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Florentine daily meteorological observations in second half of eighteenth
century (1751-1774)
Vergari Daniele Ass.Giovan Battista Landeschi
Casati Stefano Museo Galileo
Crisci Alfonso Institute for Biometeorology
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON URBAN
CLIMATE AND HISTORY OF METEOROLOGY
25 - 26 February 2013 – FlorencePalazzo Medici Riccardi
Florentine backgrounds
Accademia del Cimento Academy of Experiment
“Provando e riprovando” the AC motto: Try and try again
•Experimentation method and practices•Creation of laboratory instruments •Standards of measurement
Accademia del Cimento : Galieian Milestones
A n effective Medicean
scientific “Start-up”
favorited by the singular
excellence of florentine handcraft.Ferdinand II
Cardinal Leopold
Medici Network (1654–1670)
The XVIII networks:“republic of letters”
https://republicofletters.stanford.edu/
Interesting Big Data approach to map the early scientific social networks trough corrispondences
humanities, communication design, and computer science joined forces
Francesco Algarotti tour: The XVIII star in scientific communication
…..a effective circulationof information trough correspondence and travellers:
Data
Instruments
Experiences
..a graph of connected scientists.
Observers in Tuscany during XVIII centuryButori
1777-1826
G.S. Conti 1744-1791
Accademia Fisiocritics 1755-1765
Tilli 1775-1780
Santi 1780-1790
Pizzetti 1771-1787
Albergotti(XVIII cen.)
Various from 1728
Matani 1756-1757
Vitoni 1784-1811
Taglini 1721-1736
Pietro Leopold
Lorena: “need to know to decide anything” –”conoscere per deliberare”
Observers network in Florence during XVIII century
Cipriano Targioni 1728-1748
Obs. linked to Georgofili
Institution
Observer
Georgofili
R. Museo Fisica
Hospital S. Maria Nuova
Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti 1737-1740
Location unknown
Grifoni 1751-1766
Martini 1756-1775
Ximenian Obs.
Tartini 1785-1788
Bicchierai 1775-1796
Hosp. S. M. Nuova 1776-1778
G. Raddi - 1797-1807D. De’Vecchi 1809-1810
Obs. Are Physician
Botanical Garden
Ottaviano Targioni Tozzetti ca. 1800 - 1829
Ximenes 1751-1753
XVII climate variability: strong fluctuations & no trend
Takata K et al. PNAS 2009;106:9586-9589
Climate variations mainly linked to strong vulcanic events and solar minimum
http://berkeleyearth.org/
1700 the pre-industrial climate
How Hot or how Cold: that was the question?
scaling
TEMPERATURE
First half XVII science advances…
Celsius 1701 -1744
Fahrenheit 1686–1736
Reaumur 1683 1757
Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti is a hub
The Alimurgia Alimurgia as the:
Famines risk mitigation
to sustain vulnerable
peopleBasic requirements for a good alimurgia for GTT are essentially multidisciplinary:.
MedicineFitopathologyEpidemiology
Climatology and Meteorology
The health risk is the point…
preludes of biometeorology
Today in florence
“Spedale di Santa Maria Nuova”
L. Martini series by G. Targioni Tozzetti in Alimurgia
Florence daily T (°R) & weather events 1765-1774
Via dei Ginori Florence
P. Grifoni‘s series by Carlo Alfonso Guadagni
Florence daily T (°R) & weather events 1751-1767
P. Grifoni‘s series Florence monthly averages T (°R) 1751-1767
Excessive cold XVIII eventsExcessive warm XVIII eventsReference: http://booty.org.uk/booty.weather/climate/1750_1799.htm
P.Grifoni‘s series Data homogeneity testing T 1751-1767
Data Homogeneity is generally good: no breakpoints detected in structural components ( linear+periodic)
R bfast library : OLS –MOSUM technique http://bfast.r-forge.r-project.org/
XVIII century was a fruitful period ; the Cimento’s milestones are fully assimilated thanks to the activities of scientist network’s
State-of-art meteorological observations in XVIII were carried regularly within a well designed aims where people healthcare is the main driver.
Early florentine “meterologist” benefit of theopen and multidisciplinary approach of XVIII century where data and metodologies was shared and considered as real common goody.
The spirit of XVIII was favourable for the applied meteorology and Florence could be considered the nursery of disciplines as agrometeorology and biometeorology also thanks to the work made by XVIII scientists.
Conclusions