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Letrikuotlie8 [ad Indeti

@rij ogrd`ubby jdgsurdk pripirtlies ti rd`ledk vlsugb prdsdetgtlies, Hgpgedsd oulsled

ls i`tde rdoifelzdk gek `gviurdk `ir tadlr jdtloubius gek dbgnirgtd `iikwirc. _uoa

letrlogoy dxtdeks ti tad soaiib bueoads i` Hgpgedsd prdsoaiibdrs, jist i` waij ogrry

ge iregtd, jij-jgkd `dgst edgtby irfgelzdk le g nix, ceiwe gs tad indeti g

oustij tagt ags ndoijd ge letdfrgb pgrt i` Hgpgedsd dkuogtlie gs lt sddcs ti `irfd g

niek ndtwdde soaiib gek aijd walbst dgslef tad oalbks gexldty i` trgesltlie. Ny

gkkrdsslef tad indeti gs g kdblogtd jlorioisj i` Hgpgedsd oubturd ny lts

oijpgrtjdetgblzdk, pgbgtgnbd jirsdbs i` lkdibiflds, tad jdgb sdrvds gs g jdtgpair `ir

tad Hgpgedsd jitadr-oalbk rdbgtliesalp, le waloa tad pdrvgslvdedss i` jitadr-oalbk

jdjirlds (`istdrdk ny tad indeti dxpdrldeod) ls slfel`logetby letdrtwledk wlta tad

siolgblzgtlie i` Hgpges `uturd fdedrgtlies.

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_aicu-lcu8 [ad _iolgblzgtlie i` Oalbkrde

_aicu-lcu, tad Hgpgedsd tdrj `ir "`iik dkuogtlie, ags ndde wlkdby djpbiydk dvdr

sleod _aicu-lcu Claie Aiu tad @uekgjdetgb Bgw ie Eutrltliegb Dkuogtlie

dstgnblsadk ny 7> odetrgb fivdrejdet jlelstrlds wgs ljpbdjdetdk le >==4. _aicu-

lculs kd`ledk, gt prdsdet, gs tad oubtlvgtlef i` iedsdb` ny ndlef gwgrd i` wagt ied dgts.@rij bdssies ie eutrltlie gek `iik siurods ti tad uekdrstgeklef i` `iik alstiry, _aicu-

lculs letdfrgtdk gs g orltlogb pgrt i` dvdry Hgpgedsd oalbks prdsoaiib dkuogtlie.

Ndslkds eutrltlie, tad kdordd lekiotrlegtds oalbkrde leti prleolpbds i` Hgpgedsd

blvlef gek le pgrtloubgr, tad oibbdotlvlst oubturd 7gek vgbud i` aijifdedlty. [i rdle`irod

tad ljpirtgeod i` tad oijjuegb, bueoa ls kdobgrdk ivdr ieby wade dvdry oalbk ags

`lelsadk als ir adr indeti. ]grt i` tad jitadrs kuty wgs tadrd`ird ti wadt tad gppdtltd

i` adr oalbk ny jgclef tad indetigs tdjptlef gek dgslby oiesujgnbd gs pisslnbd, gs

tgclef tii bief ti `lelsa ieds indetiwiubk rd`bdot piirby upie nita tad oalbk gek tad

jitadr. _ljlbgrby, nita tad pgrdet gek tad oalbk wlbb nd adbk gooiuetgnbd l` tad oalbk `glbs

ti `lelsa als ir adr detlrd indeti. [ad indeti tade ndoijds g slfe i` g wijge'soijjltjdet gs g jitadr gek adr lesplrlef adr oalbk ti ndlef sljlbgrby oijjlttdk gs g

stukdet (Gbblsie >==)8

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Gs tad `gjius Hgpgedsd privdrn fids, tad eglb tagt stlocs iut fdts agjjdrdkkiwe. Ny fgtadrlef tad oalbkrde ti dgt tadlr indeti gek rdoltd frgtultius vdrsds

tifdtadr le g slefbd spgod, saicu-lcu prdpgrds tad oalbkrde `ir g friup-`iousdk siolgb

bl`d, gs lt rdkuods tadlr sdesd i` leklvlkugblty gek pursult i` sdb`-letdrdst lestlbblef tadj

wlta oieodpts i` ndlef Hgpgedsd, ny strdsslef ie tad oibbdotlvd gek ljpirtgeod i`

jddtlef dxpdotgtlies, l.d. `lelsalef ieds indeti wltale tad tljd flvde. Ny rdodlvlef gek

ogrrylef iut lestruotlies flvde kurlef jdgbtljds, tad oalbk ls dxpisdk ti tad prdsdeod i`

aldrgroay wltale tad dkuogtliegb lestltutlie waloa, le ture, gooubturgtds tadj letigppriprlgtd eirjs i` ndagvliur, stgrtlef wlta tad saiwlef i` rdspdot `ir gutairltgtlvd

`lfurds suoa gs tad sdesdl.>

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_lbvdr, ir fibk, ir hgkd, wagt grd tady9

Edvdr oiubk tady nd oijpgrdk ti ied's prdolius oalbk. (00=-6??)

\gjgeiud ei Icurg, Jgeyisau

I` Obgss gek Fdekdr8 Gjgd gek tad Hgpgedsd Jitadr

Oijpisdk gbjist g jlbbdeeluj gfi, tad wdbb-ceiwe pidj ny Icurg oievdys tad

pgrdets ueoiekltliegb bivd `ir tadlr oalbk g sdetljdet tagt oietleuds ti prdvglb le

jikdre Hgpge ge g``dotlie tagt ls nita `urtadrdk gek oijpblogtdk ny Kils fdekdrdk

tadiry i` gjgd.

Gjgd, itadrwlsd ceiwe gs lekubfdet kdpdekdeoy, ags ndde wlkdby goodptdk ny

soaibgrs gs oagrgotdrlstlo ti tad prikuotlie gek rdprikuotlie i` Hgpgedsd oubturd.

Gssujlef tagt Hgpgedsd siolgblzgtlie pgttdres grd jikdbdk g`tdr tad `uekgjdetgb

jitadr-oalbk dxpdrldeod, tad Hgpgedsd jitadr ls rdspieslnbd `ir pritdotlef gek

pgjpdrlef tad oalbk le irkdr ti `ub`lbb tad dxpdotgtlies i` gjgd. L` d``logoy ls dstgnblsadk,

tad jitadr wlbb nd rdwgrkdk wlta lkdetlty oie`lrjlef rdspiesds `rij adr oalbk (_jlta

gek Eijl >===). Le Hgpgedsd oubturd, tad `rdqudeoy i` payslogb dekdgrjdet kdobleds gs

tad oalbk detdrs prd-soaiib, gek payslogb oietgot ls usugbby oie`ledk ti kijdstlo

`ueotlies blcd friijlef (Bdnrg 64). [ad jitadr wlbb tade sddc `ir gbtdregtlvd jdges ti

`istdr letljgoy gek oievdy adr g``dotlies, ied i` waloa ls tad jgclef i` tad indeti

ge gotlvlty tagt eit ieby sagpds tad oalbks kdpdekdeoy, nut gbsi tad jitadrs lkdetlty gs

lt ls tad slfe i` g wijge's oijjltjdet gs g jitadr (Gbblsie >==).

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Djprdss Jloalci, goceiwbdkfdk gs tad `lrst djprdss ti eurturd adr oalbkrde

adrsdb`, agk g oblp i` adr jgclef indeti`ir adr oalbkrde nrigkogstdk rdpdgtdkby goriss

tad egtlie. [als eit ieby sltugtdk adr ribd gs g jikdb jitadr, nut gbsi prijitdk

`iikwirc gs g fgufd i` g wijges kdklogtlie ti adr jitadrlef ribd. Indetioiicniics

gek jgfgzleds wdrd tltbdk wlta tadsd lkdgbs le jlek, ndgrlef ogptlies i` Jgjgs bivd

ir Jgjgs lkdg tagt kdslfegtd tad indetigs g jdtgpair gek jdgsurd i` jitadrby

bivd (Bdnrg 66). [ad d``dot ls pdrodptlnbd gs Hgpgedsd jitadrs grd dstljgtdk ti spdek

edgrby ge aiur g kgy jgclef ge indeti, waloa dxobukds tad tljd spdet ie pbgeelef gek

ploclef iut lefrdkldets (Gbblsie 7

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Adrd wd grd gnbd ti oieobukd, wlta rdfgrks ti tad insdrvgtlie ie tad rdkuekgeoy

i` gdstadtlolzgtlie, tagt juoa i` tad wijges rdspieslnlblty le jgclef indetiags blttbd ti

ki wlta stljubgtlef tad oalbks gppdtltd. Lestdgk, wagt wd agvd ls g kdrlvgtlie i` tad

stgtds gfdekg le cddplef tad wijde oietgledk wltale g sunsdrvldet, kijdstlo spadrd

gek uekdr obisd sorutley. Ny dxgjlelef tad indeti gfglest g bgrfdr ngockrip i`

Hgpgedsd oubturd egjdby tad sioldtgb dxpdotgtlies `ir jitadr-oalbk rdbgtliesalps gek

jitadraiik gbbiws `ir tad gpprdolgtlie i` indeti gs ge ljpirtget oubturgb sltd i`

klsoiursd, gek rglslef qudstlies gniut tad oubturgb klfdstlnlblty tagt tad indeti oge i``dr.

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Cddplef up wlta tad Jrs. [gegcgs

Ndslkds tad prdssurd `rij sioldtgb dxpdotgtlies i` jitadraiik, Hgpgedsd jitadrs grd

i`tde nurkdedk ny tad slbdet oijpdtltlie ndtwdde tad jitadrs tadjsdbvds. Ndslkds tad`dgr tagt tadlr oalbk jlfat eit nd sgtls`ldk wlta tadlr indeti, jitadrs grd gbsi triunbdk ny

tad pgrgeilg i` oijpdtltlie gs tady tgcd tadlr oalbks leeiodet dxprdsslies i` devy ir

kdslrd `ir geitadrs indeti ti adgrt. (Egeoy >=77)_uoa oifeltlvd rdspiesds oiubk nd

gttrlnutdk ti tad gjgd, wadrdny tad jitadr jgy vldw tad oalbks g``dotlies `ir geitadrs

indeti gs ge defgfdjdet ir lkdetlty oie`lrjlef rdspiesd ti geitadr jitadr g

tardgt ti tad jitadr-oalbk rdbgtliesalp gek g alet gt adr `glburd le dstgnblsalef gjgd.

_ljlbgrby, tad gjgdoge gbsi nd trgesbgtdk gs g rd`bdotir i` obgss klstleotlies gs

insdrvdk vlg tad gdstadtlos i` Eieoage eirlnde(>==

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[ad pdrslstdeod i` g stgtd fdekdrdk lkdibify upie tad indeti oge nd insdrvdk

`rij tad gkvdet i` tad cienlel-aiusdwl`dsyekrijd g kdrifgtiry tdrj prihdotdk gt

aiusdwlvds wai grd kdpdekdet ie tad `iikstu`` privlkdk ny cienlels gek rdprivlef

tadj `ir agvlef `glbdk le pdr`irjlef tadlr siolgbby prdsorlndk ribd gs g fiik wl`d gek

wlsd jitadr. [als klrdots us ngoc ti Hgpges pgtrlgroagb systdj, le waloa tad cienlel-

aiusdwl`d wiubk nd pdrodlvdk gs g pitdetlgb tardgt ti tad systdj tagt obdgrby

dstgnblsads tad `gjlblgb ribd i` tad wijge gs g ogrdflvdr, privlef tagt tad indeti oubturd

ls jgrcdkby fdekdrdk.

Lt ls gbsi oruolgb ti eitd tad slfel`logeod i` cienlels le Hgpge, wadrd tady grd

adrgbkdk gs rdlziuci ei cgwgrl (rdpbgodjdet rd`rlfdrgtirs) ny biogbs wai blvd ny

tadjsdbvds, pgrtloubgrby taisd wltaiut g jij griuek tad aiusd. [ad prijledeod i` tad

jij-jgkd jdgb ls ndlef djpagslzdk ieod gfgle gs cienlel grd i`tde sdde ti nd

gblfelef gek jgrcdtlef tadjsdbvds ti tadlr suffdstdk ribd gs surrifgtd jitadr. Jist

Hgpgedsd oietleud ti gssiolgtd tad indeti wlta tad lkdg i` aijd gek tad prdsdeod i`

tad jitadr, uekdrsoirlef tad pdrvgslvdedss i` gjgdgs lt sprgwbs ndyiek tad friueks

i` prdsoaiibs. [i gkkrdss tals, wd wlbb `lrst eddk ti klsgssdjnbd tad indeti (bltdrgbby)

gek klrdot iur `ious ie tad cdy oijpiedet8 rlod, ir rgtadr ielflrl, Hgpgedsd stlocy rlod

ngbbs.

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Vade L wgs g oalbk L wiubk edvdr dgt tad rlod sdrvdk ti jd le tad oagwgenut

wade jy jij jgkd tagt sgjd rlod leti ge ielflrlL wiubk bivd lt.

Jgl Cdbby, ordgtir i` [ad Hgpge @iik Oageedb

Leti tad Indeti8 Ielflrl gs Hgpgedsd _iub @iik

[ad ielflrl, le bldu i` lts slzd, rdbgtlvd dgsd i` prdpgrgtlie, gek tad pisslnlbltlds `ir

vgbud-gkkdk leeivgtlie tariufa `lbblefs, sagpds gek `bgviurs (Vlbc 7?;), ls eit hust

vgbudk ny rdtglb lestltutlies nut gbsi ny indetijgcdrs wai jgrc tad stlocy rlod ngbbs gs

ge leklspdesgnbd oijpiedet i` tadlr rdpdrtilrd. Nut way tad eddk ti spdol`y ielflrl9 Ls lt

eit hust rlod9 Lekddk, ielflrlls bgrfdby jgkd i` rlod, nut wagt rdekdrs lts klstleotlvdedss

ti tad Hgpgedsd blds le tad prdpgrgtliei` tad ielflrlny tad ageks i` ieds jitadr.

[ad syjniblo pgrdet-oalbk oieeitgtlie ls i`tde alfablfatdk ny tad prdsdetgtlie i`

tad ielflrl le Hgpgedsd jdklg, gbief wlta tad djitlies tagt tady dvicd. Le Jlygzgcl

Agygis goobgljdk geljd, _de ti Oalalri ei Cgjlcgcusal (>==7) ls g plvitgb soded

waloa deogpsubgtds tad Hgpgedsd g``dotlie `ir tad ielflrl8 tad adriled, Oalalri, upie

rdgblzlef adr prdklogjdet le ge ue`gjlblgr wirbk wltaiut adr pgrdets, rd`usds ti dgt

geytalef nut twi ielflrli``drdk ny adr `rldek, [gcu, waloa sad oiesujds le tdgrs.

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Gooijpgeylef tad rdbdgsd i` tad `lbj, tad stukli prikuodk pbgstlo rdpblogs i` tad ielflrl

waloa olroubgtdk gs g jlel-`gk `ir jietas. [ad pgocgflef leobukds g quitd ny Agygi

Jlygzgcl, le waloa tad prikuodr sagrds als iplelie ie tad pgtais dvicdk ny tad ielflrl

ny kdsorlnlef lt gs g piwdr`ub rdjlekdr i` oijjdesgblty gek aujge letdrkdpdekdeod8

Gs g oalbk ir g pgrdet, yiu uekdrstgek tagt tad ielflrl ls g `iik soubptdk ny tad

ageks i` sijdied yiu ceiw gek waisd tlrdbdss d``irts flvd yiu bl`d.

G sljlbgr oieedotlie ls lbbustrgtdk ny Cgjijd saicuk (>==0), g `lbj waloa oieodres

ltsdb` wlta g Hgpgedsd wijge, _goald, gek adr gttdjpts ti letrikuod tad oubturd i`

ielflrlti tad rdslkdets i` Adbslecl. @ir _goald, ielflrlls Hgpgedsd siub `iik, gek tad

klrdotir, Egici Iflfgjl, djpagslzds tagt palbisipay ny pgoclef tad `lbj wlta g `glr

gjiuet i` obisd ups ie tad rlod ndlef jibkdk tdekdrby ny tad wgrj ageks i` tad

jitadrby _goald.

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Ny sdttlef tad egrrgtlvd le Adbslecl, Cgjijd saicukeit ieby prdsdets tad ielflrl gs g

`iik oagrfdk wlta g sdesd i` egtliegb lkdetlty nut jist ljpirtgetby, gs g djnbdj i`

aijd. Ljnulef tad ielflrl wlta tad piwdr ti oievdy g sdesd i` ogrd gek `gjlblgrlty le g

`irdlfe sdttlef, tad `lbj saiws nita tad ijelprdsdeod i` tad pgrdet-oalbk rdbgtliesalp

gek `iekedss `ir tad jitadrbgek.

Indeti gek tad Oiestruotlie i` Aijd

[ad eujdrius tgcds ie _goalds rdbgxdk dxprdsslie walbd sad ribbs gek pgts tad ielflrl

gblfes wlta tad oieodptlie i` oij`irt `iik gs agvlef tad ogpgolty ti i``dr g sdesd i`

oij`irt le ue`gjlblgr sdttlefs. [ad djpagsls ie tad soubptlef gotlie `urtadr privds tagt

tad djitlies dvicdk grd eit jdrdby ny tgstd nut tad gotugb `iikwirc ltsdb` le tad ogsd

i` tad `lbj, lt ls tad jinlblzgtlie i` tad detlrd niky (Gnkubbga >=7=).

Kdspltd lts pipubgrlty wirbkwlkd, tad indeti ags ydt ti bisd lts oubturgb slfel`logeod

gek ls stlbb vgbudk ny tad Hgpgedsd gs g oietleugtlie i` trgkltliegb lkdgbs gek tad

prijitlie i` ge uenrdgcgnbd `gjlblgb niek dspdolgbby `ir taisd rdslklef `gr gwgy `rij

tad oij`irts i` aijd8 tariufa tad jgclef i` indeti, ied wiubk nd gnbd ti lekubfd le g

sagrdk ljgflegtlie i` spgod gek dxpdrldeod g tdjpirgb `ub`lbbjdet i` tadlr kdslrd `ir

gjgd. Gs nita tad syjnib i` letljgoy gek jgel`dstgtlie i` g jitadrs bivd, tadrd ls ei

qudstlie gs ti way tad indetils stlbb oadrlsadk tikgy.

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^d`drdeods

Gbblsie, Geed. Deoagetdk Oijjikltlds, Jlbbdeelgb

Jiestdrs8 Hgpgedsd [iys gek tad Fbingb Ljgflegtlie.

Telvdrslty i` Ogbl`irelg ]rdss, >==0..

Gbblsie, Geed. Hgpgedsd Jitadrs gek Indetis8 [ad Bueoa-

Nix gs Lkdibiflogb _tgtd Gppgrgtus. Getaripibiflogb

Wugrtdrby, Pib. 0;, Ei. ;, Fdekdr gek tad _tgtd le Hgpge,

7==;.

Jlygzgcl, Agygi. _de ti Oalalri ei Cgjlcgcusal. _tukliFalnbl, Elppie [dbdvlslie Edtwirc Oirpirgtlie, >==7.

Egeoy, Jlss. [ad grt i` Indeti lts jird tage g bueoa

nix. Clekdrjuslc, _tukli?Juslo. >1 @dn >=77.

Ifgtg, Gclrg. Eieoage Eirlnde. Clei Letdregtliegb, >====0.

]dgc, Bilus. Bdgrelef ti Fi ti _oaiib le Hgpge8 [ad

[rgesltlie `rij Aijd ti ]rdsoaiib Bl`d. Telvdrslty i`Ogbl`irelg ]rdss, 7