sensing And GIS" , International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) , Volume 4, Issue 5, pp. 211-222 , 2015

[13] T.Subramani, D.Pari, “Highway Alignment Using Geographical Information System” , IOSR Journal of Engineering, Volume 5 ~ Issue 5 ,Version 3, pp 32-42, 2015

[14] T.Subramani, G.Raghu Prakash , " Rice Based Irrigated Agriculture Using GIS" , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS) , Volume 5, Issue 3, pp. 114-124 , 2016.

[15] T.Subramani, E.S.M.Tamil Bharath , " Remote Sensing Based Irrigation And Drainage Management System For Namakkal District" , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS) , Volume 5, Issue 3, pp. 071-080 , 2016.

[16] T.Subramani, A.Janaki , " Identification Of Aquifer And Its Management Of Ground Water Resource Using GIS In Karur" , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS) , Volume 5, Issue 3, pp. 081-092 , 2016.




[17] T.Subramani, A.Kumaravel , " Analysis Of Polymer Fibre Reinforced Concrete Pavements By Using ANSYS" , International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) , Volume 5, Issue 5, pp. 132-139 , 2016 .

[18] T.Subramani, S.Sounder , " A Case Study And Analysis Of Noise Pollution For Chennai Using GIS" , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS) , Volume 5, Issue 3, pp. 125-134 , 2016.

[19] T.Subramani, K.M.Vijaya , " Planning And Design Of Irrigation System For A Farm In Tanjavur By Using Remote Sensing" , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS) , Volume 5, Issue 3, pp. 135-146, 2016.

[20] T.Subramani, G.Kaliappan , " Water Table Contour For Salem District Tamilnadu using GIS" , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS) , Volume 5, Issue 3, pp. 147-158 , 2016.

[21] T.Subramani, K.Kalpana , " Ground Water Augmentation Of Kannankuruchi Lake, Salem, TamilNadu Using GIS – A Case Study " , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS) , Volume 5, Issue 3, pp. 210-221 , 2016.

[22] T.Subramani, T.Dhanalakshmi, S.Priyanka , " Rainfall Screening Methodology For Salem Hill Using TRMM Method " , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS), Volume 6, Issue 3, May - June 2017 , pp. 118-125 , ISSN 2278-6856.

[23] T.Subramani, L Syed Sharukh, S.Priyanka , " Water Resource Planning And Implementation For Chennai Metro Using GIS " , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS), Volume 6, Issue 3, May - June 2017 , pp. 126-137 , ISSN 2278-6856

[24] T.Subramani, S.Jayaraj, S.Priyanka , " Impact Of Temperature And Its Effects In Hydrology In Yercaud Hill " , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS), Volume 6, Issue 3, May - June 2017 , pp. 138-147 , ISSN 2278-6856.

[25] T.Subramani, K.K.Venkatachala Moorthy, S.Priyanka , " Assessment Of Impact On Aquaculture Using Remote Sensing Data And Gis In Tiruchendur " , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS), Volume 6, Issue 3, May - June 2017 , pp. 157-166 , ISSN 2278-6856

[26] T.Subramani, R.K.Sridhar, S.Priyanka , " Natural Fibre As Soil Stabilizer For Construction " , International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2017 , pp. 274-284 , ISSN 2319 - 4847.

[27] T.Subramani, M.A.Chitra, S.Priyanka , " Management Of Rainwater And Its Conjuctive Use In Kolli Hill Area Using Remote Sensing " , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS), Volume 6, Issue 3, May - June 2017 , pp. 167-175 , ISSN 2278-6856.

[28] T.Subramani, K.Sukumar, S.Priyanka , " Sugar Cane Modeling Using GIS And Remote Sensing For Perambalur District " , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS), Volume 6, Issue 3, May - June 2017 , pp. 208-218 , ISSN 2278-6856.

[29] T.Subramani, K.S.Balaji, S.Priyanka , " Assessment Of Ground Water Quality In And Around Thuraiyur Taluk By Using Remote Sensing " , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS), Volume 6, Issue 3, May - June 2017 , pp. 219-228 , ISSN 2278-6856.

[30] T.Subramani, K.Ashok Kumar, A.Ganesan, P.Senthil, G.Gunasekar , " Design And Management Of Mettur Dam By Predicting Seepage Losses Using Remote Sensing " , International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2017 , pp. 327-336 , ISSN 2319 - 4847.

[31] T.Subramani, G.Thulasirajan, S.Priyanka , " Appraisal Of Kanjamalai Iron Ore Deposit Using Remote Sensing And Geographical Information System " , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS), Volume 6, Issue 3, May - June 2017 , pp. 229-240 , ISSN 2278-6856.

[32] T.Subramani, N.Ellavarasi , S.Priyanka , " Ring Road Alignment For Thuraiyur Using GIS " , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS), Volume 6, Issue 3, May - June 2017 , pp. 241-251 , ISSN 2278-6856.

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