Usually performed when brucellosis Usually performed when brucellosis vaccinatedvaccinated
Removed flush with skin and parallel to Removed flush with skin and parallel to normal folds of udder using curved scissorsnormal folds of udder using curved scissors
Suturing skin is not usually necessary in Suturing skin is not usually necessary in young calvesyoung calves
Don’t remove any of four normal teatsDon’t remove any of four normal teats
Flank approaches (right or left)Flank approaches (right or left) Paramedian (right or left)Paramedian (right or left) Ventral midlineVentral midline Left flank approach on standing patient Left flank approach on standing patient
• Most common approach Most common approach • Rumen obstructs other viscera from incision siteRumen obstructs other viscera from incision site• Skin incision will be longer than for exploratorySkin incision will be longer than for exploratory• Calf delivered feet firstCalf delivered feet first
• To aid uterine involution To aid uterine involution • Minimize hemorrhage Minimize hemorrhage • Encourage passage of placentaEncourage passage of placenta
Vaginal ProlapseVaginal Prolapse Occurs during late pregnancyOccurs during late pregnancy Begins as intermittent prolapse protruding when lying Begins as intermittent prolapse protruding when lying
downdown Eventually becomes permanentEventually becomes permanent
Buhner suture techniqueBuhner suture technique Repair techniqueRepair technique Standing animalStanding animal Caudal epiduralCaudal epidural Vagina replacementVagina replacement Buhner suture pattern used to partially close the vulvaBuhner suture pattern used to partially close the vulva
Uterine ProlapseUterine Prolapse Occurs at parturition or shortly thereafter Occurs at parturition or shortly thereafter An emergency situationAn emergency situation
ShockShock Fatal hemorrhageFatal hemorrhage HypocalcemiaHypocalcemia Possible intestinal and bladder prolapsePossible intestinal and bladder prolapse
Uterine mucosa protrudes through vulvar lipsUterine mucosa protrudes through vulvar lips Uterus has invaginatedUterus has invaginated
Buhner suture techniqueBuhner suture technique Used as with vaginal prolapseUsed as with vaginal prolapse
Fibropapilloma of the PenisFibropapilloma of the Penis Caused by bovine papilloma virusCaused by bovine papilloma virus Can become large enough to Can become large enough to
prevent extension or retraction of prevent extension or retraction of penispenis
May result in hesitancy or refusal to May result in hesitancy or refusal to breed breed
Surgical removal Surgical removal Performed in conjunction with Performed in conjunction with
vaccination therapyvaccination therapy• Commercial or autogenous vaccineCommercial or autogenous vaccine
Removed in standing animal using Removed in standing animal using local anesthesia and restraintlocal anesthesia and restraint
Most common tumor of cattleMost common tumor of cattle Predisposing factorsPredisposing factors
Genetic predispositionGenetic predisposition Exposure to ultraviolet radiationExposure to ultraviolet radiation Lack of protective pigmentation around eyeLack of protective pigmentation around eye
• Occur predominantly in Herefords, Simmentals, and Occur predominantly in Herefords, Simmentals, and HolsteinsHolsteins
Seldom seen in animals Seldom seen in animals <4 years of age and peak<4 years of age and peak age is 8 yearsage is 8 years
Begin as benign plaques or papillomas Begin as benign plaques or papillomas progress quickly to squamous cell carcinomaprogress quickly to squamous cell carcinoma
TreatmentTreatment CryotherapyCryotherapy Radiofrequency hyperthermiaRadiofrequency hyperthermia ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy ChemotherapyChemotherapy Radiation therapyRadiation therapy Surgery (keratectomy, lid resection, or extirpation)Surgery (keratectomy, lid resection, or extirpation)
Extirpation Extirpation Removal of all ocular tissue in the bony orbitRemoval of all ocular tissue in the bony orbit Performed with retrobulbar or Peterson eye blockPerformed with retrobulbar or Peterson eye block
• 15 ml of lidocaine is injected in three alliquots 15 ml of lidocaine is injected in three alliquots
• Aspiration is essential to avoid fatal deposition of Aspiration is essential to avoid fatal deposition of lidocaine in CSFlidocaine in CSF
Eye is surgically preppedEye is surgically prepped Lids are sutured or clamped togetherLids are sutured or clamped together All ocular tissue is removedAll ocular tissue is removed Incision closed with appositional or everting Incision closed with appositional or everting
Within the first month or when horn buds are palpableWithin the first month or when horn buds are palpable Electrothermal dehorningElectrothermal dehorning
Beef calves Beef calves Performed when weanedPerformed when weaned
Procedure:Procedure: Usually dehorned with Barnes dehorner or scoop (Fig. 31-26)Usually dehorned with Barnes dehorner or scoop (Fig. 31-26) Hemostasis, crucial and done by pulling or twisting cornual arteryHemostasis, crucial and done by pulling or twisting cornual artery
Calves >6 months may expose frontal sinuses and at greater risk for sinusitisCalves >6 months may expose frontal sinuses and at greater risk for sinusitis Mature cattle requires analgesia via cornual nerve blockMature cattle requires analgesia via cornual nerve block
Block is injecting 10 ml of 2% lidocaine under frontal crest between lateral canthus Block is injecting 10 ml of 2% lidocaine under frontal crest between lateral canthus and base of hornand base of horn
Large horns are removed with a dehorning saw or Gigli wireLarge horns are removed with a dehorning saw or Gigli wire Surgical or cosmetic dehorning, performed on show cattleSurgical or cosmetic dehorning, performed on show cattle
Requires local or regional analgesiaRequires local or regional analgesia Elliptical incision is made around base of hornElliptical incision is made around base of horn Horn is removed, and skin incision is closedHorn is removed, and skin incision is closed Cosmetic appearance to poll and reduces chances of postoperative hemorrhage or Cosmetic appearance to poll and reduces chances of postoperative hemorrhage or
Dairy calvesDairy calves Performed within the first month or when horn Performed within the first month or when horn
buds are palpablebuds are palpable Electrothermal dehorningElectrothermal dehorning
Beef calves Beef calves Performed when weanedPerformed when weaned Barnes dehorner or scoop Barnes dehorner or scoop Hemostasis is crucial Hemostasis is crucial
• Done by pulling or twisting the cornual arteryDone by pulling or twisting the cornual artery
Calves >6 months Calves >6 months May expose frontal sinuses, resulting in greater May expose frontal sinuses, resulting in greater
risk for sinusitisrisk for sinusitis Mature cattle Mature cattle
Require analgesia via cornual nerve blockRequire analgesia via cornual nerve block• 10 ml of 2% lidocaine under frontal crest between lateral 10 ml of 2% lidocaine under frontal crest between lateral
canthus and base of horncanthus and base of horn
Large horns are removed with a dehorning saw or Large horns are removed with a dehorning saw or Gigli wireGigli wire
Surgical or cosmetic dehorningSurgical or cosmetic dehorning Performed on show cattlePerformed on show cattle Requires local or regional analgesiaRequires local or regional analgesia Elliptical incision is made around base of hornElliptical incision is made around base of horn Horn is removed, and skin incision is closedHorn is removed, and skin incision is closed Cosmetic appearance to poll and reduces chances Cosmetic appearance to poll and reduces chances
of postoperative hemorrhage or infectionof postoperative hemorrhage or infection
CastrationCastration Small calves restrained on groundSmall calves restrained on ground Larger calves restrained in chute with tail Larger calves restrained in chute with tail
pushed tightly up over backpushed tightly up over back Open castrationOpen castration
Bottom one third to one half of scrotum is excised, Bottom one third to one half of scrotum is excised, exposing testiclesexposing testicles
Young calves Young calves • Testicles pulled until cords breakTesticles pulled until cords break
Most are associated with infection in one or Most are associated with infection in one or more umbilical remnantsmore umbilical remnants
TreatmentTreatment Treat infectionTreat infection Surgical resection for severely infected Surgical resection for severely infected
• Omphalectomy or umbilical herniorrhaphyOmphalectomy or umbilical herniorrhaphy
Presurgical considerationsPresurgical considerations Feed not withheld 6-8 hours pre-surgeryFeed not withheld 6-8 hours pre-surgery Clip large area and prep for surgeryClip large area and prep for surgery
Surgical incision may be extended cranially to Surgical incision may be extended cranially to xiphoid process or caudally to pelvisxiphoid process or caudally to pelvis
Infected tissue removed intactInfected tissue removed intact Large defects may require mesh Large defects may require mesh
Calf maintained in stall for 1 month Calf maintained in stall for 1 month Excessive exercise leads to edema, seroma Excessive exercise leads to edema, seroma
Urolithiasis surgical therapyUrolithiasis surgical therapy Lumbosacral epidural can be performedLumbosacral epidural can be performed If obstructed, penis can be amputated close to its If obstructed, penis can be amputated close to its
attachment to glansattachment to glans• Immediate patency after amputationImmediate patency after amputation
• Reobstruction is common Reobstruction is common
• Amputation rarely results in long-term cureAmputation rarely results in long-term cure
Urethral catheterization with saline flushing may Urethral catheterization with saline flushing may be attempted to relieve obstructionbe attempted to relieve obstruction
• May be used as salvage procedureMay be used as salvage procedure
• Frequently results in stricture formation in urethra Frequently results in stricture formation in urethra
Cystotomy and/or tube cystostomy Cystotomy and/or tube cystostomy • Procedures of choice for obstructive urolithiasisProcedures of choice for obstructive urolithiasis
• Preserves breeding capability and prolongs lifePreserves breeding capability and prolongs life
• Procedure Procedure Calculi removed from bladderCalculi removed from bladder Normograde and retrograde urethral flushingNormograde and retrograde urethral flushing Foley catheter placed in bladderFoley catheter placed in bladder Catheter removed when animal can consistently urinate a Catheter removed when animal can consistently urinate a
Inward rolling of eyelidInward rolling of eyelid Most common ocular disease of neonatal lambsMost common ocular disease of neonatal lambs Treatment optionsTreatment options
Ophthalmic antibioticsOphthalmic antibiotics Manually rolling lower lid outwardManually rolling lower lid outward Injection of penicillin or tetracycline in linear fashion parallel Injection of penicillin or tetracycline in linear fashion parallel
to lower lidto lower lid Clamping skin of lower lid below and parallel to lid margin Clamping skin of lower lid below and parallel to lid margin
with mosquito forceps for 30 secondswith mosquito forceps for 30 seconds Placement of two or three vertical mattress sutures in lower Placement of two or three vertical mattress sutures in lower
lid to roll out lid marginlid to roll out lid margin
Lumbosacral Epidural Lumbosacral Epidural Useful for alleviating pain during procedures Useful for alleviating pain during procedures
performed caudal to umbilicusperformed caudal to umbilicus Will lose motor control to hind legs and should be Will lose motor control to hind legs and should be
confined to a small, well-bedded area to prevent confined to a small, well-bedded area to prevent injuryinjury
Performed at lumbosacral junctionPerformed at lumbosacral junction• 20-gauge, 3.8-cm needle20-gauge, 3.8-cm needle
Analgesia will take several minutes if injected into Analgesia will take several minutes if injected into epidural space and almost immediately if injected epidural space and almost immediately if injected into subarachnoid spaceinto subarachnoid space
Dose of lidocaine is 5-8 ml/45 kg body weightDose of lidocaine is 5-8 ml/45 kg body weight
Disbudding/Dehorning KidsDisbudding/Dehorning Kids Optimal time Optimal time
3-5 days in buck kids 3-5 days in buck kids 5-7 days in doe kids5-7 days in doe kids Procedure is less invasive because horn buds not Procedure is less invasive because horn buds not
yet attached to underlying bone yet attached to underlying bone Less chance of regrowth if dehorned properly at Less chance of regrowth if dehorned properly at
these agesthese ages Many owners perform procedure with Many owners perform procedure with
restraint only restraint only May be sedated with xylazine and butorphanolMay be sedated with xylazine and butorphanol Ring block with1% lidocaine around base of hornRing block with1% lidocaine around base of horn
Indicated in cases of dystociaIndicated in cases of dystocia Left flank laparotomy used to approach Left flank laparotomy used to approach
uterus uterus Sedation and inverted L block performedSedation and inverted L block performed Alternatively, ventral midline or ventral Alternatively, ventral midline or ventral
paramedian approach can be usedparamedian approach can be used
