Fluids and Electrolytes Anaphysio2009 2010

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Fluids and ElectrolytesFluids and Electrolytes Prepared by:

Mr. Nestlee S. Cabaccan RN, MSN, USRN




Fluid and Electrolyte Balance To maintain good health, a balance of fluids andelectrolytes, acids and bases must be normallyregulated for metabolic processes to be in working

state. A cell, together with its environment in any part of the body, is primarily composed of FLUID.

Thus fluid and electrolyte balance must bemaintained to promote normal function. Potentialand actual problems of fluid and electrolytes happenin all health care settings, in every disorder and witha variety of changes that affect homeostasis.




Definition of termsFluids

a solution of solvent and solute

Solvent

a liquid substance where particles can be dissolvedSolute

a substance, either dissolved or suspended in a solution

Solution

a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances of dissimilar molecular structure

usually applied to solids in liquids but applies equally togasses in liquids




Osmole the weight in grams of a substance producing an osmotic pressure of 22.4 atm.

when dissolved in 1.0 litre of solution (gram molecular weight) / (no. of freely moving particles per molecule)

Osmolality the number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent

Osmolarity the number of osmoles of solute per litre of solution

Mole that number of molecules contained in 0.012 kg of C12, or, the molecular weight of a substance in grams = Avogadro's number = 6.023 x 1023

Molality the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent

Molarity is the number of moles of solute per litre of solution




THE BODY FLUIDSTHE BODY FLUIDS

A solution of solvent and solutes

Our body is made up of fluids and solids

About 50-60% of the body weight is WATER

In a 70 Kg adult male: 60% X 70= 40-42 Liters Note that 1 kg body weight= 1 liter of water

The body has two major compartments:

1 Intracellular

2. Extracellular




The Proportion of Body FluidsThe Proportion of Body Fluids

IntracellularIntracellular

fluidfluid

40%40%

InterstitiaInterstitia

ll

15%15%

IntravascuIntravascu

larlar5%5%

Transcellula Transcellula

rr

1-2%1-2%Mr. Nestlee S. Cabaccan RN, MSN, USRN




TOTAL BODY WATER(AS PERCENTAGE OF BODY WEIGHT)IN RELATION TO AGE AND SEX

AGE MALE FEMALE

UNDER 18 65% 55%

18-40 60% 50%

40-60 50-60% 40-50%

OVER 60 50% 40%



Active chemicals that carry positive (cations) and negative

(anions) electrical charges

Major cations: • Major anions:

Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Magnesium

Hydrogen ions

Electrolyte concentrations differ in the fluid compartments

– Chloride

– Bicarbonate

– Phosphate

– Sulfate

– Proteinate ions

ElectrolytesElectrolytes




Electrolytes (cont.)Electrolytes (cont.)Major cation in ECF

Sodium

Major cation in ICF Potassium




Body Fluids




Function Transporter of nutrients , wastes, hormones,

proteins and etc

Medium or milieu for metabolic processes Body temperature regulation

Lubricant of musculoskeletal joints

Insulator and shock absorber




THE Normal DYNAMICS OF BODY FLUIDS The methods by which electrolytes and

other solutes move across biologic

membranes are Osmosis, Diffusion, Filtrationand Active Transport. Osmosis, diffusion and

filtration are passive processes, while Active

transport is an active process.




Regulation of FluidMovement of fluid through capillary walls depends

on:

Hydrostatic pressure Pressure exerted on the walls of blood vessels

Osmotic pressure Pressure exerted by the protein in the plasma

The direction of fluid movement depends on the

differences of hydrostatic and osmotic pressure




Regulation of Fluid (cont.)Osmosis

Diffusion

Filtration

Active transport




OsmosisMovement of fluid from and area of lower

solute concentration to an area of higher

solute concentration




DiffusionMovement of molecules and ions from an

area of higher concentration to an area of

lower concentration




Filtration

Movement of water and solutes from an area of

higher hydrostatic pressure to an area of lower

hydrostatic pressure.

Process where substances/solutes move from an

area of lower concentration to an area of higher

concentration with utilization of ENERGY

It is called an “uphill movement”Usually, a carrier is required. An enzyme is utilized

also




Active TransportPhysiologic pump that moves fluid from an area of lower

concentration to one of higher concentration

Movement against the concentration gradient

Sodium-potassium pump maintains the higher

concentration of extracellular sodium and intracellular

potassium

Requires adenosine (ATP) for energy




Types of Active Transport:

Primarily Active Transport Energy is obtained directly from the breakdown of

ATP

One example is the Sodium-Potassium pump

Secondary Active Transport Energy is derived secondarily from stored energy in

the form of ionic concentration difference between

two sides of the membrane. One example is the Glucose-Sodium co-transport;

also the Sodium-Calcium counter-transport


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Fluids and Electrolytes Anaphysio2009 2010

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