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THE MATRIARCH OF MODERN NURSINGThe English nurse Florence Nightingale was the founderof modern nursing and made outstanding contributions
to knowledge of public health.(1820-1910)
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FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE was born at Villa La Columbia, FlorenceItaly on May 12, 1820 of wealthy
parents.
Her father, William Edward Nightingale, was heir to a Derbyshireestate. Her mother, Fanny Nightingale,was a solid merchant.
She had a stronger strain thatdemanded independence, dominance insome field of activities and obedience toGod by selfless service to society.
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
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As she grew up, her father provided her with a reputableeducation, which was uncommon for a Victorian woman (Womanin those times were not educated as well as men).
Nightingale was a linguist; had a vast knowledge of science,mathematics, literature, and the arts; was well read in Philosophy,history, politics and economics; and was well- informed about theworkings of government and political science. Her Aunt Mai, adevoted relative, described her as being a highly intellectual being .
At seventeen she felt herself to be called by God to someunnamed great cause. Florence had a firm faith in God, she was aUnitarian Christian, and for a time believed she had a religiouscalling.
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Florence's mother, Fanny Nightingale, also came from a
staunch Unitarian family. Fanny was a domineering womanwho was primarily concerned with finding her daughter agood husband. She was therefore upset by Florence'sdecision to reject Lord Houghton's offer of marriage.Florence refused to marry several suitors, and at the age of twenty-five told her parents she wanted to become a nurse.
She wanted to do more with her life than become aninactive wife of an aristocrat. Her parents were totally
opposed to the idea as nursing was associated with workingclass women.
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In 1844 Nightingale decided to work in hospitals. Her familyfuriously resisted her plan, on the ostensible ground that nurseswere not "ladies" but menial drudges, usually of questionablemorals.
Florence's desire to have a career in medicine was reinforced whenshe met Elisabeth Blackwell at St. Bartholomew's Hospital inLondon. Blackwell was the first woman to qualify as a doctor in theUnited States. Blackwell, who had to overcome considerable
prejudice to achieve her ambition, encouraged her to keep tryingand in 1851 Florence's father gave her permission to train as a nurse
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At the age of 31, she managed to do some private nursing and then she spent 14 days atKaiserwerth, a German school and hospital,
built by Theodore Fleidner, a protestant pastor, after her trip to Egypt.
She applied for admission to the school witha 12-page handwritten curriculum showingher interest of becoming a nurse and entered
the nursing program on July 6, 1851 as the134 th nursing student to attend the Fleidner School of Nursing.
THEODORE FLEIDNER
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She left Kaiserwerth on October 7, 1851, and wasconsidered to be educated as nurse.
In 1853 she became superintendent of the London charity-supported Institution for Sick Gentlewomen in DistressedCircumstances. This opportunity allowed her to achieveeffective independence from her family and also to try outnovel techniques of institutional organization andmanagement, conducted in a scientific, nonsectarian spirit.
In October 1854 Nightingale organized a party of 38nurses, mostly from various religious orders, for service inthe Crimean War, the battle of English versusTurkish.
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CRIMEAN WAR
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"TH E LADY WI TH LAMP "
With her lamp, Nightingaletraversed the night during thewar to look for woundedsoldiers and to heal them withher consoling hands. Nightingale went to the front of Crimean war at the request of
her friend, Sir Sidney Herbert,Secretary at war at GreatBritain.
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| TH E LADY WI TH LAMP}
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They arrived at Constantinople in November 5, 1854.Conditions at the British base hospital at Scutari were appallingand grew steadily worse as the flow of sick and woundedsoldiers from the Crimea rapidly increased.
Nightingales 19 th month stay at military was hard for many to accept. The hospital barracks were infested withfleas and rats, and sewage flowed under the wards. Sheused her superb statistical and managerial skills to makedrastic changes in the mortality rate of the soldiers andvictims of war.
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The mortality rate at thehospital was 42.7% of thosetreated; a mortality rate whichwas higher from disease than
from injuries.
Six months after, the mortalityrate at the hospital went downto 2.2%. She achieved this dropin mortality by att ending t o t heenvironmen t of the soldiers.
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In 1856 Florence returned to England as a national heroine.She had been deeply shocked by the lack of hygiene andelementary care that the men received in the British Army.
Nightingale therefore decided to begin a campaign to improvethe quality of nursing in military hospitals.
Her well- known theory was the Environmental Theory.
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In October, 1856, she had a long interview with Queen Victoriaand Prince Albert and the following year gave evidence to the
1857 Sanitary Commission. This eventually resulted in theformation of the Army Medical College.
Nightingale was truly a skilled nurse; she was an expert
statistician who used statistics to present her case for hospitalreform. She was viewed as the pioneer in the graphic display of statistics and was selected a fellow of the Royal StatisticalSociety in 1858.
In 1874 an honorary membership in the American StatisticalAssociation was bestowed to her. Give her dependence onobservable data to support her position, it can be said that
Nightingale was the first nurse researcher.
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To spread her opinions on reform, Nightingale published two books,
No t es on Hospi ta l (1859) and No t es on Nursing (1859). With thesupport of wealthy friends and John Delane at The Times, Nightingale was able to raise 59,000 to improve the quality of nursing. In 1860, she used this money to found the NightingaleSchool & Home for Nurses at St. Thomas's Hospital. She also
became involved in the training of nurses for employment in theworkhouses that had been established as a result of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act.
Nightingale held strong opinions on w omens righ t s . In her book Sugges t ions for Though t t o Se a rchers a f t er Religious Tru t hs (1859)she argued strongly for the removal of restrictions that preventedwomen having careers.
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Nightingales work, the Environmental Theory, was recognized
through numerous awards she gained from Great Britain andmany other countries. Notably, she was the first woman to begranted the ORDER OF MERIT (OM) and ROYAL RED CROSS(RRC) by no less than Queen Victoria of Great Britain. Duringher time, she was the second most famous British person after theQueen herself.
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Nightingale was able to work into her eighties and died inher sleep on August 13, 1910 at the ripe age of 90. She ishonored each year in a commemorative service at St.
Margaret s Church, East Wellow, Great Britain, where she isburied. The news of her death spread across the world, andshe instantly became a celebrated and legendary person.
Her birthday marks the International Nurses Day Celebration each year.
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I THINK ONESFEELINGS WASTETHEMSELVES IN
WORDS; THEY OUGHTTO BE DISTILLED INTO
ACTIONS WHICH BRINGRESULTS.
-FLORENCENIGHTINGALE
