Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum...

FOILING THEALUMINUMINDUSTRY

A TOOLKIT FOR COMMUNITIES ACTIVISTSCONSUMERS AND WORKERS

by International Rivers Network

FOILING THE

ALUMINUMINDUSTRY

A TOOLKIT FOR COMMUNITIES ACTIVISTSCONSUMERS AND WORKERSBy Glenn Switkes

Published by International Rivers Network August 2005

Copyright copy 2005

International Rivers Network1847 Berkeley WayBerkeley CA 94703 USA

IRN gratefully acknowledges the support of The Overbrook Foundationwhose funding made this toolkit possible

Design by Design Action CollectiveGraphic chart Soft Horizons amp Chartbot

Foiling the Aluminum Industry

Table of ContentsIINN TT RR OO DD UU CC TT II OO NN 11TTHHEE AALL UU MM II NN UU MM IINN DD UU SS TT RR YY TTOODDAA YY AANNDD TTOO MM OO RR RR OO WW 33FFII RRSSTT SSTTEEPP 55

Str ipping forests f or bauxi te 5Str ipping the Amazon 6Bauxi te mining br ings v io lence against indigenous people 8

SSEE CCOONN DD SSTTEEPP 99Alumina ref in ingmdashwhite powder and red mud 9Jamaicans demand to know whether their water suppl ies are contaminated 11Austral ia s Wagerup alumina p lant serves

a chemical cocktai l to residents workers 12TTHHIIRRDD SSTTEEPP 1133

Primary a luminum smelt ingmdashthe highly pol lut ing energy- intensive process by which a luminum ingots are produced 13

Aluminum workers p lagued by health r isks 15Russiarsquos tox ic smelter legacy 16A whale of a problem 17Is there a connect ion between aluminum and Alzheimerrsquos d isease 18

AALL UU MM II NN UU MM WW OORR LLDD CC HH AA MM PP II OO NN EE NNEE RR GG YY GG LL UU TT TT OO NN 1199World Bank reviews i ts f inance for extract ive industr ies 21Aluminum Heat ing up the Earth s c l imate 22Global bankers back the a luminum industry 23

MMOOLL TTEE NN DDAAMMSS HH YY DD RR OO EE LL EE CC TT RR II CC DDAAMMSS BB UU II LLTT FFOORR TTHHEE AA LL UU MM II NN UU MM II NN DD UU SS TT RR YY 2244I Dams already bui l t 24II Current struggles against dams for a luminum 27Malaysia s Bakun Dam unf easib le without a luminum smelter 29Damming the Amazon for a luminum 30Glacia l a luminum 31

WWEE CCAANN RR EE CC YY CC LL EE 3322Aluminum consumption on the r ise 33Bott le b i l ls Smal l f inancia l incent ives provide an enormous boost to recyc l ing 34Paying for a luminums costs over a l i f et ime 35

AALLCCOOAA AA LL UU MM II NN UU MM FFOOIILL MMAAGG WW HH EE EE LL SS AANNDD WW II DD EE SS PP RR EE AA DD EE NN VV II RR OO NN MM EE NN TT AA LL DD EE SS TT RR UU CC TT II OO NN 3366Alcoa runs afoul of US laws 40Foi l ing the a luminum industry 41

CCOO NN CC LL UU SS II OO NN 4422GGLL OO SS SS AA RR YY 4433OOTTHHEERR KKEEYY DDOO CC UU MM EE NN TT SS 4444KKEEYY OORR GG AA NN II ZZ AA TT II OO NN SS 4455EENN DD NN OO TT EE SS 4488

Introduction

1

Molten aluminumPhoto AguirreSwitkesAmazonia

However aluminumrsquos apparent cheapeconomic cost and its omnipresencebelie the high environmental costs of itsmining and refining forests destroyedwater contaminated with aluminumwastes fertile valleys and pristineecosystems submerged The humancosts of producing familiar aluminumitems are also great displacement oftribal peoples and agriculturalists andserious impacts on community andworker health

The conversion of bauxite or aluminumore to primary aluminum is also theworldrsquos most energy-intensive industrialprocess and aluminum producers use

more electricity than any other industryThe aluminum industry is also a signifi-cant contributor to global warming

Two years ago a series of plans for proj-ects involving the construction ofhydroelectric dams and aluminum pro-cessing plants came to the attention ofInternational Rivers Network (IRN)The projects had several things in com-mon They involved building large damsin ecologically-sensitive regions to gen-erate electricity for powering aluminumplants They were being sited in coun-tries where aluminum is not consumedin great quantities and where projectbenefits would be enjoyed principally byconsumers in the US Europe andJapan while the impacts would be leftbehind In most cases the processingplants were slated for construction incountries far from the source of the rawmaterials needed to produce aluminumsuch as bauxite ore and aluminum oxide(alumina) and the feasibility of theplants stemmed from their access tocheap energy and low-paid workersFinally the enormous aluminum com-plexes were being proposed and devel-oped by some of the worldrsquos most pow-erful transnational corporations compa-nies that in their press releases purportto be models for sustainability

Aluminum is a versatile material familiar to nearly everyone on theplanet It is used in the construction of auto engine blocks and air-

plane wings in kitchen foils and pots and pans for soft drink and beer cansand restaurant takeout trays in window frames and electrical wiring and forbaseball bats and bicycles Its low weight resistance to corrosion high con-ductivity of electricity and heat and its strength combined with its abilityto be poured pressed or rolled into various shapes have afforded it an ever-growing presence in consumer items worldwide

IRN began to analyze the probableimpacts of these projects and foundthat little information was available toaffected populations consumersactivists and workers about the alu-minum industry and the way itworksmdashits gluttonous appetite for elec-tricity and the pollution and contami-nation generated by the aluminum pro-duction cycle It was difficult for peoplewe contacted to comprehend why thesecompanies were intent upon buildingsome of the worldrsquos largest industrialfacilities in some of the worldrsquos mostremote and beautiful places and even

more difficult to understand what we ascommunities consumers and activistscould do together to stop them

In October 2003 IRN helped organ-ize the First International StrategicRoundtable on the AluminumIndustry in Satildeo Luiacutes Brazil HereAlcoa BHP Billiton and Alcan threegiants of the aluminum industry oper-ate one of the worldrsquos largest alu-minum smelters using electricity froman enormous hydroelectric dam in theAmazon International activists work-ers and specialists presented lessons

learned from diverse experiencesaddressing the impacts of the alu-minum industry and a frank and for-ward-looking discussion of possibilitiesfor common strategies took placeSome conclusions were consensualmdashactivists needed more information withwhich to orient their local campaignsregarding aluminum development andconsumers in the US Europe andJapan needed to be educated regardingthe impacts of their increasing con-sumption of aluminum products

In order to provide the context for thenext round of strategic discussionsregarding tactics and strategies to haltor control the social and environmentalimpacts caused by aluminum produc-tion International Rivers Networkagreed to take on one of the recom-mendations of the activists taking partin the Satildeo Luiacutes meetingmdashthe creationof a ldquotoolkitrdquo on the aluminum indus-try a publication to inform and orientactivists and consumers alike

This toolkit provides a variety of infor-mation fundamental to the under-standing of the aluminum industry andhow it works Through case studies welook at the experiences of globalactivists facing off against the alu-minum industry and their attempts toprevent the destruction of their landand communities as well as practicalsuggestions on tactics that may be use-ful for activists The toolkit also seeksto inform consumers about ways tolessen the impacts of their use of alu-minum products and to suggest strate-gies for limiting the expansion of theglobal aluminum industry and thesocial and environmental destructionthis implies The publication also indi-cates sources of information and con-tacts which can bring interested peopleand groups together in the search forsolutions to the problems generated byaluminum companies

2

Sunndalsora aluminum plant Norway Photo DGB Bildungswerk

The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow

3

Primary aluminum is produced in three stages First bauxite ore is minedthen it is refined into aluminum oxide or alumina and finally it is

smelted into aluminum ingots using huge amounts of electricity1

Most of the leading aluminum companies are vertically integrated and dominate allphases of aluminum production The aluminum industry is very concentrated threecompanies (Alcoa Alcan and Rusal) produce more than one-third of the worldrsquosprimary aluminum Alcoa alone is responsible for refining one-quarter of all alumi-na the intermediary product required for the production of primary aluminum2

This concentration is increasing as evidenced by Alcanrsquos $5 billion takeover of theFrench company Pechiney in 2004 Norsk Hydrorsquos buyout of German VAW in2001 and Alcoarsquos 2000 acquisition of Reynolds Aluminum

Aluminum processing plants have migrated in recent years from the traditionalindustrial centers of the US Europe and Japan to new ldquogreenfieldrdquo projects in thedeveloping world with access to cheap electricity and low-paid workers the princi-pal motivation Nearly one-quarter of global aluminum smelting capacity is still inNorth America but US output has declined by 50 since 19993 Meanwhile

4

Chinarsquos production has tripled in thepast decade climbing to 20 of theworldrsquos output Chinarsquos annual produc-tion growth of 18 means it will soonovertake the United States to becomethe leading global producer of primaryaluminum4 Europe has 16 of globalsmelting capacity and the countries ofthe former Soviet Union account for135

Besides China the largest expansionsin aluminum smelting in the comingdecade are projected to take place inRussia Bahrain Australia IndiaIceland Venezuela Argentina andBrazil6 Important new smelters arealso being planned in other countriesincluding Malaysia Iceland SaudiArabia Qatar Trinidad and TobagoKazakhstan South Africa Chile andMozambique7

As with most primary commodities

the prospects for the aluminum indus-try are difficult to predict Driven byincreasing demand for aluminum inChinarsquos economic boom prices for pri-mary aluminum rose in March 2005to over $1800ton but then fell to$1530ton by June 20058 Chinarsquosconsumption of aluminum increased by80 between 1999 and 2003 and mostnew aluminum production capacitytoday is being installed in China (bycomparison global aluminum con-sumption has increased by only 24over the past decade)9 China now has136 aluminum smelters a numbergreater than in the rest of the worldcombined although most of them aresmaller plants

Recently the Chinese government hasraised interest rates and eliminated taxrebates for aluminum exporters Someanalysts point to the decline in alu-

minum prices as a signal that thesemeasures enacted to cool off Chinaacutesoverheating economy are having aneffect10

The international price of alumina hasfollowed a similar pattern In 2002-2003 in response to Chinarsquos increaseddemand alumina prices doubled to$500 per ton This triggered a rush bythe worldrsquos leading aluminum compa-nies to expand their alumina refiningcapacity Although the price on thespot market later fell to $300 per tonalumina stocks are expected to remaintight through 200611 The AluminumCorporation of China (Chalco) is nowsecond only to Alcoa as the worldleader in alumina refining producing56 million metric tons per year12

Most industry analysts predict that inthe foreseeable future China willremain an important consumer of alu-minum and will be the principal forcedriving global aluminum and aluminamarkets

LLIINNKKSS

TThhee AAlluummiinnuumm AAssssoocciiaattiioonnwwwaluminumorg

IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall AAlluummiinnuumm IInnssttiittuutteewwwworld-aluminiumorg

EEuurrooppeeaann AAlluummiinnuumm AAssssoocciiaattiioonnwwweaanet

AAllccooaa wwwalcoacom

AAllccaann wwwalcancom

BBHHPP BBiilllliittoonn wwwbhpbillitoncom

RRuussaall wwwrusalcom

HHyyddrroo AAlluummiinniiuumm wwwhydrocom

5

1 Stripping forests for bauxite

The aluminum production cycle begins with the extraction of bauxite orewhich contains 45-60 aluminum oxide and is typically mined in open

pits requiring the complete removal of vegetation and topsoil Four to fivetons of bauxite are required to produce two tons of alumina which in turncan be refined to produce one ton of primary aluminum

The largest producers of bauxite ore are Australia (35 of the worlds bauxiteextraction) Brazil Guinea China Jamaica and India Together they account fornearly 90 of the worlds bauxite Guinea alone provides about half of the bauxiteimported by the United States and Canada13

After it is extracted from the earth bauxite undergoes extensive cleaning and pro-cessing A vast amount of waste rock results from the mining process which has tobe disposed of Even if topsoil is restored after mining the soil loses its ability toretain water making it unfit for annual crops

1First

Step

Quilombola woman making manioc flour Trombetas River region Brazilian Amazon Photo Carlos Penteado

6

SSTT RR II PP PP II NN GG TTHHEE AAMM AAZZ OONN

The Mineraccedilatildeo Rio do Norte (MRN) mine on theTrombetas River in the northern Brazilian rainforestaccounts for 78 of Brazils bauxite mining and newmines are being planned at Paragominas (CVRD) andJuriti Velho (Alcoa) also in the Amazon The MRN mineis owned by Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD) AlcoaBHP Billiton Alcan Companhia Brasileira de Alumiacutenioand Hydro Aluminium (a subsidiary of Hydro formerlyNorsk Hydro) The MRN mine is now expanding itscapacity from its current 11 million tons of ore per yearto 163 million tons per year MRNs mine was developedin large part on lands traditionally occupied by quilom-bolas communities of descendents of escaped Africanslaves MRN required the extensive stripping of soilbecause the bauxite was found at a depth of 12 metersThe MRN mine contaminated Batata Lake where 24 mil-lion tons of mine wastes were discarded15 The lakealso suffered from sedimentation caused by miningactivities Finally the quilombolas convinced Brazilianenvironmental authorities to require the company toclean up the lake an ongoing effort which despiteshowing some positive results after more than adecade is still far from complete and will likely neverrestore Batata Lake to its prior condition

More recently residents of the Trombetas River regionhave described renewed conflicts with MRN which hasdeforested wide areas to permit expansion of themine16 Local populations use the areas around themine for gathering Brazil nuts a valuable staple of theireconomy

Alcoarsquos planned bauxite mine at Juriti Velho in Paraacutestate is estimated to have reserves of 350 million tons

The 20 communities living locally survive through sus-tainable extraction of forest resources for medicinesoils and fruits and by fishing They have filed com-plaints regarding Alcoas clearing of the rainforest andthreats from armed guards who restrict the communi-ties access to a 65000 hectare area Alcoa says itowns 8000 hectares of forests would be cleared forthe Alcoa mine

In a statement Juriti Velho community leaders say1800 families live near the Great Lake (site of Alcoasproposed mine and alumina plant) where there are stillextensive areas of virgin forests and where variousendangered animal species are found Once deforesta-tion spreads the area will become a desert

Juriti residents have been meeting with Alcoa to askcrucial questions about the companys plans for theregion including the number of jobs that will be avail-able for locals and the measures Alcoa will take to pro-tect the environment if the project moves ahead

LLIINNKKSSCCoommiissssatildeatildeoo PPrroacuteoacute--IacuteIacutennddiioo ddee SSatildeatildeoo PPaauulloo ((ccaammppaaiiggnn ffoorrlleeggaalliizzaattiioonn ooff qquuiilloommbboollaa tteerrrriittoorriieess))wwwcpisporgbr (in Portuguese)

PPrroojjeettoo MMaanneejjoo ddooss TTeerrrriittoacuteoacuterriiooss QQuuiilloommbboollaass ((iinnffoorrmmaa--ttiioonn aabboouutt tthhee qquuiilloommbboollaa ccoommmmuunniittiieess ooff tthheeTTrroommbbeettaass RRiivveerr rreeggiioonn))wwwquilomboorgbrhtmlquilombohtml (inPortuguese)

7

Open-pit mining has effects on localfauna and flora and promotes soil ero-sion With most bauxite mined in abelt extending throughout the tropicsbauxite mining is a significant cause oftropical forest destruction The tropicalareas where bauxite ore is found arealso among the Earths strongholds ofbiodiversity Despite industry promisesrainforests cannot be restored to theirprior biodiversity after mining activitiescease

In Jamaica bauxite mining is the singlelargest cause of deforestation affectingover 5000 hectares of trees for minesand waste areas and an unknown areaof forests for access roads leading tothe entry into forests of illegal loggersIn Australia Alcoa has deforested13500 hectares of endemic jarrahforests for its Huntly bauxite mine14

Bauxite mine Brazil Photo DGB Bildungswerk

LLIINNKKSS

FFrriieennddss ooff tthhee EEaarrtthh mmiinniinngg ccaammppaaiiggnnwwwfoeiorgminingindexhtml

MMiinneerraall PPoolliiccyy CCeenntteerrEEaarrtthhwwoorrkksswwwmineralpolicyorgewaintl_programcfm

MMiinneerraall PPoolliiccyy IInnssttiittuuttee AAuussttrraalliiaawwwmpiorgau

MMiinneess aanndd CCoommmmuunniittiieess wwwminesandcommunitiesorg

WWeesstteerrnn AAuussttrraalliiaann FFoorreesstt AAlllliiaannccee wwwwafaorgauarticlesalcoa

8

BBAA UU XX IITT EE MM II NN II NN GG BB RR II NN GG SS VV II OO LL EE NN CC EE AA GG AA II NN SS TT II NN DD II GG EE NN OO UU SS PP EE OO PP LL EE

Proposed bauxite mines on Baphlimali hill and an alu-minum smelter in the Kashipur region of Orissa which hasnearly 70 of Indiarsquos bauxite would displace tribal people(or ldquoadivasisrdquo the Sanskrit word for ldquooriginal inhabi-tantsrdquo) who survive on shifting cultivation agriculture TheIndian constitution guarantees the rights of indigenouspeople over their natural resources and land17 The bauxitemines of the Utkal project will cause the adivasis to loseland and it is highly unlikely that compensation will beadequate to restore their livelihoods The Norwegiandevelopment agency Norad estimates that in all phases ofthe Utkal project 60000 people will be affected

The Utkal project is intended to produce bauxite and alu-mina for export and is being planned by Indiarsquos Hindalcoand Canadarsquos Alcan (45) Norsk Hydro (now HydroAluminium) pulled out of the project in 2001 The work ofNorwegian environmentalists and church groups joiningforces with local activists and affected people had animportant impact on the companyrsquos decision as did inter-national indignation when in 2000 police fired upon a pub-lic protest killing three tribal members18 However vio-lence against the affected communities continues and inNovember 2004 baton-wielding police charged into acrowd of tribal and low-caste (dalit) protesters injuring16 and beating three women unconscious19

Environmental studies for the project have not been madepublicly available but according to the environmentalclearance conceded by the government the company maydump mine overburden for the first five years This willlead to siltation of streams and damage of slopes and cul-tivable lands

The alumina plant at Doraguda would produce one milliontons per year over a 30-year period and will directlyaffect 2500 people of 24 villages of KucheipadarHadiguda and Tikri Panchayat who will be forced off theirland for plant construction and waste disposal areasAmong the wastes generated by the alumina plant throughthe ldquostackingrdquo of red mud wastes (see ldquoAlumina refiningrdquobelow) will be 150 tons of sodium hydroxide per day

which could seep into rivers and streams affecting drink-ing water and causing cattle deaths and crop losses aswell as impacting aquatic life downstream Power require-ments of 80 MW will require burning 2800-3000 tons ofcoal per day generating some 1000 tons of ash per daywhich will be dumped into an ash pond20

Advasis continue their protests against the Utkal projecteven in the face of police violence Alcanrsquot in India aCanadian group has attempted to convince Alcan to makeenvironmental studies publicly available and has protest-ed at the Alcan corporate headquarters and at its share-holderrsquos meeting Companies are often very sensitive topublic opinion and press articles criticizing their opera-tions abroad

LLIINNKKSS

AAllccaanntt iinn IInnddiiaa wwwsaanetorgalcant orwwwsaanetorgkashipur (send a message to AlcansCEO demanding they release the project EIA and name ajoint commission to investigate the position of affectedpeople)

MMiinneess MMiinneerraallss aanndd PPeeooppllee ((IInnddiiaa))wwwmmpindiaorgindexmmhtm

MMiinniinngg WWaattcchh CCaannaaddaawwwminingwatchcapublicationsUtkal_Action_backgndhtml

Photo Aaron Lakoff

Alumina refiningmdashwhite powder and red mud

9

The bulk of world bauxite production (approximately 85) is used as feedfor the manufacture of alumina the intermediary product in the process-

ing of aluminum Through what is known as the Bayer process bauxite oreis finely crushed and dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide (causticsoda or lye) under high temperature and pressure

Insoluble iron oxide titanium sodium silica and other oxides are filtered out assludge called ldquored mudrdquo The solution is then clarified and sent to a precipitationtank where a small amount of aluminum hydroxide is added as a ldquoseedrdquo which facili-tates crystallization of aluminum hydroxide and sodium hydroxide The crystals arethen washed vacuum dewatered and sent to a rotating kiln The result is a finewhite powder called alumina (aluminum oxide)

2Second

Step

Alunorte alumina refinery Brazilian Amazon Photo DGB Bildungswerk

For every ton of alumina producedbetween two and three tons of bauxiteore must be processed The wasteremaining after the process is disposedof as red mud Disposal of red mudwastes which are highly caustic oftenwith a pH in excess of 132 is a signif-icant environmental problem Typicallyred mud has been dumped in mined-out pits Besides seeping into ground-water and streams red mud increasesthe sodium content of neighboringwater wells

Experience in tropical regions wheremost bauxite is found demonstratesthat heavy rainfall is a significantobstacle to the drying out of red mudponds In Jamaica ponds failed to dry

out as predicted and surface andgroundwater contamination wastracked likely caused by migration ofcaustic wastes from the ponds Linedponds have now diminished ground-water contamination21

In 2001 residents of the region nearKaiserrsquos (now Hydro Aluminiumrsquos)Alpart refinery in Jamaica closed theplantrsquos railroad in protest over inade-quate compensation for damages fromwindblown alumina dust spilled caus-tic soda sulphur dioxide gases andimpacts to their water supply A publichealth study found elevated incidencesof asthma sinusitis and allergies nearthe plant Udel Lloyd a 73 year-oldasthmatic said ldquoThatrsquos the Big Man

over thererdquo gesturing toward AlpartldquoWhat he want he get He makemoney for the government Nobody inthe government cares about usrdquo 22

With environmental restrictions affect-ing red mud disposal in some coun-tries producers have turned to coun-tries with weaker environmental lawsto site their alumina refineries andwaste disposal sites Plans byAustralian Comalco Aluminum Ltd toship bauxite ore to Sarawak for pro-cessing into alumina and to dump 42million kilograms of red mud per yeardischarging contaminated waste waterinto watercourses were suspended fol-lowing protests by environmentalactivist groups

10

Red mud waste pond Photo DGB Bildungswerk

Besides sealing waste ponds with linersand clay other new techniques of redmud disposal include thickening of themud and solar drying (using a stackingand drying method) to decrease theliquid content of red mud and to limit

its mobility and techniques for reuse ofthe liquid fraction Still communitiesmust ensure that best available technol-ogy is utilized and that environmentalauthorities maintain strict monitoringof alumina waste ponds

11

LLIINNKKSS

SSaahhaabbaatt AAllaamm MMaallaayyssiiaawwwsurforevercomsam

JJAA MM AA II CC AA NN SS DD EE MM AA NN DD TTOO KKNNOOWW WW HH EE TT HH EE RR TT HHEEII RR WW AA TTEERR SS UU PP PP LL II EE SS AARREE CC OO NN TT AA MM II NN AA TT EE DD

Red mud resulting from Jamaican alumina operations wasoriginally disposed of in un-lined ponds resulting in per-colation of caustic residues into underground aquifersThe 100-120 acre ponds destroyed fertile farm landDesigned to hold 5-7 years worth of tailings the pondsnever dried out after being filled and had to be aban-doned in favor of new sites More recent disposal siteswere to have been lined with 12-14 inches of clay sealantbut this has still not been done in some areas

Other impacts include air pollution from alumina refiningwhere gases caustic aerosols and corrosive dust isreleased into the atmosphere Burning high-sulphur oils inthe plant has released acidic gases sulphur dioxide andsulphur trioxide leading to acid rain A recent study linkedpollution from alumina refineries to bronchial hyper-sensi-tivity in children Local residents also blame exposure topollutants from alumina plants for heart disease speech

disorders and convulsions They are calling for Alcan andthe Jamaican government to carry out water quality teststo determine whether ground and surface water has beencontaminated

Open letters to company and government officials withcopies to concerned organizations on the national andinternational level can be an effective way of publicizing aproblem with the aluminum industry and to make officialsaware they are being monitored Most often the companywill officially respond to the letter opening the way to adialogue which should be carried out with great care sothat community leaders are not co-opted by official prom-ises to take action

LLIINNKKSS

JJaammaaiiccaann BBaauuxxiittee EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonn

wwwjbeocom

12

Hearings held in the Western Australian ParliamentsStanding Committee on Environment and Public Affairsfrom 2001-2004 focused on emissions from AlcoasWagerup alumina refinery Alcoa has called Wagerup themost environmentally advanced alumina refinery in theworld and says it is considering expanding operationsBut some 500 people living in proximity to the refinery toldthe parliament they had suffered irritation to their mucousmembranes skin and eyes Speculation pointed to theWagerup liquor burner used to burn off organic com-pounds contained in bauxite ore23

Witnesses also accounted that during dry periods wastesfrom the alumina plant blew through the air into theirhomes and yards Through prolonged exposure the resi-dents reported chronic headaches digestive upsets andpain particularly in the joints a burning in their stomachsand throats throat ulceration nose bleeds and a generalfeeling of lethargy possibly caused by cumulative expo-sure to various compounds a condition the committeetermed multiple chemical sensitivity24 Livestock wereafflicted with chronic coughing and rashes often leadingto death

In 2003 six workers at the plant were awarded compen-sation and Alcoa agreed to install pollution controls25 InDecember 2004 Alcoa was fined $47000 for pollution

caused by bauxite residue dust A member of a local resi-dent group Tony Hall said Were not that impressed by itTheres been over 5000 complaints against this opera-tionhellip(thats) chump change to that sort of a company26

Similar concerns have surfaced at Alcoas Kwinana alumi-na refinery near Perth At Kwinana environmental author-ities were outraged when evidence showed that Alcoa haddoctored dust monitoring results from its red mud tailingponds Consequently the company lost its best practiceenvironmental license and with it the right to self-monitorits operations27 Eight waste spills were also reported byAlcoa between June and November 200428

Public hearings force the issue into the public arena andobligate politicians to take a position The negative side isthat very often these drag on without coming to a decisiveconclusion Hearings should be seen as one form of broad-er public pressure directed at the company

LLIINNKKSS

AAuussttrraalliiaann AAlluummiinnuumm CCoouunncciill ((eemmiissssiioonnss ffrroomm aalluummiinnaappllaannttss)) wwwaluminiumorgaunpidocumentsSmelterspdf

WWeesstteerrnn AAuussttrraalliiaann PPaarrlliiaammeennttss SSttaannddiinngg CCoommmmiitttteeee oonnEEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt aanndd PPuubblliicc AAffffaaiirrss rreeppoorrtt oonn tthhee AAllccooaa AAlluummiinnaaRReeffiinneerryy aatt WWaaggeerruuppwwwparliamentwagovauParliamentcommitnsf(InqByName)Alcoa+Alumina+Refinery+at+Wagerupopendocument

AAUU SS TT RR AA LL II AA SS WWAA GG EE RR UU PP AA LL UU MM II NN AA PP LL AANN TT SS EE RR VV EE SS AA CC HH EE MM II CC AA LL CC OO CC KK TT AA II LL

TTOO RR EE SS II DD EE NN TT SS WW OO RR KK EE RR SS

Primary aluminum smeltingndashndash the highly polluting energy-intensive process by which aluminum ingots are produced

13

The strong bonds between aluminum and oxygen in alumina make itsrefining into aluminum possible only by using enormous amounts of

energy more than is required in the production of any other metal or in factin any other industrial process Through what is termed the Hall-Heacuteroultprocess alumina is placed within electrolytic cells or ldquopotsrdquo filled withmolten cryolite (Na3AIF6) Within each pot a positive electric current ispassed through the cryolite by means of a submerged carbon anode at atemperature of over 1200degC (nearly 2000degF) The oxygen atoms are attract-ed to the carbon anodes and the molten aluminum can then be poured fromthe bottom of the pot

3Third

Step

Aluminum foundry Photo DGB Bildungswerk

Primary aluminum processing is themost polluting phase of the aluminumproduction chain resulting in air emis-sions and solid wastes Emissions fromaluminum reduction processes includegaseous hydrogen fluoride and particu-late fluorides alumina carbon monox-ide volatile organics and sulfur diox-ide from the reduction cells and fluo-rides vaporized organics and sulfurdioxide from the anode-baking fur-naces A variety of control devices suchas closed cells and wet scrubbers areused to reduce emissions Wastewaters

generated from primary aluminumprocessing are produced during clarifi-cation and precipitation though muchof this water is fed back into theprocess to be reused

Two types of anodes may be used dur-ing the reduction process either ananode paste (called the Soderberganode) or a pre-baked anode TheSoderberg anode produces residualgases including fluoride that are moredifficult to collect as well as significantquantities of PAHs (polycyclic aromat-

ic hydrocarbons) including known car-cinogens such as benzo[a]pyrene(B[a]P) Studies show that the pres-ence of PAHs in the ambient air maybe associated with certain cases ofbladder cancer in workers29 Smeltersusing Soderberg technology are slowlybeing phased out of operation

The impacts of large concentrations offluoride have been widely documentedIt accumulates in the environmentaffecting forests grasses livestock andwildlife30 In mammals fluoride poi-

14

PPRROO CCEESSSS MMAA TTEERR II AA LL IINNPPUUTT AAIIRR EE MM II SS SSII OO NN SS PPRR OOCC EE SSSS WWAA SSTTEESS OOTTHHEERR WWAASS TTEESS

Bauxite refining Bauxite sodium hydroxide Particulates Residue containing sil-icon iron titaniumcalcium oxides andcaustic

Alumina clarificationand precipitation

Alumina slurry starchwater

Wastewater contain-ing starch sand andcaustic

Alumina calcination Aluminum hydrate Particulates and watervapor

Primary electrolyticaluminum smelting

Alumina carbon anodeselectrolytic cells cryolite

Fluoride - bothgaseous and particu-lates carbon dioxidesulfur dioxide carbonmonoxide and per-flourinated carbons(PFCs)

Spent potliners K088

Secondary scrapaluminum smelting

Aluminum scrap oil or gaschlorine or other fluxes(aluminum chloride alu-minum fluoride sodium andpotassium chlorides andfluorides)

Particulates andHClCl2

Slag containing mag-nesium and chlorides

Secondary alu-minum dross recy-cling

Aluminum dross water Particulates Wastewater salts

MMAA TT EE RR II AA LL II NN PP UU TT SS PP OO LL LL UU TT II OO NN OO UU TT PP UU TT SS IINN TTHHEE AA LL UU MM II NN UU MM PP RR OO DD UU CC TT II OO NN CC HHAA IINN 36

soning can take the form of dentalskeletal or systemic fluorosisAbsorbed fluorine is retained in den-tal and bone tissues and may causebone atrophy and dental fluorosiswhose main symptom is an orange-brown pigmentation in the teethHydrogen fluoride can cause respira-tory damage Farm animals that havegrazed regularly in pastures aroundsmelters have been found to havethese ailments A 1993 study oneffects of fluoride gas emissions onconifers showed that hydrogen fluo-ride has an effect on conifers up toone thousand times greater than otheracid gases31

The Akwesasne Mohawk indigenousnation (US Canada border) has suf-fered the consequences of fluoridepollution from a Reynolds (now

owned by Alcoa) smelter upstream32

Dr F Henry Lickers biologist anddirector of environment for theAkwesasne nation says ldquoBy 1972 wehad effectively identified fluoride asbeing the problem and it was comingfrom the [aluminum] plant in gaseousand particulate form landing on veg-etation on Cornwall Island and beingconsumed by the cattle And the teethwould rot in the mouths of these ani-malsrdquo33 Later says Lickers the cattlewould die Researchers have also doc-umented the presence of PCBs andabnormalities in the nervous andskeletal systems and lungs ofMohawk men women and children

The electrolytic process also producesdust suspended particulates and sul-phur dioxide (SO2) which is presentin the coke used to prepare the

15

AALL UU MM II NN UU MM WW OO RR KK EE RR SS PP LL AA GG UU EE DD

BBYY HH EE AA LL TTHH RR IISS KK SSThe aluminum production chain poseshealth risks of various kinds to workersBauxite mining causes respiratory andskin problems in addition to otherinjuries consistent with mining andheavy industries Workers in aluminarefineries are exposed to various chem-icals and many suffer what is termedldquomultiple chemical sensitivityrdquo Workersin aluminum smelters are subject to theeffects of fluoride poisoning37

Symptoms include osteosclerosis (hard-ening of the bones) sinus trouble per-foration of the nasal septum chestpains coughs thyroid disorders ane-mia dizziness weakness and nausea38

A variety of respiratory disordersaffecting smelter workers have beentermed ldquopot-line asthmardquo

An Australian study linked fluoride gasand the breathing in of dust at alu-minum smelters with increased inci-dence of work-related wheeze andchest tightness39 In another Australianstudy researchers found that smelterworkers had a greater chance than theaverage Australian of contracting anddying from stomach kidney andprostate cancers In 1999 Alcoawarned aluminum workers that theyfaced an elevated chance of contractinglung and bladder cancers as a result ofcoal tar pitch used in smelters40

International labor leaders met in 2003in Canada to plan cooperation regard-ing health impacts of the aluminumindustry Particularly in developingcountries there is little informationavailable about worker health issuesand most often insufficient monitoringby government environmental agencies Pouring molten aluminum Photo AguirreSwitkesAmazonia

anodes SO2 is a major atmos-pheric pollutant contributing tothe formation of acid rain andacid smog This gas irritates therespiratory tract and is also fair-ly damaging to plants with con-centrations around 003 ppmcausing acute lesions on foliage34

One of the biggest environmen-tal problems for the aluminumindustry is what to do withspent smelting pot linings Thesteel linings gradually absorbmaterials from the molten elec-

trolyte and when ready to dis-card after their useful life ofthree to eight years they arecontaminated with fluorides andcyanide Their volume is signifi-cantmdashas much as 20 tons ofspent pot linings for every 1000tons of aluminum producedWhile the industry attempts tofind ways to re-use pot liningsas is being done on an experi-mental basis in Australia theyare stored at plant sites as toxicwaste35

16

RRUU SS SS IIAA rsquorsquoSS TTOOXX IICC SS MM EE LL TT EE RR LL EE GG AA CC YY

LLIINNKKSS

FFlluuoorriiddee AAccttiioonn NNeettwwoorrkk ((AAlluummiinnuumm IInndduussttrryy))wwwfluoridealertorgpollutionindexphppollutioncontentviewfull1170

MMoohhaawwkkss aanndd fflluuoorriiddeewhollywatercomFluorideMohawkNationhtm

AAkkeewweessaassnneersquorsquoss TTooxxiicc TTuurrttlleesstuscarorascomgraydeerpagesToxicturtle1htm

RRaaddiioo FFrreeee AAssiiaa ((ldquoldquoAAlluummiinnuumm SSmmeellttiinngg VViillllaaggeessRReeffuussee ttoo EEaatt OOwwnn CCrrooppssrdquordquo))wwwrfaorgenglishnewsscience20040907pollution

The region of the former Soviet Union has been severelyimpacted by aluminum smelters using obsolete technolo-gy In the northwestern region of Karelia communitieshave been poisoned for decades by the Nadvoitsy alu-minum smelter Their teeth are corroding and discoloredand there are highly elevated incidences of miscarriagesstill births and congenital defects The known carcinogenbenzopyrene has been found in local water suppliesRussian authorities relocated populations from an areaheavily polluted by fluoride gas near the Soderberg-process Bratsk smelter in Irkutsk where residentsreported bone and lung diseases (the plant is now beingmodernized) Wind-blown emissions from the TajikAluminum Plant have caused cows in Uzbekistan to loseteeth also affecting silkworm raising vineyards and fruitorchards There has been a reported increase in the inci-dence of metabolic disorders and diseases of the

endocrine system blood stream pulmonary organs andthe musculoskeletal system Birth defects and tumors areon the rise

Community and activist groups in countries where highly-polluting Soderberg process smelters are being operatedshould demand that they be shut down and that remedialaction be undertaken including epidemiological studies toaddress health and environmental impacts suffered dur-ing their operation

LLIINNKKSS

NNaattiioonnaall WWiillddlliiffee aarrttiicclleewwwnwforgnationalwildlifearticlecfmarticleId=641ampissueId=70

TTaajjiikk SSttaattee ooff tthhee EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt RReeppoorrttwwwgridanoenrinhtmlstadjiksoe2enghtmairstatehtm

17

AA WW HHAA LL EE OOFF AA PP RR OO BB LL EE MM

Following a 17-year study University of Montreal

researchers found that beluga whales in the St Lawrence

River have the highest rate of cancer among non-humans

in the world 27 per cent among adults and 18 per cent

among young whales in particular cancer of the digestive

tract

They blame toxic run-off from aluminum smelters on the

Saguenay River a tributary of the St Lawrence Human

populations in the region have also shown an excess of

lung urinary and digestive cancers which researchers

blame on PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) PCBs

and heavy metal emissions from the smelters41

Effects of aluminum operations on wildlife are a good indi-

cator of their effects on human populations and the envi-

ronment Where such issues are raised aluminum compa-

nies should be pressured to finance independent studies

to determine cause and effect of these often far-reaching

impacts The negative side is that rigorous scientific stud-

ies often take years which may delay rehabilitation

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

TThhee SScciieennttiisstt mmaaggaazziinnee ((ffrreeee ssiiggnn--oonn))

wwwthe-scientistcomyr2000octresearch_001002html

18

Four and a half million Americans including half of allAmericans over the age of 85 have Alzheimerrsquos a degen-erative disease of the central nervous system character-ized primarily by premature senile mental deteriorationand dementia There is no cure for Alzheimerrsquos at thistime

Various studies have established a link between increasedabsorption of aluminum in the brain and Alzheimerrsquos42

Scientific studies have not proven however the connec-tion between ingesting aluminum and contracting the dis-ease Some public health experts suggest playing it safe

by trying to control the pathways by which aluminum may

be ingested into the body such as via drinking water43 use

of aluminum cookware and aluminum foil and use of

antacids buffered aspirins and antiperspirants containing

aluminum44

While science has not confirmed any link between inges-

tion of aluminum and Alzheimerrsquos this is an issue that is

of great public concern and is worth keeping track of

Even the possibility of a connection has led many to avoid

using aluminum cookware for example

IISS TTHH EERREE AA CC OO NN NN EE CC TT II OO NN BB EE TT WW EE EE NN AA LL UU MM II NN UU MM AANNDD AALL ZZ HH EE II MM EE RR rsquorsquoSS DD II SS EE AA SS EE

Ingots at Alcoa and Billitonacutes Alumar plant Satildeo Luiacutes Brazil Photo AguirreSwitkesAmazonia

19

The aluminum industry is the worldrsquos largest industrial consumer of elec-trical energy consuming about 1 of all the electrical energy generated

globally and about 7 of the total consumed by global industries45 Nearlyall the electricity consumed in the aluminum production chain (and two-thirds of the total energy inputs) is in smelting primary aluminum46 Thetotal amount of electrical energy consumed in primary aluminum produc-tion varies from 12-20 MWh per metric ton with the global average esti-mated at between 152-157 MWh per ton47

About half of all electricity consumed by the aluminum industry comes from hydro-electricity a percentage that is expected by industry sources to increase in the com-ing years Another 36 comes from coal 9 from natural gas 5 from nuclearenergy and 05 from oil Hydroelectricity dominates as the electrical energysource for aluminum smelting in Norway Russia Latin America and NorthAmerica Coal is most widely used in Oceania and Africa48

Aluminum World champion energy glutton

Tucuruiacute Dam Brazilian Amazon Photo Andreas Missbach

Over the past two decades many alu-minum smelters in industrializednations have been shut down in favorof new smelters in the so-called ldquodevel-opingrdquo world where energy and laborcosts are lower with energy being thesingle most important factor in costanalyses accounting for about25ndash35 the total cost of primary alu-minum production49 Aluminum indus-try sources say that companies payingmore than $35MWh have foundthemselves unable to compete andhave been forced to close their plants orattempt to renegotiate energy costs50

Less important is access to raw materi-als like bauxite which can be shippedoverseas at relatively low costAluminum production has migratedfrom North America Europe andJapan in favor of new productioncapacity in Asia and Africa

Despite recent moves to privatize andderegulate energy industries in many

countries governments still play animportant role in determining energyprices offered to aluminum producersand subsidies in the form of enormousquantities of cheap energy often makethe difference in decisions on where tolocate new smelters These subsidiesrun counter to initiatives encouraginggreater energy efficiency and lowerenergy use

As an example the coal industryreceives direct grants from the govern-ments of the United Kingdom51 andGermany52 Electricity consumed byaluminum companies is subsidized bythe government in Australia53 andBrazil54 Multilateral developmentbanks have offered loans at favorablerates to hydroelectric facilities linked toaluminum smelters in Argentina andVenezuela among others55

20

EENNEERR GGYY CC OO NN SS UU MM EE DD BBYY

TTHHEE AA LL UU MM II NN UU MM II NN DD UU SS TT RR YY

21

WWOORRLLDD BBAANNKK RR EE VV II EE WW SS IITTSS FF II NN AA NN CC EE FFOORR EE XX TT RR AA CC TT II VV EE II NN DD UU SS TT RR II EE SS

The World Commission on Damsrsquocase study of Tucuruiacute Dam in Brazilfound that the AlbraacutesAlunorte andAlumar smelters received between$193ndash411 million per year in energysubsidies from a state-owned utility56

The smelters recently employed thestrategy of threatening to shut downand leave the country in order toobtain new long-term contracts forsubsidized electricity at far below therates paid by other industries Morethan 70 of the aluminum produced

by the plants is exported

Many examples demonstrate that whenaluminum smelters lose heavily subsi-dized electrical energy the smelterslose their economic feasibility KaiserrsquosValco smelter had production curtailedafter its contract with the governmentof Ghana expired The contract hadprovided some of the worldrsquos cheapestenergy (reportedly 11 cents per kWhonly 17 of energy generation costs)57

In January 2005 Alcoa signed a mem-orandum of understanding with the

government of Ghana to re-open thesmelter with energy rates undisclosed

Providing subsidized energy to elec-tric-intensive industries strongly affectsnational energy planning Despite thefact that only 47 of Mozambiquersquospopulation has access to electricityBHP Billiton Mitsubishi andIndustrial Development Corporationrsquos(IDCrsquos) Mozal smelter is doubling itscapacity and will devour four times theamount of electricity consumed for allother uses in Mozambique58

In response to criticism from NGOs and activists theWorld Bank contracted an independent review of itsfinancing of extractive industries with the goal of provid-ing recommendations to guide the World Bank Grouprsquosinvolvement in the oil gas and mining sectors TheExtractive Industries Review (EIR) provided a strong cri-tique of the bankrsquos role in financing social and ecologicaldisasters but the bank has refused to stop supportingsuch projects

In summary the EIR recommended the adoption of trans-parent and participatory governance measures in coun-tries prior to the implantation of extractive developmentscomprehensive options assessments before projects goforward directing project benefits to poorest communi-ties ethnic minorities and women guarantees of revenuesharing to local communities improvements in quality oflife for resettled populations monitoring to ensure thatcompanies observe the human rights of local populationsrecognition of the right of indigenous peoples to prior

informed consent to projects banning extractive develop-

ments in areas of conflict increased lending for renew-

able energy banning riverine tailings and suspension of

submarine tailings pending further studies transparency

in project agreements and documents formalization of the

moratorium on coal lending and a phase-out of oil and gas

lending over the next five years74

Increasing scrutiny of investments by multilateral financialinstitutions in extractive industries is making it more diffi-cult for the banks to justify their support for such projectsAn international network working on mining issues canhelp local activists questioning the financing of mines andrelated refineries smelters and power plants

LLIINNKKSS

WWoorrlldd BBaannkk EExxttrraaccttiivvee IInndduussttrriieess RReevviieeww

wwwworldbankorgogmceirreportshtm

CCiivviill ssoocciieettyy vviieewwss oonn tthhee rreeppoorrtt wwweireviewinfo

22

AALL UU MM II NN UU MM HH EE AA TT II NN GG UUPP TTHHEE EEAARRTTHH SS CC LL II MM AA TT EE

The principal greenhouse gases emitted by primary alu-minum production are CO2 methane (CH4) and the perflu-orocarbons CF4 and C2F659 The principal source of CO2

emissions is the generation of electricity for the smeltingprocess principally from the burning of fossil fuelsHydroelectric dams in tropical ecosystems release signifi-cant quantities of CO2 and especially CH460

Australiarsquos aluminum industry gets its electric power pri-marily from coal-fired power stations These coal-burningplants emit 27 million tons of CO2 annually This is 6 ofAustraliarsquos total greenhouse gas emissions even thoughthe aluminum industry represents only 13 of AustraliarsquosGDP from manufacturing61 Aluminum and aluminum prod-ucts are the countryrsquos second most important exportmdashafter coal The industry has torpedoed government policyinitiatives to establish mandatory renewable energy tar-gets and a carbon emissions trading scheme Australiahas one of the worldrsquos highest per capita greenhouse gasemissions

Australian aluminum production since 1990 has increasedby 45 and is likely to continue to increase While directgreenhouse gas emissions from the smelting processhave gone down by 24 on 1990 levels (down 45 perton) indirect emissions from the production of electricityfor the smelters are up by 40 since 1990 Increased pro-duction means total emissions from aluminum smeltersare up 25 from 199062

The Australian aluminum industry produces five times asmuch greenhouse gas as agriculture 11 times as much asmining and 22 times as much as other manufacturingactivities for every dollar contributed to the national econ-omy63 On a global level the aluminum industry admits togenerating an average of 11 tons of CO2 equivalent foreach ton of primary aluminum produced principally fromthe burning of fossil fuels64

PFCs are potent greenhouse gases formed during aluminasmelting PFCs are some of the most long-lived atmos-pheric pollutants remaining in the atmosphere for up to50000 years and are considered 6500-9200 times morepotent greenhouse gases than CO2 Aluminum productionaccounted for 60 of global releases of PFCs into theatmosphere in 1995 although pollution controls havedecreased the level of releases per ton of aluminum pro-duced over the past two decades65

Global warming is an increasingly ldquohotrdquo issue worldwideWith the Kyoto protocol now in effect activists shouldquestion potential aluminum projects as to the quantitiesof greenhouse gases they will release This can be a deci-sive argument in evaluating options for industrial develop-ment More research is needed to quantify greenhousegases from tropical reservoirs since most new aluminumsmelters are powered by hydroelectric dams

LLIINNKKSS

CClliimmaattee AAccttiioonn NNeettwwoorrkk AAuussttrraalliiaa wwwcananetauPh

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

sA

maz

onia

23

GGLLOO BB AALL BB AA NN KK EE RR SS BBAACCKK TTHHEE AA LL UU MM II NN UU MM II NN DD UU SS TT RR YY

Multilateral development banks and export credit agencieshave furnished significant support for expansion of thealuminum industry This support has taken the form ofloans for bauxite mining alumina and primary aluminumrefining and for electrical energy projects powering alu-minum plants

A case in point is the International Finance Corporationthe private sector arm of the World Bank which provided$120 million to Alusaf (South Africa) and IndustrialDevelopment Corp (IDC - South Africa) for the first phaseof the Mozal aluminum smelter and $25 million to BHPBilliton Mitsubishi IDC and the government ofMozambique for the second phase The project was alsofunded by Canadian English German and Japaneseexport credit agencies The IFC also funded twoVenezuelan bauxite port projects (GMSV and ACBL) for atotal of about $95 million66 In 2004 together with theEuropean Bank for Reconstruction and Development(EBRD) the IFC provided support for the Timan bauxitemine (Russia) part of an integrated bauxitealuminaalu-minum project owned by the SUAL group and the KomiRepublic government67

The EBRD provided $110 in loans for the Slovalco smelterin Slovakia owned by Zavod Slovenskeho NarodnehoPovstania (ZSNP) The EBRD financed Hydro Aluminiumrsquosentrance into the project as a minority partner68 In 2003the bank cancelled plans to finance the Nemak smelter inthe Czech Republic after several years of protests regard-ing toxic wastes and gas emissions69 Another controver-sial project reportedly slated for financing by the EBRDthe IFC and the US Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC) is the Sosnovy Bor aluminum smelterthat would be powered by energy from obsolete and dan-gerous nuclear generating stations in Russia70

Another World Bank division the Multilateral InvestmentGuarantee Agency (MIGA) provided $80 million in loanguarantees in 2001 to the Guinea Investment CompanyLtd and a consortium of banks for a bauxite mine aluminaplant electric and water utilities and a railroad inGuinea71

The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) has also sub-

sidized the aluminum industry supporting the Caruachi

($500 million)72 and now the Tocoma Dam powering

smelters in Venezuelarsquos Guayana industrial zone Many

other hydroelectric dams in Latin America powering alu-

minum plants have received support from the IDB the

World Bank and US Export-Import Bank

The Japan Bank for International Cooperation has

financed the Asahan Hydroelectric and Aluminum plant

(North Sumatra Indonesia) and AlbraacutesAlunorte (Brazil)73

Campaigns against the financing of aluminum complexes

by international financial institutions can be an effective

way to halt these projects The projects have a high level

of risk and raising critical issues with potential financiers

early on in the project cycle may make these institutions

more reluctant to get involved Because hydroelectric

dams or other power facilities connected with aluminum

complexes are more likely to seek direct loans from devel-

opment banks and export credit agencies than the alu-

minum facilities themselves the financing for these facili-

ties may be more vulnerable to pressure from local

activists and international support groups

LLIINNKKSS

BBaannkk IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn CCeenntteerr wwwbicusaorg

EEqquuaattoorr PPrriinncciipplleess ffoorr eennvviirroonnmmeennttaall aanndd ssoocciiaall iissssuueess iinn pprrii--

vvaattee ffiinnaanncciinngg wwwequator-principlescom

EExxppoorrtt CCrreeddiitt AAggeenncciieess WWaattcchh wwweca-

watchorgindexhtml

IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall FFiinnaannccee CCoorrppoorraattiioonn wwwifcorg

MMuullttiillaatteerraall IInnvveessttmmeenntt GGuuaarraanntteeee AAggeennccyy wwwmigaorg

PPrriivvaattee FFiinnaannccee wwwbanktrackorg

NNEEMMAAKK pprroojjeecctt iinn CCzzeecchh RReeppuubblliicc described at

wwwbankwatchorgissuesebrdpipnemakmainnemakhtml

WWoorrlldd BBaannkk GGuuiiddeelliinneess oonn AAlluummiinnuumm MMaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg

ifcln1ifcorgifcextenvironsfAttachmentsByTitlegui_alum

mfg_WB$FILEalum_PPAHpdf

I Dams already built

Many dams have been constructed in large part to power the aluminum industryAmong the best known are

SOUTH AMERICA

Tucuruiacute75 (Tocantins River Brazil)mdash3960 MW completed in 1984 2860 km2

reservoir estimated cost US$877 billion) Currently being expanded to 8000MW About half of the projectrsquos energy generation goes to the Alumar (SatildeoLuiacutesndashAlcoa BHP Billiton Alcan) amp Albraacutes (Companhia Vale do Rio DoceJapanese consortium Nippon Amazon Aluminum Company) plants More than24000 people were displaced and the dam has had serious impacts on the livesand livelihoods of tens of thousands of floodplain farmers and fishermen down-stream The Parakanatilde indigenous people were relocated then relocated oncemore when engineering errors failed to predict the flooding of their newreserve The Gaviatildeo indigenous people were also affected Estimates are thatthe two primary aluminum smelters powered by Tucuruiacute have received betweenUS$193 millionmdash$411 million per year in subsidized energy

24

Molten DamsHydroelectric dams built for the aluminum industry

Quilombola sets out to hunt and fish Trombetas River region Brazilian Amazon Photo Carlos Penteado

Guri and Macagua76 (Caroniacute River Venezuela)mdashGuri built in 1986 4750 km2 reservoir 3600 dis-placed with 10300 MW installed capacity andMacagua with 2712 MW fuel Alcasa (stateCorporacioacuten Venezolana de GuyanamdashCVG withAlcoa) and Venalum (80 CVG 20 SumitomoShowa Kobe Steel Mitsubishi and Marubeni)plants Reservoirs flooded land of Pemon indigenouspeople

Brokopondo77 (Suriname)mdash30 MW 1965 1550km2 reservoir severely affected by proliferation ofwater hyacinth 6000 Maroons (descendents ofescaped African slaves) displacedmdashAlcoa Suralcosmelter

Futuleufu78 (Argentina)mdash448 MW 1978 92 km2

reservoir provides 90 of electricity for Aluarsmelter (258000 tons per year (tpy) capacity)

NORTH AMERICA

Grand Coulee79 (Columbia River US)mdash6180 MW1942 5700 displaced reservoir 333 km2mdashone-third ofelectricity generated goes to smelter owned by anAlcoa-Kaiser-Reynolds-Japanese consortium Salmonthreatened with extinction

Kenney80 (Nechako River Canada)mdash896 MW 1952920 km2 flooded affecting 200 families includingCheslatta indigenous people Has affected fish stocksand wildlife habitat Kitimat smelter (272000 tpy)operated by Alcan Plans to increase dam capacity to1416 MW

James Bay Complex81 (La Grande EastmanCaniapiscau rivers Canada)mdash1996 11 dams with totalinstalled capacity of 15743 MW flooded 15900 km21000 displaced Has affected hunting grounds of Creeand Inuit indigenous people Nearly 10000 migratingcaribou drowned when the Caniapiscau river was flood-ed A significant portion of energy fuels aluminumsmelters operated by Alumax Alcoa Pechiney AmaxVAW Kobe Steel Austria Metall SGF Marubeni andHoogovens at highly subsidized rates

Various82 (Saguenay and Peacuteribonka rivers Canada)mdashCombined capacity of 2687 MW operated by AlcanFlooded 1867 km2 affecting indigenous peoples PowerAlcanrsquos Grande Baie (186 tpy) and Laterriegravere (210 tpy)smelters

AFRICA

High Aswan83 (Nile River Egypt)mdash2100 MW 19704000 km2 flooded 113000 people displaced Hasdecreased soil fertility downstream forced intensive useof chemical fertilizers and fouled Cairorsquos drinkingwater supply by increasing algae in the river Led toincreases in mosquito-borne illnesses Had seriousimpacts on Nile estuary and related fisheriesArchaeological sites affected Nag Hammadi smelter(cap 245000 tpy) operated by state company Egyptal isdependent on power from High Aswan

Akosombo84 (Volta River Ghana)mdash1020 MW 1965created worldrsquos largest man-made lake (8482 km2)84000 displacedmdashto fuel Valco plant (90 KaiserAluminum 10 Reynoldsmdashnow Alcoamdashcap 200000tpy)mdashresulted in proliferation of waterborne diseasesincluding schistosomiasis intestinal bilharzia andmalaria

Song Loulou85 (Sanaga River Cameroon)mdash387 MW1981 30 of its capacity fuels the Alucam smelter(87000 tpy) now owned by Alcan

ASIA

Sayano-Shushenskaya86 (Enisei River Russia)mdash6721MW 1980 621 km2 reservoir 9700 displacedmdashRussiarsquos largest hydro plant 30 of its output goes tothe Sayanagorsk aluminum smelter (404000 tpy) andSayanal foil mill both owned by Rusal

25

Akosombo Dam Volta River GhanaPhoto World Bank

Krasnoyarskaya87 (Enisei River Russia)mdash500 MW1970 2000 km2 56100 displaced powers Krasnoyarskworldrsquos second largest primary aluminum smelter(850000 tpy)

Bratsk88 (Angara River Russia)mdash4500 MW 19655470 km2 67400 displaced has flooded and destroyedwetlands affecting Lake Baikal Powers the Bratsksmelter worldrsquos largest (910000 tpy Trans WorldGroup and others)

Irkutsk89 (Angara River Russia)mdash660 MW 19601466 km2 18000 displaced

Nurek90 (Vaksh River Tajikistan)mdash2700 MW 197598 km2 1800 displaced At 300 meters is the worldrsquoshighest dam Has contributed to the demise of the AralSea Powers the Tursurzade smelter whose capacity isbeing expanded to 517000 tpy

Sanmenxia91 (Yellow River China)mdash410 MW 1961410000 displaced The dam has lost most of its storagecapacity to sedimentation Sanmenxia is home to one ofthe worldrsquos largest integrated aluminum plants withannual production capacity of more than 5 million tonsalumina 15 million tons electrolytic aluminum andnearly 500000 tons of processed aluminum products Aproject for 26 million tpy of alumina is now beingbuilt and the region also has ample bauxite reserves

Rihand92 (Rihand River India)mdash300 MW 1962 466km2 200000 displaced for Hindalco plant atRemikoot Uttar Pradesh (242000 tpy) whichuses 55 of Rihandrsquos power Dam has seriousproblems with sedimentation

Mingechaur (Kura River Azerbaijan)mdash360MW 1951 635 km2 4600 displaced

Taanga and Siguragura Falls93 (Asahan RiverNorth Sumatra Indonesia)mdashhydroelectric com-plex for PT Inalum smelter (225000 tpy) beganoperation in 1986 $3 billion investment byJapanese as part of project to relocate aluminumsmelters from Japan 75 of production owned bySumitomo Nissho Iwai Nippon Light MetalCompany Marubeni Mitsubishi and MitsuiOnly a part of hundreds of fishing families affect-ed by the dam received compensation Batak-minority tribespeople downstream were alsoaffected Lake Toba has dropped 24 meters as aresult of the hydro projects

EUROPE

Various94 (Norway)mdashaluminum smelters consume 15of Norwayrsquos electricity nearly all of which is producedby hydroelectric dams beginning with Glomfjord Damin 1920 Hydroelectric dams in Norway have affectedagricultural communities and wilderness areas flooding10 of national parks and impacting Arctic and sub-Arctic plateaus Migration of wild reindeer and mooseobstructed

OCEANIA

Lake Pedder95 (Tamar River Australia)mdash65 MW1972 242 km2 Comalco-operated Bell Bay smelter inTasmania no longer needs the energy AffectsTasmanian Wilderness World Heritage AreaCampaign to decommission dam and restore the lake

Manapouri96 (New Zealand)mdash170 MW 1969 142km2 has impacted lakes in Fiordland national park forTiwai point smelter (335000 tpy)mdashcurrently operatedby ComalcoRio Tinto (79) and Sumitomo (21)

26

Protest at site of proposed Rio Blanco dams part of Alumysaaluminum complex Chilean Patagonia

Photo Peter Hartmann

27

SOUTH AMERICA

ArgentinaPrincipal groups Pillan Mahuiza Mapuche CommunityEcopiuke Rios Vivos Coalition Patagonia Articulation

La Elena97 (Carrenleufu River)mdashPatagonia region 100MW 17 km2 $140 million First of six dams planned(La Caridadmdash42 MW 75 km2 Puesto Bustosmdash115MW 20 km2 Jaramillomdash24 MW 23 km2 RiacuteoHielomdash50 MW 18 km2 Fronteramdash80 MW 4 km2) topermit expansion of the Aluar aluminum refineryWould impact Mapuche indigenous communities andcampesinos and flood native forests

Brazil

Tocantins and Araguaia riversmdashsavanna and easternAmazonmdashAlcoa BHP Billiton CVRD Votorantim to fuelexpansion of Alumar and Albraacutes plantsmdashin all at least 37large and 9 smaller dams planned for basin98

Principal groups Dam Affected Peoplesrsquo Movement (MAB)Pastoral Land Commission (CPT) Carajaacutes Forum Forumof the Eastern Amazon (FAOR) Indigenist Work CenterIndigenist Missionary Council indigenous popula-tions

Serra Quebrada99 (Tocantins River)mdash1328 MW$135 billion 386 km2 reservoir would flood mostfertile lands of Apinajeacute indigenous reserve andrequire expulsion of 14000 people Has not yetbeen offered for concession

Estreito100 (Tocantins River)mdash1109 MW 590km2 would expel 6000 people and affect dol-phins and other aquatic life Currently delayed bylegal challenges

Santa Isabel101 (Araguaia River)mdash1080 MW$750 million 240 km2 would expel 2841 peopleand affect the Suruiacute-Aikewar indigenous peopleIn June 2003 the consortium suspended its plansfor the project after environmental officials ruledthe project was environmentally unfeasible for itsimpacts on protected areas and endangeredspecies including river dolphins and turtles

Xingu Hydroelectric Complexmdash6 dams 20000 km2 flood-ed Principal group Movement for the Development of theTransamazon and XingumdashMDTX Forum of the EasternAmazon Pastoral Land Commission

Belo Monte102 (Xingu River)mdash5500ndash11182 MW$5ndash8 billion 440 km2 16000 people displaced Wouldcut off water to the Big Bend of the Xingu home toPaquiccedilamba Juruna indigenous people The project ascurrently designed will generate very little energy dur-ing low-water period and speculation is that electricsector officials plan to proceed with the six-dam com-plex originally planned for the Xingu flooding morethan 20000 km2 of the rainforest and indigenousreserves Most likely consumers are the expandedAlumar and Albraacutes smelters and new mines andsmelters

Minas Gerais State Upper Doce River BasinPrincipal groups MAB CPT-MG Global Justice

Candonga103mdash140 MW $100 million 27 km2 100families displaced CVRDNovelis Construction hasbeen marked by police violence against protests bydam-affected communities104

II Current struggles against dams for aluminum

Lago Caro community would be forcibly removed for Alumysa smelterand dam project Chile Photo Peter Hartmann

Fumaccedila105 10 MW 22 km2 200 families displaced AlsoFurquim Prazeres106 total capacity 18 MW $21 millionNovelis (USA)mdashldquosmallrdquo hydroelectric dams planned inpopulated rural areas will affect hundreds of small farm-ers to power plant for aluminum rolled products Novelisis a new company which spun off from Alcan

Southern BrazilmdashPrincipal groups MAB Atlantic CoastForest Network APREMAVI Santa Catarina Federation ofEcological Groups-FEEC Friends of the Earth Brazil

Barra Grande107 (Pelotas River)mdash690 MW $500 mil-lion 81 km2 Project of aluminum companies Alcoa andCompanhia Brasileira de Alumiacutenio and constructionconglomerate Camargo Correa They omitted mention-ing in environmental studies that more than 2000hectares of virgin endangered araucaria pine forests and4000 hectares of other types of forests would be flood-ed Project awarded an operating license by federalenvironmental authorities in 2004 Reservoir filling sus-pended following blockades of clearing crews by affect-ed people but the project secured another operatinglicense and reservoir filling resumed

Southeastern BrazilmdashPrincipal groups MAB MOAB(Movement of Dam-Threatened People of the RibeiraValley) SOS Mata Atlantica Socio-EnvironmentalInstitute

Tijuco Alto108 (Ribeira do Iguape River)mdash150 MW100 km2 would dam Satildeo Paulo statersquos last undammedriver flood Atlantic Coast rainforests and lands of thequilombolas In 2003 project was denied an environ-mental license by federal authorities In March 2005the CBA aluminum company announced it had modi-fied the project design for Tijuco Alto and would re-apply for environmental licensing approval

ChilePrincipal groups Ayseacuten Life Reserve Patagonia CampaignFiscaliacutea del Medio Ambiente (FIMA) Greenpeace Chile

Alumysa Project109mdashUS$27 billion project includesthree dams (1000 MW total capacity) port and smelterwith capacity of 440000 tpy In August 2003Canadian-based Noranda announced it had withdrawnits request for environmental licensing after Chileanenvironmental authorities raised extensive issues con-cerning problems in the EIA Chile has invitedNoranda to select an alternative site for its smelter rais-ing questions as to whether the hydroelectric part of theproject will continue in the new plan

AFRICA

Cameroon

Lom Pangar (Lom River)mdash51 MW $115 million 610km2 number of villages affected unknown AES-Sonelproject would regulate Sanaga river to increase powergeneration from downstream dams Energy would prin-cipally go for expansion of Alcanrsquos Alucam smelterWould flood protected Deng-Deng forest

EUROPE

IcelandPrincipal groups Iceland Nature Conservation AssociationFriends of the Earth International Worldwide Fund forNature Bankwatch

Karahnjukar110 ( Joekulsa a Bru Joekulsa and Fljoetsdalrivers)mdash630 MW $11 billion Alcoa stepped in in2002 to replace Norsk Hydro and electricity will fueltheir 322000 tpy Reydaral smelter The damrsquos Halslonreservoir will flood 57 km2 of highland vegetation andthe extensive network of engineering works will directlyaffect 2900 km2 or three percent of Icelandrsquos land areaIt will partly flood one of Icelandrsquos largest and mostspectacular canyons the Dimmugljufur

Serbia and MontenegroPrincipal groups Most IUCN European Nature HeritageFund

Buk Bijela111 (Tara River)mdash450 MW UNESCOWorld Biosphere reserve to power Podgorica aluminumplant

ASIA

MalaysiaPrincipal groups Sahabat Alam Malaysia Friends of theEarth World Rainforest Movement

Bakun112 (Balui River)mdash2400 MW 694 km2 will dis-place 10000 indigenous people from five ethnic groupsand 15 longhouse communities and flood rainforestsand farmland There is a proposal to construct an alu-minum smelter (500000 tpy $7 billion) in SemilanjauSarawak which would guarantee the damrsquos feasibilityand purchase of 375 of Bakunrsquos capacity

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

MMoolltteenn RRiivveerrssmdashmdashtthhee AAlluummiinnuumm aanndd HHyyddrroo CCoonnnneeccttiioonnwwwirnorgprogramsaluminiumpdfaluminumreport2003pdf

WWWWFF RRiivveerrss aatt RRiisskkmdashmdashDDaammss aanndd tthhee ffuuttuurree ooff ffrreesshhwwaatteerr eeccoossyysstteemmss wwwpandaorgdownloadsfreshwaterriversatriskriversympo siumpapercollierdoc

Villagers displaced to make way for Bakun Dam Malaysia Photo Borneo Project

MMAA LL AA YY SS II AA SS BBAAKKUUNN DDAAMM UU NN FF EE AA SS II BB LL EE WW II TT HH OO UU TT AA LL UU MM II NN UU MM SS MM EE LL TT EE RR

The 2400 MW Bakun Dam in Sarawak Malaysia whichhas required the relocation of 10000 indigenous people isnow seen to be dependent on whether or not an aluminumcompany decides to build a smelter in the province TheGulf International Investment Group Capital company isnow indecisive as to whether to move ahead with theSmelter Asia project after a Dubai-based partner pulledout of the plan However BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto aresaid to be interested in the $25 billion smelter project assome Chinese companies are also said to be116

Relocation for Bakun Dam has been underway for sometime The inhabitants are being settled on only threehectares of land less than the 75 hectares they wereoriginally to be offered Human rights workers say thatresettlement housing is of extremely poor quality117

Malaysia has not designed a comprehensive energy planand while new dams are being constructed natural gas isbeing exported and conservation and alternative energysources are being ignored Bakun is an instructive lessonon how a dam originally presented as essential for meetingthe nationrsquos energy needs now has its feasibility dependenton electro-intensive industries to consume the power itwould provide It is a case of ldquothe cart pulling the horserdquo inthe direction of environmental and social devastation

LLIINNKKSS

CCooaalliittiioonn ooff CCoonncceerrnneedd NNGGOOss oonn BBaakkuunn

wwwxlibrisdemagickriverbakunhtm

RRiivveerrss WWaattcchh EEaasstt aanndd SSoouutthheeaasstt AAssiiaa oonn BBaakkuunnwwwrwesaorgstatementstatement20020824html

30

DDAA MM MM II NN GG TTHHEE AAMM AAZZ OONN FFOORR AA LL UU MM II NN UU MM

The largest dam ever built in a tropical rainforest BrazilrsquosTucuruiacute Dam was constructed principally to fuel theAlbraacutesAlunorte and Alumar aluminum smelters Now thesmelters are planning to expand their capacity and Alcoahas indicated its interest in developing a new bauxiteminealumina refinery complex in the Amazon This willplace added pressure on the Brazilian government to pro-mote plans for new hydroelectric dams in the Amazonwhere two-thirds of Brazilrsquos hydroelectric generatingpotential is located

Aluminum companies consume 55113-8114 of all electricalenergy in Brazil Alcoa has said it would be interested ininvesting as much as $1 billion as part of a consortiumbeing formed to construct Belo Monte Dam the first of aseries which would be built on the Xingu River115 BeloMonte would displace at least 16000 people and woulddry up the river below the dam affecting 500 indigenous

people Five other dams planned for the Xingu would floodthousands of square kilometers of rainforests and indige-nous reserves

Brazilian activists in collaboration with technical expertsand organized labor have raised important issues regard-ing the implications of a national industrial developmentpolicy that provides incentives for aluminum production forexport Efforts have been made to discuss the impacts ofthe aluminum industry at regional meetings in the Amazonand to place this discussion within the national debate onthe need for new hydropower projects in the rainforestand energy alternatives for Brazil

LLIINNKKSS

AArrttiiccllee oonn AAmmaazzoonn ddaamm ppllaannss wwwsocioambientalorg

PPrrooggrraammaa BBrraassiill SSuusstteennttaacuteaacutevveell ee DDeemmooccrraacuteaacutettiiccoo ((iinn PPoorrttuugguueessee))wwwbrasilsustentavelorgbr

The Igarau community successfully resisted expulsion for an Alcoa waste pond at the company`s Alumar plant BrazilPhoto AguirreSwitkesAmazonia

31

GGLL AA CC II AA LL AALL UU MM II NN UU MM

New dam and smelter complexes planned for Iceland andChile threaten some of the most pristine ecosystems onthe planet Alcoa is building the Karahnjukar HydropowerProject an ambitious scheme of large dams reservoirsand tunnels which will have massive impacts on IcelandrsquosCentral Highlands the second-largest remaining wilder-ness area in Europe and perhaps its most dramaticKarahnjukar will consist of nine dams and will block anddivert several glacial rivers Alcoa will use the electricityto fuel a smelter it plans to produce 322000 tons of alu-minum per year The area is a critical breeding area for thePink-footed goose Purple Sandpiper and RedneckedPhalarope Environmentalists warn of potential problemswith siltation and of the dangers of the siting of the dam ina volcanic area The project is in construction but laborstoppages targeting the Italian company Impregilomdashwhounions say is violating Icelandic law by importing low-wage workersmdashhave left it behind schedule Alcoa alsohas been ordered by a court in Iceland to undertake a newEnvironmental Impact Assessment for the project118

The Canadian company Noranda is planning a 440000 tpysmelter in Chilean Patagonia which will cost $275 billionTo power the Alumysa project Noranda proposes con-structing six hydroelectric dams with a total installedcapacity of 1000 MW The complex which also includes a

deep-water port and transmission lines would affect anarea which has been promoted by environmentalists andecotourism companies as a ldquoreserve for liferdquo in order toprotect glacier-fed rivers native forests coastal watersand endangered species The Alumysa project is currentlyon hold following challenges by Chilean environmentalauthorities119

In the Iceland case national and international environ-mental pressure was insufficient to stop the aluminumcomplex although activists are still working against theproject at all levelsmdashgovernment environmental agen-cies international financial institutions etc In the case ofAlumysa a well-coordinated national and internationalcampaign including Canadian activists created significantpublic-relations and regulatory obstacles for Noranda Theeffectiveness of environmental campaigns depend uponfactors including the level of funding available for activistcampaigns the ability to get articles published in nationaland international media ldquocelebrityrdquo participation in cam-paigns and the potential to bring pressure on aluminumcompanies in their country of origin

LLIINNKKSS

NNaattttuurruuvvaakkttiinn wwwnatturuvaktincomenglishhtm

KKiilllliinngg IIcceellaanndd wwwkillingicelandorg

32

We CAN recycle

What responsibility do consumers have given that they are the ldquobenefi-ciariesrdquo of the aluminum production chain One obvious responsibil-

ity they have is to maximize their recycling of aluminum Recycling is a cru-cial way to reduce impacts from aluminum production since through recy-cling 95 of the energy needed to produce primary aluminum is saved andthe pollution and other impacts generated by primary aluminum smelters isavoided120 Most aluminum products can be recycled and secondary alu-minum retains most of the characteristics of primary aluminum making itfeasible for most kinds of re-use

Much of the debate on recycling has focused on aluminum cans which along withaluminum foil are the best-known consumer uses of aluminum It comes as no sur-

33

prise that Americans are the largestconsumers of aluminum cans consum-ing per capita 350 drinks in alu-minum cans per year (the runner-up inbeverage can purchasing is Swedenwith 103 cans purchased per year) Tomake matters worse only 44 of alu-minum cans purchased in the US in2003 were recycled the lowest rate ofrecycling in 25 years121

The Container Recycling Institute(CRI) estimates that replacing therecord 55 billion cans wasted last yearwith new cans made from virgin mate-rials squandered the equivalent of over20 million barrels of crude oil andgenerated more than 35 million tonsof greenhouse gases and other emis-sions The amount of energy saved byrecycling is astounding Replacing onewasted can requires 05 kWh of elec-tricity enough to light a 100-watt light

bulb for five hours And for every six-pack of beer or soft drink in cans thatis not recycled the energy equivalentof a can full of gasoline is wasted

CRI found that since the aluminumindustry began keeping records in1972 Americans threw away morethan one trillion cans without recyclingthem To give an idea of the magnitudeof this waste these cans if laid end-to-end would stretch for 76 millionmiles equivalent to 158 roundtrips tothe moon Such a quantity of scrapaluminum would have a current valueof $21 billion If Americans were torecycle at a higher rate the environ-mental and social impacts of operatinghydroelectric dams and coal-firedpower stations bauxite mines and pri-mary aluminum smelters in pristineecosystems and the displacement ofindigenous communities and local

populations could be lessened

Germany which has led the way inpromoting aluminum recycling inEurope has had some very positive andalso more difficult experiences withrecycling Germanyrsquos 1991 law makingit mandatory for stores selling pack-aged goods to present an option forrecycling these packages such as alu-minum cans has had a positive impactHowever the 2002 law levying adeposit on products sold in tin or alu-minum cans has been criticized forbeing too complicated and has trig-gered a wave of non-complianceSwitzerland which recycles 91 of itsaluminum cans and Sweden with arecycling rate of 86 are the Europeanleaders but the continentrsquos average isonly 40 recycled

Brazil was among the worldrsquos leaders in

The principal use for aluminum on a global basis is in the transportation

industry which is also the fastest-growing segment of aluminum consumption

worldwide Transportation uses constitute 30 of aluminum use in the west-

ern world including its use for commercial and military aircraft railroad

cars trucks trailers buses etc122 Automobile and light truck applications

alone account for nearly one-fifth of all US aluminum consumption in 2000

with passenger cars containing an average of 257 pounds of aluminum

Transportation accounts for only 14 of Chinarsquos aluminum use

The next most important segment of aluminum use is in construction This

sector accounts for 18 of western consumption (131 in the US)

Packaging including cans foil and other uses comprises 17 of the western

market (204 of aluminum consumption in the US) Other important uses

included machinery and equipment (9) electrical uses (8) and consumer

durables (6) The principal force driving Chinarsquos aluminum consumption is

building and construction accounting for 30 of its aluminum use123

AALL UU MM II NN UU MM CC OO NN SS UU MM PP TT II OO NN OONN TTHHEE RRIISS EE

recycling in 2003 with nearly 90 ofaluminum cans recycled In Brazilrsquos casethe principal factor in the countryrsquos out-standing recycling success was its wide-spread poverty a strong incentive to tak-ing advantage of the added incomeopportunity presented by recycling

Changing the patterns of consumption ofaluminum can play a pivotal role in theformulation of strategies to avoid the mostsevere impacts of the aluminum produc-tion chain A term which has been coinedis ldquomineral efficiencyrdquo As a society wemust take responsibility to reduce our con-

sumption of metals to make fullest use oftheir ability to be recycled and reused andby doing this reduce the massive inputs ofenergy and water currently used to processminerals as crucial steps toward sustain-able societies Laws should be passed toensure that producers are responsible fortaking back and recycling containers andother products they sell When we have nooption but to purchase products that comein aluminum packaging insist on ade-quate policies to facilitate aluminum recy-cling avoiding the additional impacts ofmanufacturing new primary aluminum

34

BBOOTT TTLL EE BB IILL LL SS SS MMAALLLL FF II NN AA NN CC II AA LL II NN CC EE NN TT II VV EE SS PP RR OO VV II DD EE AANN

EE NN OO RR MM OO UU SS BBOO OOSS TT TTOO RR EE CC YY CC LL II NN GG

LLIINNKK

CCoonnttaaiinneerr RReeccyycclliinngg IInnssttiittuutteewwwcontainer-recyclingorg

Eleven US states currently charge a small deposit on aluminum cans at point

of purchase Research by CRI shows that recycling rates are far higher when

even a small deposit is charged mdashin states where there is a 5 cent deposit

recycling rates reached 85 nearly double the national average and in

Michigan the only state where there is a 10 cent deposit these rates

reached 95124

There are also other factors that help account for the decline in recycling

rates in the US in recent decades According to CRI ldquoa major reason for the

recycling decline is the insufficient availability of recycling options at the

point of consumptionrdquo As Americans commute greater distances to work

people consume more food and beverages on the go and less at home

where they would be more likely to recycle

By making your neighbors aware of the enormous impacts of the aluminumproduction chain you can help increase recycling and reuse of aluminum aswell as raise consumer consciousness regarding the consequences on aglobal scale of unbridled consumerism Working locally to promote bottle billlegislation is a practical way of providing incentives toward the recycling ofaluminum cans

LLIINNKK

CCoonnttaaiinneerr RReeccyycclliinngg IInnssttiittuuttee BBoottttllee BBiillll TToooollkkiittwwwtoolkitcontainer-recyclingorg

35

Recognizing the severe impacts resulting from increasedproduction and consumption of aluminum is only a firststep What is more difficult is to build a case for the supe-riority of alternative materials to aluminum The state-of-the-art technique for weighing aluminumrsquos social and envi-ronmental costs and benefits vs those of other materialsis called life cycle analysis In it one measures the sum ofall impacts of the production of aluminum including ener-gy loss of forests and costs resulting from pollution gen-erated during the process against the benefits of usingaluminummdashfor example the energy it saves as a materialused in vehicles due to its light weight compared to steel

In a 1999 study the Materials Systems Laboratory at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) analyzed theemissions of CO2 and other substances from producingthe aluminum used in vehicles and the CO2 savings result-ing from lighter aluminum vehicles burning less fuel Theydid not consider other factors such as social and environ-mental impacts of hydroelectric dams which generateelectricity for primary aluminum smelters Looking at thenet results for converting a fleet of steel-structure cars toaluminum they found that net drops in CO2 emissionswould be realized only after 15-17 years of vehicle usewhich is more than the expected life of the car and that ifmodern ultra-light steel were utilized the aluminum carswould prove more climate friendly only after 32-38 yearsof driving The MIT scientists concluded that aluminumbody designs do not offer gains in life-cycle CO2 produc-tion125

There are substitutes for aluminum use in the airplaneindustry as well Boeingrsquos new 7E7 aircraft moves awayfrom aluminum using graphite toughened with epoxyresin as a composite with wings made of titanium and

graphite126 Copper can replace aluminum in electricalapplications magnesium titanium and steel can substi-tute for aluminum in structural and ground transportationuses Composites wood and steel can substitute for alu-minum in construction and glass plastic paper and steelcan substitute for aluminum in packaging Here too thereare a complex set of considerations in determining thesuperiority of materials but the social and environmentalimpacts of producing primary aluminum make it desirableto identify alternatives to its use

Earlier studies by the Danish Environmental ProtectionAgency had compared lifecycle emissions from aluminumuse in serving trays frequently used for pre-preparedfood as compared with PET (plastic) trays and they foundPET to be more environmentally friendly While single usecontainers do not appear to offer an attractive alternativereusable glass or PET bottles are clearly good alternativesto aluminum cans particularly if recycling options areinadequate127 Unfortunately the infrastructure for recy-cling glass in the US is inadequate and more and moreglass is ending up in landfills

Such studies are likely to be the benchmark for moresophisticated analyses of the impacts of aluminum vsother materials for many years into the future The alu-minum industry has attempted to refute these studies withits own research What is universally agreed is that signifi-cant benefits to the environment take place when alu-minum is recycled or reused and that aluminum entersthe arena at a great environmental disadvantage whencompared with other materials due to the enormousenergy requirements for primary aluminum smelting

PPAA YY IINN GG FFOORR AA LL UU MM II NN UU MM SS CCOO SS TT SS OOVVEERR AA LL II FF EE TT II MM EE

36

In order to develop strategies to control the impacts of the aluminumindustry on a global scale itrsquos worth taking a closer look at the worldrsquos

largest aluminum company Alcoa and how it operates Alcoa is one of theoldest metals companies in the world and in fact the electrolytic process toreduce aluminum oxide to aluminum was co-invented by Alcoarsquos founderCharles Martin Hall in 1886 radically reducing the cost of producing alu-minum Hall and partners formed the Pittsburg Reduction Company and by1888 were producing aluminum on a commercial scale Before long Halland company were selling manufactured aluminum products such as cookingutensils electrical wiring motor parts and others

Alcoa Aluminum foil mag wheels and wide-spread environmental destruction

Region affected by Alcoa`s Karahnjukar project Iceland Photo Arni Finnsson

By the first decade of the twentiethcentury the company owned bauxitemines in Arkansas an aluminum refin-ery in Illinois and three primary alu-minum smelters in New York andCanada and had changed its name tothe Aluminum Company of America(later changed to Alcoa in the 1960rsquos)The company grew impressively duringWorld War II when it received financ-ing from the US governmentFollowing the war the government-financed plants were sold to other alu-minum companies to avoid anti-trustsuits

Alcoa has 120000 employees world-wide Its income in 2003 was $215billion a year in which Alcoa enjoyedprofits of $938 million About half ofAlcoarsquos revenues come from sales offabricated products principally for thetransportation and construction indus-tries The other half is split between

aluminum and alumina sales and pack-aging and consumer items AlcoarsquosBoard of Directors reflects sectors con-sidered strategically important for thecompany including Ernesto Zedilloformer President of Mexico KlausKleinfeld ex-President of SiemensJoseph Gorman ex-Chairman of mili-tary contractor TRW Carlos Ghosnex-CEO of Nissan Motors andKathryn Fuller former President of

37

Virgin araucaria pine forests flooded by Alcoa`s Barra Grande Dam BrazilPhoto Adriano Becker

World Wildlife Fund US ChairmanAlain Belda rose to his position via hisexperience as President of AlcoarsquosBrazilian affiliate

Alcoa is the worldrsquos principal producerof bauxite (with mines in AustraliaGuinea Suriname Jamaica Brazil andGuyana) alumina (nearly one-quarterof global production with nine refiner-ies in the US Australia Spain BrazilJamaica and Germany) and primaryaluminum (13 of world productionwith 27 smelters in the US CanadaAustralia Brazil Spain Italy andNorway) as well as fabricated alu-minum The company provides alu-minum for commercial transport theaerospace industry civil construction

aluminum packaging and automobilesalso producing machinery for fabrica-tion of aluminum packaging

Alcoa has ambitious plans for expand-ing its activities The company is cur-rently increasing the capacity of its alu-mina refineries in Suriname (250000tpy) and Jamaica (250000 tpy) and isplanning even greater expansion inAustralia (2 million tpy at theWagerup plant and 600000 tpy atPinjarra) Brazil (2 million tpy at itsSatildeo Luiacutes plant) Guinea (14 milliontpy) and Jamaica (an additional 14million tpy expansion in capacity isbeing analyzed for feasibility)Whether or not Alcoa goes ahead withthese projects will depend on whether

global demand for alumina will contin-ue to rise

Alcoa is currently building a primaryaluminum smelter in Iceland (322000tpy) is expanding its Alumar smelterin Brazil (by 63000 tpy) and is ana-lyzing new smelter projects in Bahrain(1100000 tpy) and Trinidad (250000tpy) Alcoa has also aggressivelyexpanded operations in China and hasbought 8 of Chinalco with whom itwill jointly operate the Pingguo alumi-na and primary aluminum plant insouthern China

Alcoa is also working to guaranteeaccess to cheap energy by planninginvestments in new hydroelectric damsin Brazil including Belo Monte Damon the Xingu128 and Serra QuebradaDam on the Tocantins River Its plansfor Santa Isabel Dam on the AraguaiaRiver were dropped after environmen-tal licensing authorities determined theproject to be environmentally unfeasi-ble129 Another project it plans todevelop with BHP Billiton TractebelCVRD and others Estreito Dam hasfaced difficulties in acquiring an envi-ronmental license due to omissionsand inconsistencies in environmentalstudies submitted by the consortium130

Alcoarsquos Barra Grande Dam in southernBrazil although nearing completionreceived an operating license despitethe fact that a fraudulent environmen-tal impact study failed to mention that6000 hectares of endangered forestswould be flooded by the dam131

Alcoa has recently run into problemswith organized labor at its smelter inBecancour Quebec Canada over theissues of job security outsourcing andpensions In 2004 a strike lasting fourmonths forced the company to reduceproduction at the mill one of theworldrsquos largest by two-thirds132

Workers at four Alcoa plants in the USare also threatening to strike over out-sourcing of jobs Union representatives

38

Aluminum mag wheels Photo DGB Bildungswerk

at Alcoarsquos Alumar smelter in Brazilcomplained the company was blockingunionization and failing to reportinjuries at the plant133

Alcoa also operates 13 ldquomaquilardquo assem-bly plants just over the Texas border inMexico where 15600 workers toleratepoor pay ($70-$83week) and workingconditions to put together wire har-nesses for export to US car makersAlcoa has refused to negotiate withworkers threatening instead to move its

operations to other countries134

Yet Alcoa was chosen ldquoone ofAmericarsquos most admired companiesrdquo byFortune magazine in 2004 and isproud of its ldquocommitment to sustain-abilityrdquo135 Itrsquos ironic how terms devel-oped by environmentalists lose theirmeaning when hijacked by one of theworldrsquos dirtiest companies

39

LLIINNKKSS

Aluminum coils Photo DGB Bildungswerk

40

AALLCCOOAA RRUUNNSS AAFF OOUU LL OOFF UUSS LLAAWW SS

Alcoa has faced legal action as a result of pollution fromits plants In 2003 Alcoa was ordered by the EPA to cutsulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions by up to 95and pay $4 million in compensation at its Rockdale Texasplant which burns lignite coal from an on-site mine forthe companyrsquos aluminum smelter136 Spewing more than75000 tons of pollutants into the atmosphere each year ina plume which reaches for hundreds of miles AlcoarsquosRockdale plant is the nationrsquos largest non-utility emitter ofSO2 and NO137 Like many of Alcoarsquos older operationsRockdale was exempted from the 1971 Clean Air Actrequirements because it predated the law Alcoa has sinceagreed to shut down three of its four dirty coal-burningpower plants fueling the Rockdale smelter saying it hopesto lease the plant sites to other companies that wouldreplace them with cleaner facilities Skeptics say thatAlcoa is just trying to buy time and that it is unlikelyanother power plant operator with financing will be found1100 local people and plant workers have sued Alcoa fordiseases caused by asbestos exposure from the Rockdaleplant138

In 1991 Alcoa agreed to pay $75 million in civil and crimi-nal penalties for dumping PCBs and other pollutantsincluding spent pot liners at its Massena plant139 The$375 million criminal penalty was the largest in US histo-ry for a hazardous waste violation Alcoa also paid $24million and came to an agreement with the EPA to invest

$64 million in air pollution and waste reduction becauseof poisoning the Ohio River140

In December 2004 Alcoa was ordered to pay $114 mil-lion to cleanup mercury contamination in Lavaca BayTexas and soil contamination near the site of its PointComfort plant which produced chlorine and sodiumhydroxide from 1948-1994141 Contamination had reachedthe level where oyster raising fishing and crabbing wereprohibited According to Don Pitts a scientist with theTexas Department of Parks and Wildlife ldquoThere was directimpact to fish and birds in the area In the case of fishthe mercury altered their behavior so that they couldnrsquotevade predators like they used tordquo Larger shore birdssuch as great blue herons suffered damage to theirreproductive systems142 Alcoa also agreed to transfer 729acres to the US Fish and Wildlife Service to increase theAransas Wildlife Refuge Alcoa will dredge mercury-con-taminated sediment operate a ground water recoverysystem at the former plant and monitor mercury levels insediments and fish until the levels are acceptable

LLIINNKKSS

NNeeiigghhbboorrss ffoorr NNeeiigghhbboorrss ((TTeexxaass))wwwneighborsforneighborscom

PPrreelliimmiinnaarryy PPuubblliicc HHeeaalltthh AAsssseessssmmeenntt AAllccooaa ((PPooiinntt CCoommffoorrtt))mdashmdashTTeexxaass DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt ooff HHeeaalltthhwwwatsdrcdcgovHACPHAalcoaalc_tochtml

Alcoas coal-burning plant Rockdale TexasPhoto Neighbors for Neighbors

Alcoa`s Rockdale Texas strip minePhoto Neighbors for Neighbors

41

FFOO II LL II NN GG TTHHEE AA LL UU MM II NN UU MM II NN DD UU SS TT RR YY

How then can we pressure Alcoa or another major alu-minum company if they are carrying out activities whichthreaten your community or an endangered ecosystemOne way activists have found works to have your mes-sage heard is to organize a campaign of faxes or lettersto company officials publicizing the campaign in the massmedia To the company the sudden barrage of expres-sions of public outrage are a clear indicator that they areripe for even broader public criticism The companyrsquosimmediate reaction will be to counter the information withpress releases and postings on their website

Itrsquos important to research the company yoursquore targetingas carefully as possible so that you can better under-stand how they work as well as identifying potentialpoints of vulnerability There are many good resources onthe web143 ranging from depositories of official documentsfiled by the company itself to sites where NGOs and com-munity representatives denounce the companyrsquos actionsin a specific project

Another tactic widely employed is to purchase a fewshares of company stock and organize a protest at theannual shareholdersrsquo meeting to publicize problemscaused by the companyrsquos actions144 This is also an effec-tive way to reach institutional investors who may havesocially-conscious investment guidelines such as publicpension funds and church groups145 The Corner House haspublished several very useful documents with informationon lobbying companies and financial institutions TheFriends of the Earth International document cited belowis also a highly recommended resource

Another way to pressure a company is to organize a boy-cott of the companyrsquos products If this is well-organizedand the word gets out to a large number of consumersthe company may feel that in the long run their productswill lose prestige among consumers The Corner Housedocument ldquoCampaignerrsquos guide to financial marketsrdquo hasexcellent examples of the power and limitations of con-sumer boycotts146 It cites a survey that found that 4 outof 10 people worldwide had boycotted a companyrsquos prod-

ucts for ethical reasons during 1999147 Co-op Americaalso has published a useful guide to organizing consumerboycotts148

In Alcoarsquos case for example the company may be vulner-able to boycotts because it manufactures products whichare marketed directly to consumers and which are verylucrative Notable is Alcoarsquos Reynolds Wrap AluminumFoils (Reynolds Wrap accounts for 58 of the US alu-minum foil business) Reynolds plastic wrap oven bagshot bags wrappers foil bags foil sheets baking cupsCutrite wax paper parchment paper freezer paper andReynolds Pot-Lux Cookware the most important productsin Alcoarsquos $32 billion consumer products division (in theUK Alcoa sells aluminum foils under the brand name ofBaco Foil) Alcoa also sells Dura-Bright aluminum wheelsand aluminum siding trim and curtain walls under thetrade names of Cedar Discovery Mastic Reynobond andReynolux149

Corporate campaigns take a lot of work and involvemobilizing large numbers of consumers and investorsBut in todayrsquos globalized world of increased private capi-tal flows the only handle activists and communities maybe able to get on an aluminum company planning adestructive project is through actions targeting the com-pany on its home ground By developing well-documentedarguments preferably with the direct involvement of rep-resentatives of affected communities activists candemonstrate to the company that if it insists on movingahead with the project it will pay a cost in terms ofdiminished prestige and that it is likely to suffer projectdelays and resulting financial losses if it insists on movingahead This type of argument can also have an impactwith private or public financial institutions consideringfinancing the project

LLIINNKKSS

TThhee CCoorrnneerr HHoouusseewwwthecornerhouseorguk

FFrriieennddss ooff tthhee EEaarrtthh IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaallwwwfoeorginternationalshareholder

42

The aluminum production chain results in significant impacts which havedegraded critical ecosystems and destroyed communities Direct impacts

of producing aluminum include air and water pollution Indirect impactsfrom power projects fueling aluminum smelters include environmentaldestruction and social upheaval caused by the damming of wild rivers andthe contribution to global warming caused by burning fossil fuels

The global aluminum industry has shown itself to be unwilling to addressthe serious impacts of aluminum production worldwide The consumptionof aluminum products currently on the rise must be curtailed as a reflectionof increasing consumer concern over social and environmental responsibilityThe recycling of aluminum cans and other products is an important way toprevent much of the impact caused by primary aluminum smelting andshould be encouraged through official policies such as bottle bills

Conclusion

Trombetas Region Brazil Photo Carlos Penteado

alumina aluminum oxide refined from bauxite ore feed-stock for the smelting of aluminum metal

anode carbon blocks which serve as positive electrodes inthe smelting process The two most common types ofanodes are Soderberg and pre-bake anodes

bauxite aluminum ore found principally in tropical andsub-tropical areas

Bayer process procedure used to refine bauxite ore into alu-mina

calcinations the conversion of metals into their oxides as aresult of heating to a high temperature

caustic soda an alkali used as a reactant in alumina refin-ingmdashit is very corrosive to the eyes skin and respiratorytract

ingot primary aluminum cast from smelted molten alu-minum in an oblong shape which makes it convenient forshipping

life-cycle analysis the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo accounting of thenet benefits and impacts of industrial and other processestaking into account factors such as energy and pollution

pot lining large rectangular steel box lined with carbonmade by baking a mixture of metallurgical coke and pitchThis lining serves as the cathode (or negative electrode) inthe smelting of primary aluminum

primary aluminum aluminum ingots produced from baux-ite or other aluminum ores via a smelting process

red mud bauxite residue from refining to alumina via theBayer process

secondary aluminum aluminum metal resulting from recy-cling or recovered from aluminum scrap

smelting the conversion of alumina to primary aluminumusing an electrolytic process

43

Glossary

Aluminum Canrsquots Austin Chronicle January 11 2002wwwaustinchroniclecomissuesdispatch2002-01-11pols_feature4html

Appeal from Kashipur Orissa December 30 2003wwwsabrangcomotconcernorissapdf

Barclayrsquos and the Karahnjukar Project FOEIRN 2004wwwfoecoukresourcebriefingsbarclays_karahnjukarpdf

Behind the Shining SEEN 2001wwwsaanetorgkashipurdocsseenalumhtm

Coal Hard Cash Austin Chronicle September 3 1999wwwaustinchroniclecomissuesdispatch1999-09-03pols_featurehtml

Dirty Metals Mineral Policy Center 2004wwwnodirtygoldorgdirty_metals_reportcfm

Extractive Industries Review Introduction Bankwatch 2003wwwbankwatchorgissueswb-imfeirmeirhtml

Global Mining Campaign wwwglobalminingcampaignorg

The Icelandic Rift Industry versus natural splendor in a ldquopro-gressiverdquo nation Orion wwworiononlineorgpagesom04-2omSwanhtml

Molten Riversmdashthe Aluminum and Hydro Connection IRN2003 wwwirnorgprogramsaluminiumpdfaluminumreport2003pdf

Multinational Company Union Networks Bulletin Brazil2003 wwwobservatoriosocialorgbrdownloadAluminiopdf

Neighbors vs Neighbors Austin Chronicle July 27 2001wwwaustinchroniclecomissuesdispatch2001-07-27pols_featurehtml

Noranda From Canada to Patagonia A Life of Crime 2003wwwsociedadcivilclftpNorandapdf

Perfluorocarbon (PFC) generation during primary aluminumproduction Marks Roberts Bakshi Dolinwwwepagovhighgwpaluminum-pfcpdfpfc_generationpdf

Power Driven Guardian on Iceland project November 292003wwwguardiancoukweekendstory0109454100html

Take Profit out of Pollution American Lung Association ofTexas February 24 2002wwwneighborsforneighborscomMediaPagesAASTake20Profit20Out20Of20PollutionTakeProfitOuthtml

Technology and Economics of Reducing PFC Emissions fromAluminium Production Marks Atkinson Chase Rand 2002wwwepagovhighgwpaluminum-pfcpdfAlTechEconpdf

Toxicological Profile for fluorine hydrogen fluoride andfluorides Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryUS Department of Health and Human Services PublicHealth Service September 2003wwwatsdrcdcgovtoxprofilestp11html

Trashed Cans The Global Environmental Impacts of AluminumCan Wasting in America Container Recycling Institute June2002 wwwcontainer-recyclingorgpublicationstrashedcansTCExecSumpdf

Will Alcoa Clear the Air Austin Chronicle October 8 2004wwwaustinchroniclecomissuesdispatch2004-10-08pols_feature12html

44

Other Key Documents

Alcanrsquot in India Campaign3647 University Street 3rd floorMontreal QC H2V 4B4 CanadaTel (1514) 3987432alcantinindiayahoocomwwwsaanetorgalcant

Amnesty International5 Penn Plaza 14th FloorNew York NY 10001 USATel (1212) 8078400Fax (1212) 6271451wwwamnestyusaorg

Associaccedilatildeo em Defesa dosReclamantes e Vitimados porDoenccedilas do Trabalho na CadeiaProdutiva do Alumiacutenio no Estado doParaacute (ADRVDT-CPA)Reinaldo DamascenoTel (5591) 81233972

Australian Manufacturing WorkersrsquoUnion133 Parramatta RoadGranville NSW 2142PO Box 160Granville NSW 2142 AustraliaTel (612) 98979133 amwu2amwuasnauwwwamwuasnau

Ayseacuten Life ReserveAlianza Ayseacuten Reserva de VidaTel (562) 2747461 2747431coordinacionnoalumysaclwwwnoalumysacl

BanktrackJohan Frijns (coordinator) Donker Curtiusstraat 7-523 1051 JL Amsterdam Netherlands Tel (3120) 6868111 Fax (3120) 6866251 coordbanktrackorgwwwbanktrackorg

BankwatchJicinska 8130 00 Praha 3 Czech RepublicTelFax (420) 274816571mainbankwatchorgwwwbankwatchorg

Berne DeclarationPO Box 1327 CH-8031 Zurich Switzerland Tel (411) 2777000 Fax (411) 2777001 infoevbchwwwevbch

Central Uacutenica dos TrabalhadoresRua Caetano Pinto nordm 575 CEP 03041-000 Braacutes Satildeo Paulo SP BrazilTel (5511) 21089200Fax (5511) 21089310wwwcutorgbr

Climate Action Network AustraliaSuite 213National Innovation CentreAustralian Technology ParkEveleigh NSW 1430 AustraliaTel (612) 92094594Fax (612) 92094351coordcananetauwwwcananetau

Comissatildeo Proacute-Iacutendio de Satildeo PauloRua Padre Carvalho nordm 175CEP 05427-100Bairro PinheirosSatildeo Paulo SP BrazilTel (5511) 38147228Fax (5511) 35188961cpispcpisporgbrwwwcpisporgbr

Comiteacute Fronterizo de ObrersOcampo 509-B altosPiedras Negras Coahuila CP 26000Meacutexicowwwcfomaquiladorasorg

Container Recycling Institute1911 North Fort Myer DriveSuite 702Arlington Virginia 22209-1603 USATel (1703) 2769800 infocontainer-recyclingorgwwwcontainer-recyclingorg

DGB Bildungswerk (German alu-minum workersrsquo union)Manfred BrinkmannNord-Suumld-NetzHans-Boumlckler-Strasse 3940476 Duumlsseldorf GermanyTel (49211) 4301258Fax (49211) 4301500nord-sued-netzdgb-bildungswerkdewwwnord-sued-netzde

Earthworks1612 K St NW Suite 808Washington DC 20006 USATel (1202) 8871872 infoearthworksactionorgwwwearthworksactionorg(with Oxfam US)wwwnodirtygoldorg

FIVAS - SSoolliiddaarriitteettsshhuusseettOsterhausgt 27 0183 Oslo NorwayTel (4722) 989325 Fax (4722) 989301fivasfivasorgwwwfivasorg

45

Key Organizations

Fluoride Action NetworkPO Box 5111Burlington VT 05402 USATel (1802) 3550999 or(1315) 3799200infofluoridealertorgwwwfluoridealertorg

Frente en Defensa del RiacuteoCarrenleufuacuteCorcovadoComunidad Mapuche Pillaacuten MahuizaChubut ArgentinaTel (542945) 15692319pillanmahuizayahoocomarrioslibresriseupnet

Friends of the Earth InternationalPO Box 19199 1000 gd Amsterdam NetherlandsTel (3120) 6221369Fax (3120) 6392181casogariracsacocrwwwfoeiorgififfmhtml

Global Village CameroonHalleson DurrellBP 3158 Yaoundeacute CameroonTel (237) 2233152Fax (237) 2224331hndurrelyahoocomwwwglobalvillagecamorg

Green WorldOleg BodrovPO Box 937 Sosnovy Bor StPetersburg Region 188544 RussiaTelFax (7) 8136972991bodrovsbornet

Iceland Nature ConservationAssociationThe Reykjavik AcademyHringbraut 121107 Reykjaviacutek IcelandTel (354) 5512279 nsimmediaiswwwincais

Instituto SocioambientalAv Higienoacutepolis 901CEP 01238-001Higienoacutepolis Satildeo Paulo SP BrazilTel (5511) 36607949Fax (5511) 36607941isasocioambientalorgwwwsocioambientalorg

KoBra - Kooperation Brasilien eV(German coalition in support ofBrazil)Habsburgerstr 979104 Freiburg GermanyTel (49761) 6006926Fax (49761) 6006928kobra-mailt-onlinedewwwkobrawdssde

Mineral Policy InstitutePO Box 89ErskinevilleNSW 2043 AustraliaTel (612) 95579019Fax (612) 95579822mpimpiorgauwwwmpiorgau

Mines and CommunitiesRoger Moodyco 41 Thornhill SquareLondon N1 1LE United Kingdom Tel (4420) 77006189 Fax (4420) 77006189infominesandcommunitiesorgwwwminesandcommunitiesorg

Mines Minerals and PeopleRavi Rebba PragadaNational ConvenorNo 8-2-590B Road No 1 BanjaraHills Hyderabad - 500 034 AP IndiaTel (9140) 6637974 3352475Fax (9140) 3352488mmpinmmpindiaorgsecretariatmmpindiaorgwwwmmpindiaorg

Mining Watch CanadaSuite 508 City Centre Building 880 Wellington StOttawa Ontario K1R 6K7 CanadaTel (1613) 5693439 Fax (1613) 5695138 canadaminingwatchcawwwminingwatchca

MAB - Movimento dos Atingidospor Barragens (Brazilian dam-affectedpeoples movement) HIGS Quadra 705Asa Sul Bloco K Casa 11CEP 70350-711 Brasiacutelia DF BrazilTel (55) 2428535mabmabnacionalorgbrcomunicacaomabmabnacionalorgbrwwwmabnacionalorgbr

Neighbors for NeighborsPO Box 661Elgin TX 78621 USATel (1512) 5893861nfninfoegroupscomwwwneighborsforneighborscom

NorwatchFredensborgvn 24 G0177 Oslo NorwayTel (4722) 033150Fax (4722) 033151norwatchfivhnowwwnorwatchno

Observatoacuterio SocialSede Nacional AvMauro Ramos 1624 CEP 88020-302Florianoacutepolis SC BrazilTelFax (5548) 30284400observatorioobservatoriosocialorgbrwwwobservatoriosocialorgbr

Oxfam Australia156 George StFitzroy VIC 3065 AustraliaTel (613) 92899444Fax (613) 94195895enquirecaaorgauwwwoxfamorgau

46

Pedder 2000 IncorporatedPO Box 1041 Surrey Hills North Victoria 3127 AustraliaTel (613) 94163391petersenetorgauwwwlakepedderorg

Projeto Brasil Sustentaacutevel eDemocraacuteticoRua das Palmeiras 90 ndash BotafogoCEP 22270-070Rio de Janeiro RJ BrazilTel (5521) 2861441 brsustfaseorgbrwwwbrasilsustentavelorgbr

Rivers Watch East and SoutheastAsiaco Cordillera Peoplersquos Alliance PO Box 9752600 Baguio City Philippines

Tel (6374) 4422115 Fax (6374) 4437159supportrwesaorgwwwrwesaorg

Sahabat Alam MalaysiaNo 27 Lorong Maktab10250 Penang MalaysiaTel (604) 2276930Fax (604) 2275705smidristmnetmywwwsurforevercomsam

Sustainable Energy and EconomicNetwork (SEENIPS)733-15th St NW Suite 1020Washington DC 20005 USATel (1202) 2349382 x208Fax (1202) 3877915dwyshamseenorgwwwseenorg

United Steelworkers of AmericaFive Gateway CenterPittsburgh PA 15222 USATel (1412) 5622400webmasteruswaorgwwwuswaorg

Western Australian Forest AllianceCity West Lotteries House2 Delhi StWest Perth 6005 AustraliaTel (618) 94207265Fax (618) 94207273wafaconservationwaasnauwwwwafaorgau

World Commission on Damswwwdamsorg

47

1 For explanation of aluminum production process seefor example Altenpohl DG Aluminum TechnologyApplications and Environment Chapter 2 atwwwtmsorgpubsBooks4062chapter2pdf on 3-01-05 Brief description also at USEPA Office ofCompliance Sector Notebook Project Profile of theNon-Ferrous Metals Industry 1995 atwwwepagovComplianceresourcespublicationsassistancesectorsnotebooksnfmetlsnpt1pdf on 3-01-05Somewhat more technical explanation inElectrochemistry Encyclopedia (article by TR Beck)Electrolytic Production of Aluminum 2001 atelectrochemcwrueduedencyclart-a01-al-prodhtmon 3-01-05

2 Alcan facts 2004 at wwwalcancomwebpublishingnsf AttachmentsByTitleInvestors-OtherPublications$file2004_Alcan_ Facts_Epdf on2-28-05 wwwrusalcomaboutus on 2-28-05

3 Aluminum Association Primary aluminum productionat wwwaluminumorg on 3-03-05

4 International Aluminum Institute at wwwworld-aluminiumorgiaistatsformServeraspform=11 on 2-28-05

6 Natural Resources Canada (by W Wagner) Aluminum2001 at wwwnrcangccammspdfnfonfo01alumepdf on 3-01-05

7 UNCTAD Recent and planned changes in productioncapacity for bauxite alumina and aluminium 2000r0unctadorginfocommcomm_docsdocsofficialpoitcdcom27enpdfsearch=rsquounctad20aluminium20production20capacityrsquo on 2-28-05

8 Metalpricescom at metalprices03metalpricescom on6-13-05

9 See Alcan Chinarsquos Aluminum Industry Setting theRecord Straight at wwwalcancomwebpublishingnsfAttachmentsByTitleInvestors-OtherPublications$file Broch_Chine_AN_v8apdfon 3-01-05

10 Anderson J The End of the China Love Affair May2005 at wwwfeercomarticles120050505freep020html on 6-13-05

11 Richards A Aluminum Outlook to 2006 at wwwcommodities-nowcommemberscontentissuesoct-2004-lme-week-supplementarticle-4php (membership) on3-01-05

12 Liang Zhongxiu Chinarsquos Aluminum Industry andAluminum Market in Rapid GrowthwwwmetalbulletincomspeakerpapersalumpresentationsChalcopaperpdfsearch=rsquochalco20aluminum20chinarsquo on 2-28-05

13 US Geological Survey Mineral Commodity SummariesJanuary 2005 atmineralsusgsgovmineralspubscommoditybauxitebauximcs05pdf on 6-13-05

14 Western Australian Forest Alliance Alcoa ClearingJarrah Forest at wwwwafaorgauarticlesalcoa on 6-13-05

15 Estado de Satildeo Paulo Trombetas the worldrsquos largestbauxite mine at wwwwaterconserveinfoarticles readerasplinkid=23649 on 2-28-05

16 Estado de Satildeo Paulo Mineradora acusada de poluir flo-resta e rio no Paraacute Mar 28 2002 atwwwestadaocombrciencianoticias2002mar2899htm on 3-02-05

17 India Resource Center Groups protest violence againstanti-mining activists Feb 1 2005 atwwwindiaresourceorgnews20051004html on 2-28-05

18 Samata The Peoplersquos struggle against Utkal alumina plantin Kasipur Orissa 2002 atwwwglobalminingcampaignorgtheminingnewsassetspdfutkalpdf on 3-1-05

19 Independent Media report Sixteen tribals mostlywomen critically injured atwwwsaanetorgkashipurarticlesactionagainsttribalshtm on 6-13-05

20 Mining Watch Canada ALCAN juggling with thefutures of marginalized peoples in India Dec 2003 atwwwminingwatchcapublicationsUtkal_Action_backgndhtml on 6-13-05

21 Fernandez B Contamination of Water Resources by theBauxiteAlumina Operations in JamaicawwwaguaboliviaorgsituacionaguaXIIIEncAguascontenidotrabajos_verdeR-111htm on 2-28-05

48

Endnotes

22 Los Angeles Times (by Carol J Williams) Dust UpSwirls around Key Jamaica Industry Oct 14 2004 atwwwminesandcommunitiesorgActionpress461htmon 2-28-05

23 Gonnella Alcoa Refinery Emissions Cause Health FearsAug 31 2002 atwwwminewebnetcolumnsdown_under 73109htmon 2-28-05

24 ABC News Refinery Emissions Possibly CausedSensitivity Oct 28 2004 atwwwabcnetauwanews200410s1230155htm on 2-28-05

25 AMWU OHampS News Victory for Alcoarsquos InjuredWorkers amp the Wagerup Community Jan 2003 atwwwamwuasnauimagesamwu_ohs_6pdf on 3-01-05

26 ABC News Mining Company Fined for Air PollutionDec 23 2004 at wwwabcnetaunewsnewsitems200412s1271336htm on 3-01-05

27 The West Australian (by Michael Southworth) Alcoaloses self-policing right over dust tests July 1 2003

28 ABC News Alcoa records 8th refinery spill Nov 6 2004at wwwabcnetaunewsnewsitems200411s1236141htm on 6-13-05

29 See National Institutes of Health site for examplewwwncbinlmnihgoventrezqueryfcgicmd=Retrieveampdb=PubMedamplist_uids=2793238ampdopt=Abstract on3-01-05

30 Earth Island Journal (by Gar Smith) Why Fluoride isan Environmental Issue atwwwearthislandorgeijournalfluoridefluoride_editorialhtml on 3-01-05

31 Rozhkov AS Mikhailov TA The Effect of Fluorine-Containing Emissions on Conifers Berlin Springer-Verlag 1993 cited at wwwfluoridealertorgfconifershtm on 3-01-05 and Animal and Plant Diversityand Ecology in Siberiawwwbionetnscrumiscecoproeng2_9html on 3-01-05

32 Maylin KL Industrial fluoride pollution Chronic fluo-ride poisoning in Cornwall Island cattlewwwncbinlmnihgoventrezqueryfcgicmd=Retrieveampdb=pubmedampdopt=Abstractamplist_uids=467082 on3-01-05

33 Indian and Northern Affairs Canada at wwwaincinacgccachrcapsgsi20_ehtml on 3-01-05

34 Canadian Handbook on Health Impact Assessment atwwwhc-scgccahecs-sescehaspublicationscanad

an_handbookvolume2appendix1_manufacturinghtmon 3-02-05

35 Materials World Sept 2002 Aluminum smeltingmdashreprocessing of spent pot linings atwwwazomcomdetailsaspArticleID=1686 on 3-03-05

36 US EPA Office of Compliance Sector NotebookProject Profile of the Nonferrous Metals Industry 1995p 16 at wwwepagovComplianceresourcespublicaionsassistancesectorsnotebooksnfmetlsnpt1pdf on3-02-05

37 Numerous abstracts on NIH website for exampleCzerwinski Nowak Dabrowska Skolarczyk KitaKsiezyk in Arch Environ Health 1988 Sep-Oct43(5)340-3 Bone and joint pathology in fluoride-exposed workers atwwwncbinlmnihgoventrezqueryfcgicmd=Retrieveampdb=pubmedampdopt=Abstractamplist_uids=3178291ampitool=iconabstr on 3-01-05

38 Occupational Safety and Health Administration USDept of Labor atwwwoshagovSLTChealthguidelineshydrogenfluoiderecognitionhtml on 3-01-05

39 International Archives of Occupational andEnvironmental Health (article by Fritschi SimForbes Abramson Benke Musk and de Klerk)Respiratory symptoms and lung-function changes withexposure to five substances in aluminium smelters 762pp 103-110 Feb 2003 atspringerlinkmetapresscomapphomecontributionaspwasp=lhe17qwhuj5yylfm8eeqampreferrer=backtoampbackto=issue211journal1680linkingpublicationresults11011651 on 3-01-05

40 ldquoThe Agerdquo by Dan Silkstone (63004) Some Cancerslsquomore likelyrsquo in Alcoa workers atwwwtheagecomauarticles-200406291088487966054htmlfrom=storylhsamponeclick=true on 3-01-05

41 Environmental Health Perspectives by Martineau DLemberger K Dallaire A Labelle P Lipscomb TMichel P and Mikaelian I Cancer in Wildlife a CaseStudy Beluga from the St Lawrence Estuary QueacutebecCanada Mar 2002 atwwwmedvetumontrealcapathologie_microbiologiebelugaehp_mars_02_ahtm on 3-01-05

42 See for example scientific studies on the site of theInternational Aluminum Network of European Co-operation in the field of Scientific and TechnicalResearch at wwwbiounipdit~zattaaluminhtm on 3-02-05

49

43 Health Canada at wwwhc-scgccahecssescwaterpdfaluminumpdf on 3-02-05

44 Null G Brain Boosters at wwwgarynullcomDocumentsAgingbrain_boostershtm on 3-02-05

45 Choate W and Green J US Energy Requirements forAluminum Production Historical Perspective TheoreticalLimits and New Opportunities US DOE 2003 atwwwsecatnetdocsresourcesUS_Energy_Requirements_for_Aluminum_Productionpdf on 3-02-05

46 Bergsdal Stromman and Hertwich The AluminumIndustry Environment Technology and Production p12 Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim 2004 atwwwindecolntnunoindecolwebnewpublicationsreportsrapport04rapport8_04webpdf on 3-02-05

47 ibid p 12

48 International Aluminum Institute Energy Sources ofElectrical Power 2003 at wwwworld-aluminiumorgiaistatsformServeraspform=7 on 3-02-05

49 Estimates from sites of US-based AluminumAssociation Inc at wwwaluminumorg and theInternational Aluminum Institute at wwwworld-alminiumorg

50 See for example Minutes of the Northwest PowerPlanning Councilrsquos Demand Forecasting AdvisoryCommittee p 3 Portland 2002 atwwwnwcouncilorgenergypowerplandfac2002_1031minutespdf

51 US DOE Country Analysis Briefs United Kingdom atwwweiadoegovemeucabsukhtml on 3-02-05

52 Brown L Blueprint for a better planet in Mother EarthNews FebMar 2004 atwwwmotherearthnewscomarc6839 on 3-02-05

53 Evans Geoff AluminiummdashAustraliarsquos Climate Criminal(unpublished Paper for International RoundtableMeeting on Aluminium Satildeo Luis Brazil) p 3 Oct2003

54 Pinto L in Jornal Pessoal A Novela do Contrato deEnergia da Albraacutes Beleacutem Apr 19 2004

55 See following section Global bankers back the alu-minum industry

56 World Commission on Dams Case Study TucuruiacuteHydropower Complex Brazil p ix 2000 atwwwdamsorgdocskbasestudiescsbrmainpdf on 3-02-05

57 Allafricacom by Reed Kramer US firm opens talks to

end dispute with Ghanarsquos government May 27 2003 atallafricacomstories200305271005html on 3-02-05

58 Intermediate Technology Consultants Ltd TheMphanda Nkuwa Dam project Is it the best option forMozambiquersquos energy needs 2004 atwwwsarpnorgzadocumentsd0000929indexphp on3-02-05

59 Harnisch Wing Jacobi and Prinn Primary AluminumProduction Climate Policy Emissions and Costs atwebmiteduglobalchangewwwMITJPSPGC_Rpt44pdf on 3-01-05

60 Excerpt from ldquoSilenced Riversrdquo (by Patrick McCully)Dirty reservoirs Greenhouse gas-emitting dams atwwwirnorgprogramsgreenhouseindexphpid=introsr2001html on 3-02-05

61 Evans Geoff AluminiummdashAustraliarsquos Climate Criminal(Paper for International Roundtable Meeting onAluminium Satildeo Luis Brazil) p 3 Oct 2003

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

64 Marks J The aluminum sector story (powerpoint pres-entation June 12 2003 in Bonn) atwwwghgprotocolorgdocsPresentationsSBSTABonnJune2003SBTA_IAI_JerryMarks-Presentationppt1

65 Harnisch Wing Jacoby and Prinn Primary Aluminumproduction Climate policy emissions and costs p 16 atdspacemitedubitstream1721136031MITJPSPGC_Rpt44pdf on 3-02-05

66 IFC website at ifcln001worldbankorgIFCExtspiebsite1nsf2bc34f011b50ff6e85256a550073ff1c0d19e96f7eb0480185256b26007cee61OpenDocument

67 IFC Summary of Project Information atifcln001worldbankorgIFCExtspiwebsite1nsf2bc34f011b50ff6e85256a550073ff1c5cbe8809d10cba1b85256e67006a954bOpenDocument on 3-02-05

68 EBRD (press release) EBRD and Slovakian aluminiumsmelter sign loan agreements July 12 1994 on EBRDsite wwwebrdcom on 3-02-05

69 CEE Bankwatch network (press release) EBRDCancels NEMAK Aluminium project in Czech RepublicMay 4 2003 atwwwbankwatchorgpress2003press19html on 3-02-05

70 Coalition Clean Baltic Letter to Peter Woike Presidentof IFC May 17 2003 atwwwccbsestatementPeterWoicke_CCB_IFCdoc on3-02-05

50

71 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency atwwwmigaorgscreensprojectsguarantregionsssaBelgolaisehtm on 3-02-05

72 IDB Proyecto de la central hidroelectrica Caruachi atwwwiadborgexrdoc98aprve788shtm on 3-03-05

73 JBIC Annual Report 1997 atwwwjbicgojpenglishbaseachieveannualexim97annualreportA281997jexim-epdf

74 Environmental Defense Extractive Industries ReviewRecommendations to the World Bank 41604 atwwwenvironmentaldefenseorgarticlecfmcontenti-d=3667 on 3-02-05

75 World Commission on Dams Tucuruiacute Dam case studywwwdamsorgkbasestudiesbr on 3-17-05

76 Central Hidroeleacutectrica Guri atwwwgeocitiescomievzlagurihtml on 3-17-05McCully op cit pp 254 336-337

77 Cambior Rosebel gold project atwwwcambiorcomacrobatenglishoperationsenvironmental20Impact20Assessmentexecutive_sumpdfon 3-17-05 McCully op cit pp 334-335

78 US Geological Survey 1998 Primary Aluminum PlantsWorldwidemdashPt 1 (detail) p 38 atwwwmineralsusgsgovmineralspubscommodityaluminumalplants1pdf on 3-15-05 Stancich E Cuandolos riacuteos se modifican at wwwgrainorgbiodiversidadid=168 Frente Mapuche andCampesino en Chubut 2004 at listspeacelinkit lati-namsg05613html on 3-18-05

79 McCully ibid pp 254 334-335

80 Alcan power project wwwwgintcomdocsatalcanpdfon 3-15-05 Indian and Northern Affairs Canadawwwainc-inacgccachrcapsgsg40_ehtml on 3-15-05

81 McCully op cit pp 322-323

82 USGS op cit pp 32 34

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

84 Solutions site case study Remediation of the environ-mental impacts of the Akosombo and Kpong Damsss atwwwsolutions-siteorgcat4_sol114htm on 3-15-05GNA VRA to increase production to 1020 megawatts 3-06-05

85 Cameroun tribune Electriciteacute la solution drsquourgence dugouvernement 6-10-03 atcamlionsiwebadmindecamguidefrnewsphp3nid=2543 on 3-15-05

86 Broker Credit Research Study Sayano-ShushenskayaHPS 2003 at wwwbcsruengshow_resaspid=1770on 3-15-05 McCully op cit pp 332-333

87 Malik LK KoronkevichNI Zaitseva IS andBarabanova EA 2000 Development of Dams in theRussian Federation and NIS Countries p 22 atwwwdamsorgdocskbasestudiescsrumainpdf on 3-16-05

88 ibid p 21 Slavic Research Center Hokkaido 1999Economic Development and the Environment on theSakhalin Offshore Oil and Gas Fields II at src-hslavhokudaiacjpsakhalineng71kitagawa2htmlon 3-15-05 USGS op cit p 82

89 ibid p 21

90 Untitled at wwwfifoostorgtadschikistantajipdf on3-15-05 US DOE Energy Overview of Tajikstan atwwwfedoegovinternationalRussia_and_Central_Asiatajkoverhtml on 3-15-05 USGS op cit p 99

91 Shang Wei 1998 A Lamentation for the Yellow River atwwwprobeinternationalorgpiindexcfmDSP=contentampContentID=9428 on 3-16-05 Invest in Henan atwwwfdi-hngovcnenglishnews20042181077089153687shtml on 3-16-05

92 Amnesty International 2000 Defending Human Rightsin India at webamnestyorglibraryIndexENGASA200082000openampof=ENG-352 on 3-16-05 USGS op cit p 115

93 Ghee and Valencia eds 1990 Conflict over NaturalResources in South-east Asia and the Pacific Ch8 atwwwunueduunupressunupbooks80a04e80A04E08htm on 3-18-05 Jakarta Post Mar 25 2002 (byApriadi Gunawan Environmental body slams Lake Tobaregreening policy at wwwecologyasiacomnews-archives2002mar-02thejakartapostcom_20020325F02htm on 3-18-05 USGS op cit p 120

94 Hydro website at wwwhydrocom

95 Pedder 2000 Inc website wwwlakepeddercom

96 Mark AF 2001 Integrating conservation withhydroelectric development of Lakes Manapouri and TeAnau New Zealand an exercise in complexity atjournal-cicssemonasheduaucivol08mark01mark01pdf on 3-18-05

97 Provincia del Chubut 2004 Plan Energeacutetico Nacional2004-2008 Aprovechamiento Hidroelectrico Cuenca RioCarrenleufu pp 10-74 Perioacutedico Mapuche AzkintueFebMar 2005 (by Daniel Cayuqueo) En Defensa delCarrenleufu at wwwnodo50orgazkintuwefebrero10_10htm on 3-20-05

51

52

98 Agecircncia Nacional de Aacuteguas (ANA) 2003 Minuta dosTermos de Referecircncia Elaboraccedilatildeo do Plano Estrateacutegico deRecursos Hiacutedricos da Bacia Hidrograacutefica dos rios Tocantinse Araguaia

99 Themag Billiton Alcoa 2000 Estudo de ImpactoAmbiental UHE Serra Quebrada Almeida and Reacutegis2003 Aacuteguas sem Barragens at wwwebooksbrasilcomadobeebookcartilhabarragenspdf on 3-20-05

100 La Caacutemara Nacional de Empresas de Consultoriacutea(CNEC) 2002 Estudo de Impacto Ambiental UHEEstreito Regis and Switkes Sep 1 2004 Anatomia deum Licenciamento atwwwaditalcombrsitenoticiaasplang=PTampcod=13651 on 3-20-05

101 Desenvix 2001 Estudo de Impacto Ambiental AHESanta Isabel Ciecircncia e Cultura OctDec 2003 (byRafael Evangelista) Consoacutercio desiste da usina maspatrimoacutenio continua ameaccedilado atcienciaeculturabvsbrscielophppid=S000967252003000400005 ampscript=sci_arttextamptlng=pt on3-20-05

102 Eletronorte at wwwelngovbr

103 MAB and CPT Feb 19 2005 Violencia da CVRD(Companhia Vale do Rio Doce e Novelis do Brasil (Ex-Alcan) contra agricultores atingidos por Barragem e-mailcommuncation

104 Justiccedila Global MAB CPT-MG NACAB Rio deJaneiro Ponte Nova 2004 Atingidos e Barrados As vio-laccedilotildees dos direitos humanos na hidreleacutetrica de Candonga atwwwglobalorgbrenglisharquivoscandongareportportuguesepdf on 3-20-05

105 Zhouri 2003 (powerpoint presentation) Hydroelectricdams and sustainability at wwwboelldedownloadsglobalee_Brasilien_Zhouripdf on 3-21-05

106 Novelis web site atwwwnoveliscombrbrazilnoveliscorporatesitebrasilnsfwInstitucionalopenformampsitealcanbrasilampinstitucionalamphidreletricas on 3-20-05

107 Diaacuterio Catarinense 2-13-05 (by Joatildeo Cavallazzi)FATMA questiona usina billionaacuteria atwwwprscmpfgovbrnoticiasarq=Clipping2005130205_usina_barragrandehtm 3-20-05 Apremavi website Barra Grande dossier at wwwapremavicombrdossiepbarragrandehtm on 3-20-05

108 Estado de Satildeo Paulo 100203 (by Liana John) AsAacuteguas do Ribeira continuam livres atwwwestadaocombrcienciacolunasecos2003out0260htm on 3-21-05 Brasil Mineral 2-3-05 Projeto

Tijuco Alto da CBA passa por reformulaccedilatildeo atwwwbrasilmineralcombrBMdefaultaspCOD=1631ampbusca=ampnumero=198 on 3-21-05

109 CONAMA no date Proyecto Alumysa Desistioacute enEvaluacioacuten de Estudio de Impacto Ambiental atwwwconamaclportal1255article-28505html on 3-21-05

110 Iceland Nature Conservation Association web sitewwwincais

111 IUCN (press release) 12805 Dam project mightthreaten world heritage site in Serbia and Montenegroat wwwiucnorgthemeswcpanewsbulletinsnewspressreleasesserbia-and-montenegro-dam-projectpdfon 3-21-05 BBC radio 101404 Dam threatensMontenegro river at newsbbccouk1hiworldeurope3743698stm on 3-21-05

112 Rousseau 1994 The Bakun Project at wwwirnorgprogramsbakunindexphpid=reviewhtml on 3-21-05

113 Revista Escola de Minas (article by Joatildeo Bosco Silva)A induacutestria de alumiacutenio e a crise de energia atwwwscielobrscielophpscript=sci_arttextamppid=S0370-44672001000200003 on 3-02-05

114 Switkes G A Conexatildeo hidreleacutetricas e alumiacutenio atwwwirnorgprogramsaluminiumpdfaluminumreport2003_portpdf on 3-02-05

115 Pinto L (Adital) Mineacuterios Paraacute eacute do mundo June 72004 at wwwaditalcombrsitenoticiaasplang=PTampcod=12511 on 3-02-05

116 United Press International Rio Tinto may invest inMalaysia smelter Feb 15 2005 atwwwstinethomenewsclarinewswedboUmalaysia-smelterRvez_FFFhtml on 3-02-05

117 see IRN Bakun campaign atwwwirnorgprogramsbakun on 3-02-05

118 see site of Iceland Nature Conservation Associationwwwincais

119 see site of Ayseacuten Life Reserve wwwnoalumysacl

120 Gitlitz J Trashed cans The global environmental impactsof aluminum can wasting in America (Exec Summary) atwwwcontainer-recyclingorgpublicationstrashedcansTCExecSumpdf on 3-03-05

121 Container Recycling Center (press release) May 242004 One trillion beverage cans trashed in America from1972-2003 at wwwcontainer-recyclingorgaluminumindexhtm on 3-02-05

122 Evans R powerpoint presentation June 2004 p 11

Primary aluminum The China Syndrome atwwwalcancomwebpublishingnsfAttachmentsByTitleInvestors-Presentations$fileUBS_Presentationpdfon 3-03-05

123 ibid p 11

124 Gitlitz J Oct 2003 The role of the consumer in reducingprimary aluminum demand (paper for InternationalStrategic Roundtable on Aluminum Industry)

125 Environmental News Network May 26 1999 atwwwphysicsohio-stateedu~kaganphy367P367_articlesTrans_ElectricCarsaluminum_3406asp on 3-03-05

126 Azomcom June 13 2003 New Boeing 7E7 to be madelargely of composites atwwwazomcomnewsaspnewsID=674 on 3-03-05

127 Ekvall Person and Ryberg Widheden Lifecycle assess-ment of packaging systems for beer and softdrinksMinistry of Environment and Energy Denmark 1998at wwwmstdkudgivPublications199887-7909-014-1pdf87-7909-014-1PDF on 3-03-05

128 see previous section ldquoDamming the Amazon for alu-minumrdquo

129 Bermann C Induacutestrias Eletrointensivas e Autoproduccedilatildeopropostas para uma poliacutetica energeacutetica de resgate do inter-esse puacuteblico at wwwiluminaorgbrzpublisher materiasEstudos_Especiaisaspid=15872 on 3-02-05

130 Adital (by Mayron Reacutegis and Glenn Switkes)Anatomia de um licenciamento Jan 9 2004 atwwwaditalcombrsitenoticiaasplang=PTampcod=13651 on 3-03-05

131 Adital (by Eduardo Zen) Entidades denunciam fraude emestudo ambiental de hidreacuteletrica Sep 30 2004 atwwwaditalcombrsitenoticiaasplang=PTampcod=13947

132 Bloomberg Nov 22 2004 Alcoa union agree on contractthat would end strike at wwwawunetaunationalcampaignsawualuminanews_1101588223_15868html on3-03-05

133 Joseacute Maria president Sindmetal Satildeo Luiacutes personalcommunication

134 New York Times (by Sam Dillon) Feb 14 2001Profits Raise Pressures on US-Owned Factories inMexican Border Zone at wwwglobalexchangeorgcountriesmexiconewsnyt021401html on 3-02-05

135 Alcoa sustainability reports atwwwalcoacomglobalenabout_alcoacommitment_to_sustainsustain_report_listasp on 3-03-05

136 US EPA Alcoa Inc Clean Air Act Settlement April 92003 at wwwepagovcompliance resourcescasescivilcaaalcoahtml on 3-02-05

137 US EPA Alcoa Inc Clean Air Act Civil JudicialSettlement Fact Sheet at wwwepagovcomplianceresourcescasescivilcaaalcoafspdf on 3-02-05

138 Austin American-Statesman (by Patrick Beach) Aug31 2003 The bitter price of a better life atwwwstatesmancomspecialreportscontentspecialreportsalcoa0831alcoahtml on 3-03-05

139 Logtech Alcoarsquos Environmental Management System p7 at wwwlogtechunceduAlcoa_web_IIdoc on 3-02-05

140 US EPA Enforcement Action Summary Fiscal Year 2000at wwwepagovregion5orcenfactionsenfactions2000law-mmhtm on 3-02-05

141 Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept Dec 21 2004 LavacaBay settlement provides restoration cleanup at wwwfishingworldcomNewsReadphpArtID=000013607 on3-02-05

142 Houston Chronicle (by Anne Marie Kilday) Dec 112004 Alcoa will pay to clean Lavaca Bay

143 Hildyard and Mansley 2001 Campaignerrsquos guide tofinancial markets at wwwthecornerhouseorgukpdfdocumentcamguidepdf on 3-03-05

144 The Cornerhouse 2002 Financial market lobbying Anew political space for activists atwwwthecornerhouseorgukpdfbriefing25finmktpdfon 3-03-05

145 Friends of the Earth International ConfrontingCompanies Using Shareholder Power A Handbook onSocially-Oriented Shareholder Activism atwwwfoeorginternationalshareholder

146 Hildyard and Mansley opcit p 72

147 ibid p 22

148 Murtagh Lukehart Co-op Americarsquos boycott organizerrsquosguide at wwwboycottsorgpdfBoycott_Organizers_Guidepdf on 3-03-05

149 see Alcoa web site wwwalcoacom

53

Introduction
The Aluminum Industry Today
First Step
- Stripping forests for bauxite
- - Stripping the Amazon
  - Bauxite mining brings violen

FOILING THE

ALUMINUMINDUSTRY

A TOOLKIT FOR COMMUNITIES ACTIVISTSCONSUMERS AND WORKERSBy Glenn Switkes

Published by International Rivers Network August 2005

Copyright copy 2005

International Rivers Network1847 Berkeley WayBerkeley CA 94703 USA

IRN gratefully acknowledges the support of The Overbrook Foundationwhose funding made this toolkit possible

Design by Design Action CollectiveGraphic chart Soft Horizons amp Chartbot

Introduction

1

2

3

4

LLIINNKKSS

5

1First

Step

6

7

LLIINNKKSS

8

LLIINNKKSS

Photo Aaron Lakoff

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2Second

Step

10

11

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wwwjbeocom

12

LLIINNKKSS

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3Third

Step

14

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tract

efforts

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18

aluminum44

19

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21

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22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

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SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

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EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 3: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

Introduction

1

2

3

4

LLIINNKKSS

5

1First

Step

6

7

LLIINNKKSS

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LLIINNKKSS

Photo Aaron Lakoff

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2Second

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wwwjbeocom

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LLIINNKKSS

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3Third

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LLIINNKKSS

18

aluminum44

19

20

21

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LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

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EUROPE

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27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

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32

We CAN recycle

33

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LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 4: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

Introduction

1

2

3

4

LLIINNKKSS

5

1First

Step

6

7

LLIINNKKSS

8

LLIINNKKSS

Photo Aaron Lakoff

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2Second

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10

11

LLIINNKKSS

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12

LLIINNKKSS

13

3Third

Step

14

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17

tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

18

aluminum44

19

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

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irre

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LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

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OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 5: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

2

3

4

LLIINNKKSS

5

1First

Step

6

7

LLIINNKKSS

8

LLIINNKKSS

Photo Aaron Lakoff

9

2Second

Step

10

11

LLIINNKKSS

wwwjbeocom

12

LLIINNKKSS

13

3Third

Step

14

15

16

LLIINNKKSS

17

tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

18

aluminum44

19

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

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LLIINNKKSS

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SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 6: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

3

4

LLIINNKKSS

5

1First

Step

6

7

LLIINNKKSS

8

LLIINNKKSS

Photo Aaron Lakoff

9

2Second

Step

10

11

LLIINNKKSS

wwwjbeocom

12

LLIINNKKSS

13

3Third

Step

14

15

16

LLIINNKKSS

17

tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

18

aluminum44

19

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

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itke

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maz

onia

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LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 7: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

4

LLIINNKKSS

5

1First

Step

6

7

LLIINNKKSS

8

LLIINNKKSS

Photo Aaron Lakoff

9

2Second

Step

10

11

LLIINNKKSS

wwwjbeocom

12

LLIINNKKSS

13

3Third

Step

14

15

16

LLIINNKKSS

17

tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

18

aluminum44

19

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

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maz

onia

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 8: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

5

1First

Step

6

7

LLIINNKKSS

8

LLIINNKKSS

Photo Aaron Lakoff

9

2Second

Step

10

11

LLIINNKKSS

wwwjbeocom

12

LLIINNKKSS

13

3Third

Step

14

15

16

LLIINNKKSS

17

tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

18

aluminum44

19

20

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oto

Agu

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watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 9: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

6

7

LLIINNKKSS

8

LLIINNKKSS

Photo Aaron Lakoff

9

2Second

Step

10

11

LLIINNKKSS

wwwjbeocom

12

LLIINNKKSS

13

3Third

Step

14

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tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

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aluminum44

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oto

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NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 10: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

7

LLIINNKKSS

8

LLIINNKKSS

Photo Aaron Lakoff

9

2Second

Step

10

11

LLIINNKKSS

wwwjbeocom

12

LLIINNKKSS

13

3Third

Step

14

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17

tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

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aluminum44

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oto

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SOUTH AMERICA

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NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

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EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 11: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

8

LLIINNKKSS

Photo Aaron Lakoff

9

2Second

Step

10

11

LLIINNKKSS

wwwjbeocom

12

LLIINNKKSS

13

3Third

Step

14

15

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LLIINNKKSS

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tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

18

aluminum44

19

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

sA

maz

onia

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 12: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

9

2Second

Step

10

11

LLIINNKKSS

wwwjbeocom

12

LLIINNKKSS

13

3Third

Step

14

15

16

LLIINNKKSS

17

tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

18

aluminum44

19

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

sA

maz

onia

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 13: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

10

11

LLIINNKKSS

wwwjbeocom

12

LLIINNKKSS

13

3Third

Step

14

15

16

LLIINNKKSS

17

tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

18

aluminum44

19

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

sA

maz

onia

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 14: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

11

LLIINNKKSS

wwwjbeocom

12

LLIINNKKSS

13

3Third

Step

14

15

16

LLIINNKKSS

17

tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

18

aluminum44

19

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

sA

maz

onia

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 15: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

12

LLIINNKKSS

13

3Third

Step

14

15

16

LLIINNKKSS

17

tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

18

aluminum44

19

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

sA

maz

onia

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 16: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

13

3Third

Step

14

15

16

LLIINNKKSS

17

tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

18

aluminum44

19

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

sA

maz

onia

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 17: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

14

15

16

LLIINNKKSS

17

tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

18

aluminum44

19

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

sA

maz

onia

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 18: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

15

16

LLIINNKKSS

17

tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

18

aluminum44

19

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

sA

maz

onia

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 19: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

16

LLIINNKKSS

17

tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

18

aluminum44

19

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

sA

maz

onia

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 20: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

17

tract

efforts

LLIINNKKSS

18

aluminum44

19

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

sA

maz

onia

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 21: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

18

aluminum44

19

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

sA

maz

onia

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 22: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

19

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

sA

maz

onia

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 23: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

20

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

sA

maz

onia

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 24: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

21

LLIINNKKSS

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

sA

maz

onia

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 25: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

22

LLIINNKKSS

oto

Agu

irre

Sw

itke

sA

maz

onia

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 26: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

23

LLIINNKKSS

watchorgindexhtml

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 27: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

SOUTH AMERICA

24

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 28: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

25

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 29: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

EUROPE

OCEANIA

26

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 30: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

27

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 31: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

AFRICA

Cameroon

EUROPE

ASIA

28

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 32: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

29

LLIINNKKSS

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 33: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

30

LLIINNKKSS

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 34: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

31

LLIINNKKSS

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 35: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

32

We CAN recycle

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 36: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

33

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 37: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

34

LLIINNKK

reached 95124

LLIINNKK

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 38: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

35

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 39: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

36

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 40: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

37

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 41: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

38

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 42: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

39

LLIINNKKSS

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 43: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

40

LLIINNKKSS

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 44: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

41

LLIINNKKSS

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 45: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

42

Conclusion

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 46: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

43

Glossary

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 47: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

44

Other Key Documents

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 48: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

45

Key Organizations

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 49: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

46

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 50: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

47

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 51: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

48

Endnotes

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 52: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

49

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 53: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

47 ibid p 12

62 ibid p 3

63 ibid p 3

50

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 54: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

83 ibid pp 254 324-325

89 ibid p 21

51

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 55: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

52

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

Page 56: Foiling the Aluminum Industry - International Rivers · Foiling the Aluminum Industry The Aluminum Industry Today and Tomorrow 3 Primary aluminum is produced in three stages.First

123 ibid p 11

147 ibid p 22

53

Introduction
First Step

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