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The global protein gap: Dr. Richard Newton, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling food, feed and what it means for Scotland
The global protein gap:
Dr. Richard Newton, Institute of Aquaculture,
University of Stirling
food, feed and what it means for Scotland
Overview• What is the global protein gap and what’s the
big deal?
• What does it have to do with Scotland?
• What does is have to do with insects?
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4
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12B
illio
nsGlobal population
Oceania
N America
L America
Europe
Africa
Asia
Population and food• As populations grow their demand for food
increases
• As countries’ economies grow, the demand for more and better quality food increases
• Population and economic growth is fuelling demand for high quality animal protein
• China population 1.32bn to 1.40bn 2005 to 2015
• China per capita/annum seafood consumption 26.1kg in 2005 to ~41kg in 2015
• China has been centre of aquaculture growth (mainly carp species)
• Scottish salmon production ~172,000 tonnes in 2015
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5
10
15
20
25
1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016
Mill
ion
to
nn
es
Yellow catfish
Black carp
Wuchang bream
Carassius spp
Bighead carp
Common carp
Silver carp
Grass carp(=White amur)
Chinese aquaculture
30°16’N 113°10’E
Growth in global food production
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10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1994 2004 2014 2024 2034 2044
Mill
ion
to
nn
es
Atlantic salmon
Pangasius
Tilapias
Carps
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1994 2004 2014 2024 2034 2044
Beef
Pork
Poultry
• Aquaculture has been growing at >8% per annum since the 1980s “The Blue Revolution”
• ….but terrestrial livestock has also been growing fast in overall volume• Most animal production systems require formulated feed• Competition for feed resources is growing!
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Livestock and environmental impact– Environmental impacts occur throughout
the value chain
• Feed ingredients
• Feed processing
• On farm production
• Processing
• Distribution
• Consumption
• Waste disposal
– All require land, water, raw materials and energy, and can lead to harmful emissions
– Aquaculture; 90% of carbon, water and land footprints from feed provision
FertiliserWaterFuelPesticides
ElectricityFuelWater
ElectricityFuelWaterChemicals
ElectricityFuelWater
GHGsNH3
NO3-1
GHGsNH3
NO3-1
GHGsNO3
-1
HCFCs
Waste disposal
Some typical feed formulationsIngredient Beef1 Pork2 Chicken3 Salmon4 Seabass5 Shrimp6 Tilapia7 Carp8
Fishmeal 25.8 42 46.2 3.0 5.0
Fish oil 21.9 8.0 2.8 2.0
Soybean meal /SPC 8.5 24.4 19.3 11.6 15.5 11.0 50.0 52.0
Wheat 1.9 3.8 22.0 24.0 32.0 30.0
Gluten 5.8 8.0 3.0 8.0
Maize 17.9 70.0 65.1 8.5
Whey 71.7 2.0
Pea /beans 11.4
Rapeseed 4.1
DDGS 10.0 3.2 4.0
MBM 2.9
Sunflower† 9.1
Vitamins + Minerals 3.6 5.6 1.5 8.0 7.5 4.0 5.0
Others 2.0(Source: 1. Pelletier et al 2010a; 2. Pelletier et al 2010b (supporting info); 3. Bundgaard et al 2014; 4. Newton and Little 2017; 5. Aubin et al 2009; 6.
Cao et al 2011 (supporting info); 7. Pelletier and Tyedmers 2010, 8. FAO accessed 2019)
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) per unit edible yield
77.7 7.3 4.1 2.0 3.6 3.3 5.0
Source: Roberts et al 2015 (SARF 106 Report)
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Fishmeal and fish oil▪ Fishmeal is regarded
as being at its limit of exploitation
▪ Supply between 4.5 and 5.5 million tonnes
▪ Aquaculture uses around 3.5 million tonnes per annum
▪ The rest in pig, poultry and pet feed
▪ Research has been to replace fishmeal with vegetable protein (mainly soy)
Merino et al 2010
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Vegetable substitution▪ Soy makes up
around 22% of poultry , 9% of pig & up to 10% of dairy feeds
▪ 10% in salmon feeds, up to 50% in tilapia and 30% in shrimp feeds
▪ Changing due to US/China trade war!
http://www.rabobank.com/content/research/FoodAndAgriResearch/grains_and_oilseeds/tab4.jsp
Soy bean and soy meal trade
1.2 tonnes feed 1.0 tonnes salmon
• Almost all LU and CWU is at the feed production stage• Around 50% of land use and 33% of water use occurred in the UK• 17% of land and 25% of fresh water use occurred in Brazil with the rest in mainland Europe• Less than half carbon and other emissions were in the UK• Livestock with higher feed conversions have higher overall emissions…
The Global reach of Scottish salmon: mapping the impacts
Pfister et al 2011
Water use
Water abstraction/recharge
Global food waste
• A third of global food production is wasted• Global food waste occurs at different points in the value chain• Developing countries often occurs at the production and supply stage. • Industrialised countries more at the post consumer stage• Differences in quality and challenges to utilisation
Why Black soldier fly? • Waste management solution• Organic waste streams
• Market waste
• Retail/ catering waste
• Agricultural by-products
• Manure
• Fish farm mortalities
• Suitability?• Logistics
• Legislation
• Costs
• Contamination
The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)
• Sub-tropical fly, but also present naturally in Europe,
• Do not feed in the adult stage - Do not carry or
transmit diseases
• Excellent conversion rate of the substrate
• Large larvae (0.2g) – 2 weeks to reach harvesting
size
• Can feed on a wide range of organic substrate
P. Maquart 2017
BSFL proximate analysis (pilot study, 3 waste substrates)
• Substrate can considerably affect the larvae’s nutritional content• Has implications for consistency
n=4 Fruit waste Chicken manure Salmon smolt
mortalities
Moisture
%
Ave 73.2 73.0 70.0
SD 1.06 0.768 2.32
Crude
Protein
(%DW)
Ave 36.6 40.9 55.6
SD 1.26 1.88 1.79
Lipid
(%DW)
Ave 39.8 2.99 25.8
SD 2.61 0.968 1.47
The EU substrate dilema• Legislation: insects are classified “farmed
animals”
• Legal substrates can be fed direct to livestock (more efficient)
• Formulators demand consistent quality and quantities of ingredients
Experience of insects as biorefining factories: The case of the Black Soldier Fly.
Cost and Availability
Health impact Nutrient
composition
Cost ?
Availability ?
Seasonality ?
Location ?
Transportation ?
Heavy metal
contamination ?
Pesticides ?
Antibiotics ?
Proximate
analysis
Water
content
Source: Maquart P.O., Murray F.J., Newton R.W., Leschen W.A., Little D.C. Potential for commercial scale insect-based transformation of organic waste for aquafeed and crop production in Ghana. University of Stirling. 22 February 2015. Poster.
Advantages• BSFL can “sort” waste• They can reduce pathogenic loads considerably –
manure, mortalities, etc• They can utilise waste streams that other
livestock cannot – excellent organic waste management
• More evidence needed on efficient and safe utilisation of wastes
Summary
• Increasing demand for animal based protein has led to global demand for commodities
