Fluorescence Imaging for Surgeons
Fernando D. Dip • Takeaki Ishizawa Norihiro Kokudo • Raul J. Rosenthal Editors
Fluorescence Imaging for Surgeons
Concepts and Applications
ISBN 978-3-319-15677-4 ISBN 978-3-319-15678-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-15678-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015939720
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
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Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Editors Fernando D. Dip, M.D., M.A.A.C.Section of Minimally Invasive SurgeryDepartment of General
and Vascular SurgeryThe Bariatric and Metabolic InstituteCleveland Clinic FloridaWeston, FL, USA
Oncological Surgical DivisionDivision of Surgical ResearchDepartment of Surgery Hospital de Clinicas Buenos AiresUniversity of Buenos Aires Buenos Aires , Argentina
Norihiro Kokudo, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S. Professor and ChairmanHepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
DivisionDepartment of Surgery Graduate School of MedicineUniversity of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo , Japan
Takeaki Ishizawa, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S. Department of Gastroenterological
Surgery Cancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer Research Koto-ku, Tokyo , Japan
Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division
Department of SurgeryGraduate School of MedicineUniversity of TokyoBunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Raul J. Rosenthal, M.D., F.A.C.S. ChairmanDepartment of General SurgerySection of Minimally Invasive SurgeryDepartment of General and Vascular
SurgeryThe Bariatric and Metabolic Institute Cleveland Clinic Florida Weston , FL , USA
v
Half of all cancer patients, over 700,000 annually in the USA, undergo sur-gery to remove their tumors. Motivation for this surgical resection derives from the fact that the single most important predictor of patient survival is complete resection of the primary tumor, draining lymph nodes, and meta-static lesions. Historically, surgeons have depended on two tools to guide such surgical resection—their eyes to look for suspicious tissues and their hands to feel for abnormal masses. Unfortunately, up to 40 % of cancer patients experience disease recurrence at the site of surgery, and the majority of these individuals eventually die of the disease. Thus, there are urgent unmet needs to develop new and innovative technologies that can assist a surgeon in ensuring complete tumor resection by delineating tumor margins, highlighting metastatic lesions, and informing on the presence or absence of malignant cells in draining lymph nodes. Moreover, whenever disease relapse is suspected, minimally invasive methods such as fl uorescence-guided endos-copy are needed to verify such suspicions and then characterize the nature and degree of dissemination of any recurrent disease.
The above challenges all suggest a need for new technologies that can delineate tumor margins, identify micrometastases, and establish whether tumor resection has indeed been quantitative before the patient’s surgery is concluded. Moreover, because time in the operating room is expensive, there is also a need for new methods that will reduce the time a surgeon spends searching for malignant lesions and looking for draining lymph nodes. While intraoperative ultrasound, PET, and radioimaging have all been proposed as tools to guide the surgeon’s knife during tumor resection, the methods that have drawn the greatest attention have all involved use of tumor-specifi c fl uo-rescent probes to localize malignant lesions during fl uorescence-guided sur-gery. In these strategies, either (1) a tumor-targeted fl uorescent dye is administered systemically and allowed to concentrate in the malignant tissue, thereby illuminating diseased lesions for their facile resection, or (2) or a tumor-activated fl uorescent prodrug is sprayed onto surgically exposed tis-sues and allowed to convert to its fl uorescent form in response to the activity of a tumor-specifi c enzyme, or (3) a nontargeted fl uorescent dye is injected into the vicinity of a tumor mass and permitted to passively accumulate in the diseased tissue and draining lymph nodes.
While great progress has been made in the construction of many tumor- specifi c fl uorescent probes, progress must still be achieved in the design and
Foreword
vi
optimization of both tumor-specifi c fl uorescent dyes and intraoperative imag-ing cameras/endoscopes. Regarding the former, improvements will still be important in the: (1) tumor specifi city, (2) tissue transparency, (3) brightness, (4) in vivo stability, (5) toxicity, and (6) ease of synthesis of the current tumor-specifi c fl uorophores. And concerning the latter, modifi cations are still required in camera: (1) sensitivity, (2) background/autofl uorescence suppres-sion, (3) wavelength discrimination, and (4) ergonomic compatibility with limitations imposed by the structural and biological constraints of each spe-cifi c surgery.
The chapters in this volume summarize many of the highlights of a con-ference held in Coral Gables, Florida, on February 15th of 2014 devoted to fl uorescence- guided surgery of foregut and related cancers. The many speak-ers addressed a diversity of topics related to their experiences with the use of tumor and lymph node specifi c fl uorescent dyes during localization and resection of foregut cancers. Successes and failures of specifi c systems and strat-egies were all honestly and objectively discussed, resulting in a wealth of clinical experience and associated recommendations. This compendium summarizes much of this clinical knowledge and should consequently aid any cancer surgeon interested in exploring the use of fl uorescence in his/her surgical practice. Indeed, because fl uorescence-guided surgery could well revolutionize the practice of surgery, this compendium is recommended for general reading by all practicing surgeons.
West Lafayette, IN, USA Philip S. Low, Ph.D.
Foreword
vii
Fluorescence Imaging for Surgeons : Concepts and Applications represents the experiences of leading researchers and surgeons worldwide practicing different fl uorescence methods. The chapters range from basic science knowl-edge of fl uorescence to the most current clinical applications and new meth-ods on the horizon.
The chapters in the fi rst section focus on the historical evolution and phys-ical principles of fl uorescence and provide the foundation for the reader to understand the current scope and limits of its use in surgery.
The second section describes new frontiers including fl uorescence probes, imaging systems, and applications to photodynamic therapy. The third sec-tion focuses on the clinical applications of intraoperative fl uorescence imag-ing including subsections on fl uorescence cholangiography, its application to hepatectomy, lymph node navigation, the GI tract, and pelvic surgery, and the identifi cation of cancer tissues.
Authored by leaders in the development of fl uorescent methods world-wide, Fluorescence Imaging for Surgeons : Concepts and Applications will have an impact on numerous medical specialists including general surgeons, colorectal and minimally invasive surgeons, and surgical oncologists. Researchers will fi nd the book to be an invaluable resource on the latest advances in the utilization of nanoparticles and fl uorescent probes.
There are currently limited publications available relative to fl uorescence imaging for surgeons; this book will add to the growing number of resources available on this topic.
Buenos Aires, Argentina Fernando D. Dip, M.D., M.A.A.C. Tokyo, Japan Takeaki Ishizawa, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S. Tokyo, Japan Norihiro Kokudo, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S. Weston, FL, USA Raul J. Rosenthal, M.D., F.A.C.S.
Pref ace
ix
Section I Background
1 Basic Concepts of Fluorescence and Fluorescent Probes ......... 3 Guillermo Oscar Menéndez , Federico Coluccio Leskow , and Carla Cecilia Spagnuolo
2 Past, Present, and Future of Fluorescence ................................. 19 Daniel Debonis , Pablo Quadri , Manuel Montesinos , Jorge Falco , David Nguyen , Diego Sinagra , Fernando D. Dip , Raul J. Rosenthal , and Pedro Ferraina
3 Translation of Therapeutic Antibodies for Intraoperative Fluorescence Imaging .................................. 25 Eben L. Rosenthal and Jason M. Warram
4 Review of Indocyanine Green Imaging in Surgery ................... 35 Jarmo T. Alander , Outi M. Villet , Tommi Pätilä , Ilkka S. Kaartinen , Martin Lehecka , Toshiya Nakaguchi , Taku Suzuki , and Valery Tuchin
Section II Imaging Systems
5 D-Light P System (Karl Storz) .................................................... 57 Rutger M. Schols , Nicole D. Bouvy , Ronald M. van Dam , and Laurents P. S. Stassen
6 Robotic Surgery Using Firefly System ....................................... 67 Giuseppe Spinoglio , Alessandra Marano , and Giampaolo Formisano
7 Fluorescence Imaging Systems (PDE, HyperEye Medical System, and Prototypes in Japan) ................................ 81 Takeaki Ishizawa and Norihiro Kokudo
8 The Pinpoint System .................................................................... 87 Jana L. Lewis and Danny A. Sherwinter
9 Economic Impact of Fluorescent Cholangiography ................. 99 Emanuele Lo Menzo , Fernando D. Dip , Samuel Szomstein , and Raul J. Rosenthal
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x
10 Real-Time Near-Infrared Fluorescent Cholangiography During Robotic Single-Site Cholecystectomy ............................ 107 Nicolas C. Buchs
11 Fluorescent-Guided Liver Surgery: Paul Brousse Experiences and Perspective ................................ 117 Mohamed Bekheit and Eric Vibert
12 Fluorescence Imaging in Laparoscopic Hepatectomy .............. 127 Yoshikuni Kawaguchi , Takeo Nomi , David Fuks , Norihiro Kokudo , and Brice Gayet
Section III Clinical Applications of Intraoperative Fluorescence Imaging
13 Identification of Hepatic Segment .............................................. 137 Masaki Ueno
14 Intraoperative Evaluation of Regional Portal Uptake Function ........................................................................... 145 Yoshikuni Kawaguchi , Takeaki Ishizawa , and Norihiro Kokudo
15 Identification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma .............................. 151 Yoshifumi Morita , Takanori Sakaguchi , Hirotoshi Kikuchi , Naoki Unno , and Hiroyuki Konno
16 Identification of Malignant Tumors in the Liver ...................... 159 Henricus J. M. Handgraaf , Floris P. R. Verbeek , Cornelis J. H. van de Velde , Merlijn Hutteman , and Alexander L. Vahrmeijer
17 Prediction for Postoperative Intrahepatic Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma ................................. 169 Kunihito Gotoh , Shigeru Marubashi , Terumasa Yamada , Hirofumi Akita , Hidenori Takahashi , Masahiko Yano , Osamu Ishikawa , and Masato Sakon
18 Detection of Bile Leakage After Hepatic Resection by Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Fluorescent Imaging ......................................................... 177 Masaki Kaibori , Kosuke Matsui , Morihiko Ishizaki , and Masanori Kon
19 Near-Infrared Laser Photodynamic Therapy for Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line Tumor with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence........................... 185 Junichi Kaneko , Yoshinori Inagaki , Takeaki Ishizawa , and Norihiro Kokudo
Contents
xi
20 Photodynamic Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer Using 5-Aminolevulinic Acid ...................................................... 195 Tsutomu Namikawa , Keiji Inoue , Taro Shuin , and Kazuhiro Hanazaki
21 Applications of ICG Fluorescence Imaging for Surgery in Colorectal Cancers .............................................. 203 Shingo Shimada , Seiji Ohtsubo , and Mitsuo Kusano
22 Fluorophore-Conjugated Chimeric Anti-CEA Antibodies for Fluorescence-Guided Surgery of Gastrointestinal (GI) Tumors ................................................. 209 Michael Bouvet and Robert M. Hoffman
23 Development of a Non-blurring, Dual-Imaging (X-Ray/Fluorescence) Tissue Marker for Localization of Gastrointestinal Tumors.......................................................... 223 Hideki Hayashi , Taro Toyota , Shoichi Goto , Aki Oishi , Tao Gao , Lau Bik Ee , and Hisahiro Matsubara
24 Sentinel Node Navigation Surgery by Infrared Imaging in Gastric Cancer ......................................................................... 231 Yoshikazu Uenosono , Takaaki Arigami , Shigehiro Yanagita , Daisuke Matsushita , Sumiya Ishigami , and Shoji Natsugoe
25 A Dual Infrared Ray Imaging System for Sentinel Node Mapping Against Early Gastric Cancer: Absorption and Florescence Methods by Infrared Ray Laparoscopy System Combined with Indocyanine Green .............................. 237 Naoto Takahashi , Hiroshi Nimura , Muneharu Fujisaki , Norio Mitsumori , and Katsuhiko Yanaga
26 Indocyanine Green Fluorescence- Navigated Sentinel Node Biopsy Showed Higher Sensitivity than the Conventional Radioisotope or Blue Dye Methods: It May Help to Reduce False-Negative Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsies in Skin Cancer ..................................................... 243 Yasuhiro Fujisawa
27 The Indocyanine Green Method Is Equivalent to the (99m) Tc-Labeled Radiotracer Method for Identifying the Sentinel Node in Breast Cancer: A Concordance and Validation Study ........................................ 255 Bettina Ballardini , Germana Lissidini , and Paolo Veronesi
28 Photodynamic Detection of Lymph Node Metastases in Gastrointestinal Cancer by Using 5-Aminolevulinic Acid ................................................. 267 Takeo Minamikawa , Yoshinori Harada , and Tetsuro Takamatsu
Contents
xii
29 Application of Photodynamic Treatment ................................... 279 Tomás G. Núñez and Tamara Portas
30 Photodynamic Diagnosis Mediated by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid for Urinary Bladder Cancer............................................... 285 Keiji Inoue , Hideo Fukuhara , and Taro Shuin
31 Real-Time Assessment of Intestinal Perfusion by Fluorescence-Based Enhanced Reality ................................. 293 Michele Diana , Vincent Agnus , and Jacques Marescaux
32 Fluorescent Angiography for Flap Planning and Monitoring in Reconstructive Surgery ............................... 301 Georges Bettega , Clotilde Ochala , Marine Hitier , Cynthia Hamou , Stéphanie Guillermet , Pascal Gayet , and Jean-Luc Coll
33 Fluorescein Detection of Myocardial Ischemia in an Experimental Model of Acute Coronary Occlusion ........ 311 Fernando D. Dip , Alejandro Damonte , Gaston Quiche , Marcelo Damonte , Fernando M. Safdie , Nicolas Brozzi , Raul J. Rosenthal , and Pedro Ferraina
34 Spatial and Temporal Monitoring of Perfusion with Indocyanine Green Videoangiography in the Rat Heart ............................................................................ 319 Outi M. Villet , Jarmo T. Alander , and Ari L. Harjula
35 Ureter Identification Using Methylene Blue and Fluorescein ............................................................................ 327 Fernando D. Dip , Alejandro Daniel Moreira Grecco , David Nguyen , Luis Sarotto , Sandy Perrins , and Raul J. Rosenthal
36 Chymotrypsin Probe for Real-Time Visualization of Pancreatic Leak ....................................................................... 333 Suguru Yamashita , Takeaki Ishizawa , Masayo Sakabe , Mako Kamiya , Yasuteru Urano , and Norihiro Kokudo
37 Miniaturized Clinical Imaging Device for Optical Surgery ...................................................................... 341 Paul Dorval , Ihab Atallah , Gabriele Barabino , Maxime Henry , Michèle Keramidas , Fabien Stenard , Clément Milet , Christian Righini , Philippe Rizo , Stéphanie Guillermet , Véronique Josserand , and Jean-Luc Coll
Index ...................................................................................................... 353
Contents
xiii
Vincent Agnus , Ph.D. Department of General, Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, IRCAD-IHU, Institute of Minimally Invasive Image-Guided Surgery , University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
Hirofumi Akita , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases , Osaka , Japan
Jarmo T. Alander , Ph.D. Department of Electrical and Energy Engineering , University of Vaasa , Vaasa , Finland
Takaaki Arigami , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan
Ihab Atallah, M.D. INSERM-UJF U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, CHU-Grenoble, University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
Bettina Ballardini , M.D. Department of Senology , European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy
Gabriele Barabino, M.D. Hopital nord CHU Saint Etienne, Avenue Albert Raimond, Saint Etienne, France
Mohamed Bekheit , M.B.Ch.B., M.Sc., M.R.C.S. Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplant , Paul Brousse Hospital , Villejuif , France
Georges Bettega , M.D., Ph.D. Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery Department , Grenoble University Hospital , Grenoble , France
Michael Bouvet , M.D. Department of Surgery , Moores UCSD Cancer Center , La Jolla , CA , USA
Nicole D. Bouvy , M.D. Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , Limburg, The Netherlands
Nicolas Brozzi , M.D. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Florida , Weston , FL , USA
Nicolas C. Buchs , M.D. Department of Surgery, Clinic for Visceral and Transplantation Surgery , University Hospital of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Gabriel-Perret-Gentil , Geneva , Switzerland
Contributors
xiv
Jean-Luc Coll , Ph.D. INSERM-UJF U823, Institut Albert Bonniot , University Joseph Fourier , Grenoble , France
Ronald M. van Dam , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , Limburg, The Netherlands
Alejandro Damonte , M.D. Department of Surgery, Hospital de Clinicas Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Division of Surgical Research, Hospital de Clinicas Buenos Aires , University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Marcelo Damonte , M.D. Department of Surgery, Hospital de Clínicas, Jose de San Martin , University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Daniel Debonis , M.D., F.A.C.S. Oncological Surgery Division , Hospital de Clinicas Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Michele Diana , M.D. Department of General, Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, IRCAD-IHU, Institute of Minimally Invasive Image-Guided Surgery , University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg , France
Fernando D. Dip , M.D., M.A.A.C. Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General and Vascular Surgery, The Bariatric and Metabolic Institute , Cleveland Clinic Florida , Weston , FL , USA
Oncological Surgical Division, Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Hospital de Clinicas Buenos Aires , University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Paul Dorval Fluoptics, Grenoble, France
Lau Bik Ee , B.A. Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
Jorge Falco , M.D. Section of Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Pedro Ferraina , M.D. Hospital de Clinicas Jose de san Martin , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Giampaolo Formisano , M.D. Department of General and Minimally Invasive Surgery , Misericordia Hospital , Grosseto , Italy
Muneharu Fujisaki , M.D. Department of Surgery , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
Yasuhiro Fujisawa , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Dermatology , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan
David Fuks , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Digestive Diseases, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris , Universite Paris Descartes , Paris , France
Hideo Fukuhara , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Urology , Kochi Medical School , Nankoku , Kochi , Japan
Tao Gao , M.S. Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba University , Chiba Japan
Contributors
xv
Brice Gayet , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Digestive Diseases, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris , Universite Paris Descartes , Paris , France
Pascal Gayet , Ph.D. Fluoptics Society , Grenoble , France
Shoichi Goto , B.A. Faculty of Engineering , Chiba University , Chiba Japan
Kunihito Gotoh , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases , Osaka , Japan
Stéphanie Guillermet , Ph.D. Fluoptics , Grenoble , France
Cynthia Hamou , M.D. Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery Department , Grenoble University Hospital , Grenoble , France
Kazuhiro Hanazaki , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Kochi Medical School , Nankoku , Kochi , Japan
Henricus J. M. Handgraaf , M.D. Department of Surgery , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
Yoshinori Harada , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
Ari L. Harjula , M.D., Ph.D. Heart and Lung Center, HUCH , Helsinki , Finland
Hideki Hayashi , M.D., Ph.D. Center for Frontier Medical Engineering , Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
Maxime Henry INSERM-UJF U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
Marine Hitier , M.D. Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery Department , Grenoble University Hospital , Grenoble , France
Robert M. Hoffman , Ph.D. AntiCancer, Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA
Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Merlijn Hutteman , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
Yoshinori Inagaki , Ph.D. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
Keiji Inoue , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Urology , Kochi Medical School , Nankoku , Kochi , Japan
Sumiya Ishigami , M.D. Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine , Kagoshima , Japan
Osamu Ishikawa , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases , Osaka , Japan
Contributors
xvi
Morihiko Ishizaki , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery, Hirakata Hospital , Kansai Medical University , Osaka , Japan
Takeaki Ishizawa , M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S. Department of Gastroenterological Surgery , Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research , Koto-ku, Tokyo , Japan
Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Véronique Josserand, Ph.D. INSERM-UJF U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
Ilkka S. Kaartinen , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Plastic Surgery , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
Masaki Kaibori , M.D. Department of Surgery , Hirakata Hospital, Kansai Medical University , Osaka , Japan
Mako Kamiya , Ph.D. Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
Junichi Kaneko , M.D., Ph.D. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
Artifi cial Organ and Transplantation Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Yoshikuni Kawaguchi , M.D. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
Michèle Keramidas INSERM-UJF U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
Hirotoshi Kikuchi , M.D., Ph.D. Second Department of Surgery , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Higashi-ku , Hamamatsu , Japan
Norihiro Kokudo , M.D., Ph.D. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
Artifi cial Organ and Transplantation Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Hiroyuki Konno , M.D., Ph.D. Second Department of Surgery , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Higashi-ku , Hamamatsu , Japan
Mitsuo Kusano , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery, Kushiro Rosai Hospital , Japan Labor Health and Welfare Organization , Hokkaido , Japan
Masanori Kon , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery, Hirakata Hospital , Kansai Medical University , Osaka , Japan
Martin Lehecka , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurosurgery , Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
Contributors
xvii
Federico Coluccio Leskow , M.D., Ph.D. Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Jana L. Lewis , M.D. Department of Surgery , Maimonides Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
Germana Lissidini , M.D. Department of Senology , European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy
Emanuele Lo Menzo , M.D., Ph.D. Digestive Disease Institute , Cleveland Clinic Florida , Weston , FL , USA
Alessandra Marano , M.D. Department of General Surgery , Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital IRCCS , Rozzano, MI , Italy
Jacques Marescaux , M.D., F.A.C.S. (Hon), F.R.C.S. (Hon), F.J.S.E.S. Research Institute Against Cancers of the Digestive System (IRCAD) , Institute of Image-Guided Surgery (IHU-Strasbourg) , Strasbourg , France
Shigeru Marubashi , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases , Osaka , Japan
Hisahiro Matsubara , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
Kosuke Matsui , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery, Hirakata Hospital , Kansai Medical University , Osaka , Japan
Daisuke Matsushita , M.D. Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine , Kagoshima , Japan
Guillermo Oscar Menéndez , M.D., Ph.D. Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Clément Milet INSERM-UJF U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
Takeo Minamikawa , Ph.D. Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
Norio Mitsumori , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
Manuel Montesinos , M.D. Section of Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Alejandro Daniel Moreira Grecco , M.D. Department of Colorectal Surgery , Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Yoshifumi Morita , M.D., Ph.D. Second Department of Surgery , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Higashi-ku , Hamamatsu , Japan
Toshiya Nakaguchi , Ph.D. Center for Frontier Medical Engineering , Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
Contributors
xviii
Tsutomu Namikawa , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Kochi Medical School , Nankoku , Kochi , Japan
Shoji Natsugoe , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine , Kagoshima , Japan
David Nguyen , M.D. Section of Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Hiroshi Nimura , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
Takeo Nomi , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
Tomás G. Núñez , M.D. Thoracic Surgery Division, Hospital de Clinicas , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Membrillar 112 14 “B”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Clotilde Ochala , M.D. Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery Department , Grenoble University Hospital , Grenoble , France
Seiji Ohtsubo , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kushiro Rosai Hospital , Japan Labor Health and Welfare Organization , Hokkaido , Japan
Aki Oishi Faculty of Engineering , Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
Tommi Pätilä , M.D., Ph.D. Hospital for Children and Adolescents , Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
Sandy Perrins , M.D. Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General and Vascular Surgery, The Bariatric and Metabolic Institute , Cleveland Clinic Florida , Weston , FL , USA
Tamara Portas , M.D. Thoracic Surgery Division, Hospital das Clinicas , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Pablo Quadri , M.D. Section of Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Gaston Quiche , M.D. Department of Surgery, Hospital de Clinicas Buenos Aires , University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Division of Surgical Research, Hospital de Clinicas Buenos Aires , University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Christian Righini, M.D., Ph.D. INSERM-UJF U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, CHU-Grenoble, University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
Philippe Rizo, Ph.D. Fluoptics, Grenoble, France
Eben L. Rosenthal , M.D. Department of Surgery , The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) , Birmingham , AL , USA
Division of Otolaryngology , The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) , Birmingham , AL , USA
Contributors
xix
Raul J. Rosenthal , M.D., F.A.C.S. Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General and Vascular Surgery, The Bariatric and Metabolic Institute , Cleveland Clinic Florida , Weston , FL , USA
Fernando M. Safdie , M.D. Department of General Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Florida , Weston , FL , USA
Masayo Sakabe , Ph.D. Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
Takanori Sakaguchi , M.D., Ph.D. Second Department of Surgery , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Higashi-ku , Hamamatsu , Japan
Masato Sakon , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases , Osaka , Japan
Luis Sarotto , M.D. Section of Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Rutger M. Schols , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , Limburg, The Netherlands
Danny A. Sherwinter , M.D. Department of Surgery , Maimonides Medical Center , Brooklyn , NY , USA
Fabien Stenard, M.D. Groupe Hospitalier Mutualiste de Grenoble, CS, Grenoble, France
Shingo Shimada , M.D. Department of Surgery, Kushiro Rosai Hospital , Japan Labor Health and Welfare Organization , Hokkaido , Japan
Taro Shuin , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Urology , Kochi Medical School , Nankoku , Kochi , Japan
Diego Sinagra , M.D. Section of Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Carla Cecilia Spagnuolo , M.D., Ph.D. Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
Giuseppe Spinoglio , M.D. Center of Robotic Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital IRCCS , Rozzano, MI , Italy
Laurents P. S. Stassen , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , Limburg , The Netherlands
Taku Suzuki , Ph.D. Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
Samuel Szomstein , M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.S.M.B.S. Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General and Vascular Surgery, The Bariatric and Metabolic Institute , Cleveland Clinic Florida , Weston , FL , USA
Naoto Takahashi , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
Contributors
xx
Hidenori Takahashi , M.D. Department of Surgery , Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases , Osaka , Japan
Tetsuro Takamatsu , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
Taro Toyota , Ph.D. Department of Basic Science , University of Tokyo, Komaba , Tokyo , Japan
Valery Tuchin , Ph.D. Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory , University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
Department of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University , Saratov , Russia
Institute of Precise Mechanics and Control of the RAS , Saratov , Russia
Masaki Ueno , M.D., Ph.D. Second Department of Surgery , Wakayama Medical University , Wakayama , Japan
Yoshikazu Uenosono , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan
Naoki Unno , M.D., Ph.D. Second Department of Surgery , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Higashi-ku , Hamamatsu , Japan
Yasuteru Urano , Ph.D. Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
Alexander L. Vahrmeijer , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
Cornelis J. H. van de Velde , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
Floris P. R. Verbeek , M.Sc. Department of Surgery , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
Paolo Veronesi , M.D. Department of Senology , European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy
Eric Vibert , M.D., Ph.D. Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplant, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
Centre Hépato-Biliaire , Hôpital Paul Brousse , Villejuif , France
Outi M. Villet , Ph.D. Heart and Lung Center, HUCH , Helsinki , Finland
Jason M. Warram , Ph.D. Department of Surgery , The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) , Birmingham , AL , USA
Division of Otolaryngology , The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) , Birmingham , AL , USA
Terumasa Yamada , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Higashiosaka City General Hospital , Osaka , Japan
Contributors
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Suguru Yamashita , M.D. Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
Katsuhiko Yanaga , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
Shigehiro Yanagita , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine , Kagoshima , Japan
Masahiko Yano , M.D., Ph.D. Department of Surgery , Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases , Osaka , Japan
Contributors