FLUKA: Present and Future

A.FassA.Fassòò, A.Ferrari (, A.Ferrari (on leave from INFN on leave from INFN ), S.Roesler ), S.Roesler CERNCERN

J. Ranft J. Ranft LeipzigLeipzig

P.R.Sala (P.R.Sala (on leave from INFNon leave from INFN))

ETHZETHZ

F.Ballarini, G.Battistoni, M. Campanella, M.Carboni, F.Cerutti, F.Ballarini, G.Battistoni, M. Campanella, M.Carboni, F.Cerutti, L.DeBiaggi, E.Gadioli, M.V.Garzelli, A.Ottolenghi, L.DeBiaggi, E.Gadioli, M.V.Garzelli, A.Ottolenghi, M.Pelliccioni, T.Rancati, D.Scannicchio, S.VillariM.Pelliccioni, T.Rancati, D.Scannicchio, S.Villari

INFN-Milan & Frascati, University of Milan and University of PaviaINFN-Milan & Frascati, University of Milan and University of Pavia

V.Anderson, A.Empl, K.Lee, L.Pinsky V.Anderson, A.Empl, K.Lee, L.Pinsky University of HoustonUniversity of Houston

T.N. Wilson, N. Zapp T.N. Wilson, N. Zapp NASA/JSCNASA/JSC

OutlineOutlineWhat is FLUKAWhat is FLUKAA short history of FLUKAA short history of FLUKAThe features of FLUKAThe features of FLUKAThe fields of application of FLUKAThe fields of application of FLUKAThe FLUKA projectThe FLUKA projectThe FLUKA serverThe FLUKA serverExamples:Examples:

High Energy PhysicsHigh Energy PhysicsCosmic RaysCosmic RaysRadiobiologyRadiobiologyDosimetryDosimetry

ConclusionsConclusions

What is FLUKAWhat is FLUKAComplete Monte Carlo code (stand-alone) for transport and interaction ofComplete Monte Carlo code (stand-alone) for transport and interaction of

particles and nucleiparticles and nuclei

h-h and h-A Interactions 0-10000 TeVA-A Interactions up to 0-10000 TeV/Ae.m. and muon interactions 0-10000 TeVPhoto-nuclear interactionsNeutron interaction and transport down to thermal energies (multi-group for E< 20 MeV)Residual nuclei calculationsNeutrino interactionsOptical photon generation and transport

Combinatorial geometry Voxel geometryInterface to GEANT4 geometryAnalog and biased (Variance reduction) calculations

A Short History of FLUKAA Short History of FLUKA1962: J.Ranft (Leipzig) and H.Geibel (CERN) initiate the code for hadron beams

1970: takes the name FLUKA (FLUktuierende KAskade) for event-to-event fluctuations in calorimetry

1970-1987: development in collaboration Leipzig-Helsinki-CERN (Stevenson, Fassò): in this version practically only for shielding purposes.

Since 1990: FLUKA is taken in charge by INFN-Milano, with the personal collaboration of A. Fassò (CERN) and J. Ranft to build an all-purpose, general code, with new physics models. In a short period of time the code is changed, and nothing today is left of the 1987 version. FLUKA becomes an INFN product.

1990: MCNPX starts to officially use FLUKA for the high energy part: it was never updated

1993: GEANT3-FLUKA interface (hadronic part only). It has not followed the FLUKA development and is now obsolete

2002: An official INFN project for the development and application of FLUKA starts

2003: A joint INFN-CERN project to develop, maintain and distribute FLUKA has been initiated

The Features of FLUKAThe Features of FLUKAVery accurate mathematical and physical algorithmsVery accurate mathematical and physical algorithms

Successful Successful ““mmicroscopicicroscopic”” approach to hadronic approach to hadronic interactions interactions (a review of physics models of FLUKA is given by A. Fass(a review of physics models of FLUKA is given by A. Fassòò in this session) in this session)

Core physics coding in FORTRAN , ~ 400,000 lines of Core physics coding in FORTRAN , ~ 400,000 lines of code. Internal management of memorycode. Internal management of memory

Built-in mathematical library Built-in mathematical library

Today maintained for various platforms with Unix-Today maintained for various platforms with Unix-interface: Linux, Compaq-Unix, HP-Ux, Sun-Solarisinterface: Linux, Compaq-Unix, HP-Ux, Sun-Solaris

Already used in mixed-language applications (example Already used in mixed-language applications (example the FLUGG package to run FLUKA with GEANT4 the FLUGG package to run FLUKA with GEANT4 geometry)geometry)

Fields of ApplicationFields of Application

Energy Physics (exp. + engineering)Cosmic Rays, Aircraft and Space applicationsRadiation protection and ShieldingDosimetryMedical PhysicsADS and Nuclear waste transmutation

Why FLUKA is RequestedWhy FLUKA is RequestedVery high Accuracy levelSuccessful benchmark to a wide set of

experimental data

Fields of Application: Fields of Application: ExamplesExamples

Energy production, waste transmutation: “EnergyAmplifier” (C.Rubbia) Spallation neutrons: TARC / nTOF @CERN LHC: beam-machine interaction and radioprotection LHC/ATLAS/CMS: radiation background in detectors LHC/ATLAS: calorimetry simulation Neutrino beams from accelerators: WANF e CNGS (officially based on

FLUKA) Cosmic Rays: calculation of secondary particles in atmosphere (neutrinos) ICARUS: general detector and physics simulation OPERA (through FLUGG, see later) LHC/ALICE: general detector simulation Dose calculations in civil aviation Dose calculations in space missions Medical physics: hadrotherapy

Goals of the present Goals of the present FLUKA ProjectFLUKA Project

1) Physics modelsHigh energy A-A collisions (> 5 GeV/amu) A-A Collisions E < 5 GeV/amu

2) Technological developmentWeb serverUser advanced (graphical) tools. Web Assistance (Documentation, FAQs) CVS Management of the source code New interfaces for user routines

3) Technical ImprovementsElimination of e.m. preprocessor Higher abstraction levels, in particular for geometry

4) Application of the code to basic and applied research projectsCosmic Rays application modulesRadiobiology application modules and coupling FLUKA with “phantoms”

The FLUKA ServerThe FLUKA Server

http://www.fluka.orghttp://www.fluka.orgServed by INFN through the Served by INFN through the italian scientific research italian scientific research network (GARR)network (GARR)

High Energy Physics ApplicationsHigh Energy Physics Applications

ATLAS: radiation background and CalorimetryATLAS: radiation background and CalorimetryBenchmark for ATLAS background: Benchmark for ATLAS background: E.Gschwendtner, C.W.Fabjan, N.Hessey, T.Otto, and H.Vincke, E.Gschwendtner, C.W.Fabjan, N.Hessey, T.Otto, and H.Vincke,

Measuring the photon background in the LHC experimental experimentMeasuring the photon background in the LHC experimental experiment , Nucl. Instr. Meth. A476, 222 (2002), Nucl. Instr. Meth. A476, 222 (2002)

(benchmarked up to 14 attenuation lengths)(benchmarked up to 14 attenuation lengths)

Photon backgroundPhoton background Neutron backgroundNeutron background

NIM A387, 333 (1997) NIM A449, 461 (2000) NIM A387, 333 (1997) NIM A449, 461 (2000)

A Complex GeometryA Complex Geometry

A Simulation of the ATIC Cosmic Ray Balloon Experiment with a A Simulation of the ATIC Cosmic Ray Balloon Experiment with a Version of FLUKA Including the DPMJET 2.5 Event Generator Version of FLUKA Including the DPMJET 2.5 Event Generator

Predicted n fluences from a centralPredicted n fluences from a centralC beam incident on the ATICC beam incident on the ATICcosmic ray balloon expt. apparatuscosmic ray balloon expt. apparatus

100 GeV/A Incident Carbon100 GeV/A Incident Carbon 1 TeV/A Incident Carbon1 TeV/A Incident Carbon

BGOBGO

CCTargetsTargets

Si DetectorsSi Detectors

IncidentIncidentBeamBeam

High Energy Physics High Energy Physics Applications: Applications: FLUGGFLUGG

The C++ interface between FLUKA The C++ interface between FLUKA and the GEANT4 Geometryand the GEANT4 Geometry

available from the www server available from the www server (with documentation and examples)(with documentation and examples)

Allows to use FLUKA using Allows to use FLUKA using an input geometry in G4 an input geometry in G4

formatformat

As desired by LHC As desired by LHC experiments (see ATLAS-experiments (see ATLAS-

PHYS-2002-01)PHYS-2002-01)

Results from FLUGG

Test-36 Test-36 em-hadronic em-hadronic calorimeter calorimeter

Proton energy deposition in magnetic field, dummy geometry

The Cern to Gran Sasso The Cern to Gran Sasso ?? beam beamFLUKA simulation FLUKA simulation

includes all details of includes all details of beam transport, interaction, beam transport, interaction,

structure of target, structure of target, horn focusing, decay, etc.horn focusing, decay, etc.

Neutrino event spectra at Gran Sasso

(NASA grants NAG8-1658 and 01-OBPR-05)

““GOLEMGOLEM””: 3D phantom: 3D phantomadult male voxel phantom adult male voxel phantom segmented from whole-body segmented from whole-body CT data of a leukaemia patient CT data of a leukaemia patient 176 cm height, 68.9 kg weight176 cm height, 68.9 kg weight

122 organs/tissues (8 122 organs/tissues (8 densities, densities, compositions from ICRU no. 44)compositions from ICRU no. 44)

2.2 million voxels, 2.2 million voxels, each of 2x2x8 mmeach of 2x2x8 mm33

Voxels are created/destroyed at run-timeVoxels are created/destroyed at run-time(Zankl and Wittmann 2001, GSF)(Zankl and Wittmann 2001, GSF)

Development of a new geometry: Development of a new geometry: The voxel description The voxel description

Cosmic Ray applicationsCosmic Ray applications

Atmospheric neutrino fluxesAtmospheric neutrino fluxes(within ICARUS and MACRO collaborations)(within ICARUS and MACRO collaborations)

One of the first attempts in the field aiming at a significative One of the first attempts in the field aiming at a significative reduction of the systematic error due to reduction of the systematic error due to

hadronic interaction modelshadronic interaction models

HKKM

FLUKADPMJET-III

Sub-GeV nm Multi-GeV nm

Comparison withComparison withExp. Data from Exp. Data from

Super-KSuper-K

Cosmic Ray ApplicationsCosmic Ray Applications

Other benchmarks Other benchmarks available, e.g. hadrons available, e.g. hadrons (charged and neutral)(charged and neutral)

Muon Flux in Atmosphere (simulation of CAPRICE ballon exp.)Muon Flux in Atmosphere (simulation of CAPRICE ballon exp.)

Cosmic Ray ApplicationsCosmic Ray Applications

Cosmic Ray ApplicationsCosmic Ray ApplicationsCollaboration started with Karlsruhe: Collaboration started with Karlsruhe: FLUKAFLUKA (only (only hadronic section, E>50 MeV) as an option of hadronic section, E>50 MeV) as an option of CORSIKACORSIKA (widely used by high energy cosmic ray exp.) to replace (widely used by high energy cosmic ray exp.) to replace GHEISHA GHEISHA for Efor Ehadhad? 80 GeV? 80 GeV

To be announced at ICRC2003 (Jul/Aug 2003)To be announced at ICRC2003 (Jul/Aug 2003)

No. of muons No. of muons vs.vs.

No. of electrons/positronsNo. of electrons/positrons

at the earthat the earth’’s surface from s surface from Extensive Air ShowersExtensive Air Showers

D.Heck and R.EngelD.Heck and R.Engel

Dosimetry ApplicationsDosimetry Applications

Above Narita Airport (Tokyo)Above Narita Airport (Tokyo)Ambient dose equivalent from neutrons at solar Ambient dose equivalent from neutrons at solar maximum on commercial flights from Seattle to maximum on commercial flights from Seattle to Hamburg and from Frankfurt to Johannesburg Hamburg and from Frankfurt to Johannesburg Solid line: FLUKA simulationSolid line: FLUKA simulation

Business Class Economic Class

Toilet or Galley Wing fuel tank

AIRBUS 340

Center fuel tank

Cockpit

Hold

Dosimetry Applications: Dosimetry Applications: going into details.going into details.

ConclusionsConclusions

ItIt’’s only the beginning...s only the beginning...