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Chapter 3Flow Charts

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Flow Charts

A diagrammatic representation that illustrates the sequence ofoperations to be performed to get the solution of a problem.

Generally drawn in the early stages of formulating computersolutions.

Facilitate communication between programmers and businesspeople/end users.

Once the owchart is drawn, it becomes easy to write theprogram in any high leel language.

!ust for the better documentation of a comple" program.

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FlowCharts

A ow chart can be used to#

$e%ne and analyse processes.

&uild a step'by'step picture of theprocess for analysis, discussion, orcommunication.

$e%ne, standardise or %nd areas forimproement in a process.

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FlowCharts

Symbols for drawing a owchart#

(tart or )nd of the program

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*nput or output operation

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+omputational (teps or rocessingFunction of a program

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$ecision !a-ing and &ranching

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+onnector or oining of two parts ofprogram

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!agnetic ape

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!agnetic $is-

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01&2*$

For Display

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Flow lines

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Annotation 3foot note4

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Guidelines in owcharting'

*n drawing a proper owchart, all necessary

requirements should be listed out in logicalorder.

he owchart should be clear, neat and easyto follow. here should not be any room for

ambiguity in understanding the owchart. he usual direction of the ow of a

procedure or system is from left to right ortop to bottom.

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Guidelines in owcharting' Only one ow line should come out

from a process symbol.

O2

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Guidelines in owcharting' Only one ow line should enter a

decision symbol, but two or three ow

lines, one for each possible answer,should leae the decision symbol.

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Guidelines in owcharting5

Only one ow line is used inconunction with terminal symbol.

Start Stop/End

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Guidelines in owcharting5

6rite within standard symbols briey.As necessary, you can use theannotation symbol to describe dataor computational steps more clearly.

his iscon%dential data

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Guidelines in owcharting5

*n case of comple" owchart, it is better to

use connector symbols to reduce the numberof ow lines. Aoid the intersection of owlines.

)nsure that the owchart has a logical startand fnish.

*t is useful to test the alidity of the owchartby passing through it with a simple test data.

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Advantages f !sing Flowcharts #

Communication" Flowcharts are better way of communicatingthe logic of a system to all concerned.

#$ective analysis# 6ith the help of owchart, problem can beanaly7ed in more e8ectie way.

%roper documentation# rogram owcharts sere as a goodprogram documentation, which is needed for arious purposes.

#&cient Coding"he owcharts act as a guide or blueprintduring the systems analysis and program deelopment phase.

%roper 'ebugging"he owchart helps in debugging process.

#&cient %rogram (aintenance# he maintenance ofoperating program becomes easy with the help of owchart. *thelps the programmer to put e8orts more e9ciently on that part

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)imitationsof using Flowcharts #

*+ Comple, logic" (ometimes, the programlogic is quite complicated.

-+ Alterations and (odi.cations" Alterationsmay require re'drawing completely.

3+ /eproduction" As the owchart symbols

cannot be typed, reproduction of owchartbecomes a problem.

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)"ample ' Add three numbers A program is required to read three

numbers, add them together and printtheir total.

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$e%ning diagram

Input Processing Output

:umber;

:umber?

natural numbers.

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#,ample 3

$raw a owchart to %nd the largest ofthree numbers A,& and +.

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#,ample 0

$raw a owchart for computingfactorial of a gien number

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AssignmentFill in the blan1s2;. A program owchart indicates the@@@@@@@@@ to be performed and

the @@@@@@@@@@ in which they occur.. @@@@@@@@@@ are used to oin remote portions of a owchartB. @@@@@@@@@@@@ connectors are used when a owchart ends on one

page and begins again on other pageC. A @@@@@@@@ symbol is used at the beginning and end of a

owchart.D. he owchart is one of the best ways of @@@@@@@@ a program..E. o construct a owchart, one must adhere to prescribed symbols

proided by the @@@@@@@@@@ .;?. he program uses a @@@@@@@@@@@@ to aid it in drawing owchart

symbols.

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Answers

Operations, sequence op, down Flow line )quality, inequality

connectors O8 'page erminal documenting

A:(* 3American :ational (tandards *nstitute4 Flowcharting template