Focus of last weekFocus of last week

Schema theorySchema theory

Cognitive load theoryCognitive load theory

Presentation of informationPresentation of information

TopicsTopics

Nez Perce Indians

Wildflowers of the Desert

Constellations

Polynesians

PolynesiansPolynesians Social Customs

Tools

Social Organization

Food Gathering and Preparation

Clothing

Religious Ceremonies

Housing

Transportation

The Polynesians had a very advanced culture for their time.

Supporting Information: Master navigators Master boat builders Complex pictorial language Extensive domain Impressive art Creative tool making Creative adaptation

Topic versus ConceptTopic versus Concept

Topic The relationship of water to cultural

activity.

Concept The presence of water played a

significant role in the extent and type of human activity.

Limited by number of symbolsLimited by number of symbols

Water from Steens Mountain Water from Steens Mountain controlled and continues to control controlled and continues to control life on and around the mountain.life on and around the mountain.

Supporting storiesSupporting stories

Water from the Steens supplies Water from the Steens supplies Malheur NWR.Malheur NWR.

Those with water rights controlled.Those with water rights controlled.

Drought forced people out.Drought forced people out.

Flooding forced people out.Flooding forced people out.

Lakes and snowmelt kept pastures Lakes and snowmelt kept pastures green in the summer for sheep.green in the summer for sheep.

Range of topicsRange of topics

Natural historyNatural history Cultural historyCultural history PastPast PresentPresent

Get the point!Get the point!

Water from Steens Mountain Water from Steens Mountain controlled and continues to control controlled and continues to control life on and around the mountain.life on and around the mountain.

Possible approachesPossible approaches

Information driven approach – Information driven approach – organization is something artificial, organization is something artificial, such as alphabetical or chronological such as alphabetical or chronological or by sub-topic.or by sub-topic.

Message or concept driven approach Message or concept driven approach – organization of information focuses – organization of information focuses on the concept. Facts are pieces of on the concept. Facts are pieces of information to build a picture of the information to build a picture of the concept. concept.

Which approach is Which approach is better?better?

Why?Why?

Concept Driven approachConcept Driven approach

Reduces cognitive load because it Reduces cognitive load because it matches the way the brain wants to matches the way the brain wants to process and store information – as a process and store information – as a schema. schema.

Rosetta StoneRosetta Stone

Information driven or concept Information driven or concept driven?driven?

Is there a concept that could be used Is there a concept that could be used to organize a different presentation to organize a different presentation about the Rosetta Stone?about the Rosetta Stone?

Basic assumptionsBasic assumptions

1. Mind has to be actively processing 1. Mind has to be actively processing information to learn.information to learn.

2. The mind is trying to acquire 2. The mind is trying to acquire (create) schema.(create) schema.

3. The mind has limited processing 3. The mind has limited processing capacity. capacity.

AdditiveAdditive

So you have to reduce cognitive load So you have to reduce cognitive load as much as possible to ensure that it as much as possible to ensure that it is within a person’s capability to is within a person’s capability to process. process.

Cognitive LoadCognitive Load

Intrinsic cognitive loadIntrinsic cognitive load

Extrinsic cognitive loadExtrinsic cognitive load

Germane cognitive loadGermane cognitive load

Element interactivityElement interactivity

Do you drive?Do you drive?

Elements with low interactivityElements with low interactivity

Elements with higher interactivityElements with higher interactivity

Redundancy EffectRedundancy Effect

Expert Reversal EffectExpert Reversal Effect

Solution?Solution?

Know your audience!Know your audience!

For novices, redundancy may be For novices, redundancy may be necessary.necessary.

For experts, it may be extrinsic For experts, it may be extrinsic cognitive load.cognitive load.

The use of examplesThe use of examples

Typical approach – worked example, Typical approach – worked example, problem, worked example, problem, problem, worked example, problem, etc. etc.

Worked example effectWorked example effect

Eliminate one part of the worked Eliminate one part of the worked example each time until students are example each time until students are working complete problems.working complete problems.

FadingFading

7-step problem – show worked 7-step problem – show worked example. example.

Show first 6 steps – student does Show first 6 steps – student does last.last.

Show first 5 steps – student does last Show first 5 steps – student does last 2. 2.

Etc. Etc.

Split attention affectSplit attention affect

44thth assumption – we process assumption – we process information along two distinct information along two distinct pathways. pathways.

Visual and verbalVisual and verbal

Dual Coding TheoryDual Coding Theory

PaivioPaivio

Dual Coding TheoryDual Coding Theory

White rein orchid grows in bogs

Semantic AssociationSemantic Association

The degree to which the verbal The degree to which the verbal information overlaps with the visual information overlaps with the visual information (David, 1998).information (David, 1998).

In this case, verbal information from In this case, verbal information from the panel overlapping with visual the panel overlapping with visual information in the surrounding information in the surrounding environment. environment.

High Semantic AssociationHigh Semantic Association

Low Low Semantic Semantic

AssociationAssociation

Dual CodingDual Coding

1. Visual information1. Visual information

2. Verbal information2. Verbal information

3. Referential connections3. Referential connections

Proximity of visual and verbalProximity of visual and verbal

Referential connectionsReferential connections

All 3 elementsAll 3 elements

DogDog

Split attentionSplit attention

Undivided attentionUndivided attention

3-dimensional versus 2-3-dimensional versus 2-dimensionaldimensional

Ways to reduce cognitive loadWays to reduce cognitive load

Reduce extrinsic cognitive loadReduce extrinsic cognitive load Avoid redundancy unless necessaryAvoid redundancy unless necessary Use worked examplesUse worked examples Use visuals if possibleUse visuals if possible Use perspectives of mapsUse perspectives of maps Avoid split attentionAvoid split attention Use dual mode if possibleUse dual mode if possible