65
Food security, consumption, poverty and nutrition in Pakistan: What do we know and what can we do about it? Sohail J. Malik Hina Nazli Asma Shahzad Amina Mehmood December 8, 2014
Food security, consumption, poverty and nutrition in Pakistan: What do we know and
what can we do about it?
Sohail J. Malik
Hina Nazli
Asma Shahzad
Amina Mehmood
December 8, 2014
Food Security, Consumption, and Nutrition
Foo
d S
ecu
rity
Availability
Production + Stocks
Income
Imports-exports
Accessibility Prices
Income
Utilization
Consumption
Water, sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
Nutritional status
Nutritional status
Sustainability Variability in availability, accessibility, utilization Resilience
Poverty
World Hunger Facts – What do we know?
• About 842 million people in the world do not eat enough to be healthy
(FAO, 2013)
• Most of the world’s undernourished people are still to be found
in Southern Asia, closely followed by sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Asia.
(FAO, 2013)
• A third of all deaths in children under the age of five in developing
countries are linked to under-nutrition. (IGME, 2011)
• In the developing world, one child in four is stunted, meaning that their
physical and mental growth is impaired because of inadequate nutrition.
(The Lancet, 2013)
The Global Hunger Index GHI=(PUN+CUW+CM)/3 PUN=Under-nutrition CUW=Child underweight CM=Child mortality
IFPRI
Global Hunger Index – Pakistan Borderline Alarming in 2014
19.1 17.8
16.4
19.1
15.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka
GH
I
Food Security in Pakistan - Availability
Percentage share of agriculture in GDP is declining overtime
Source: Economic Survey (various issues)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
1999-00 2005-06 2009-10 2013-14
Agriculture Major Crops Minor Crops Livestock Fishing
Pe
rce
nta
ge S
har
e(%
)
Growth rates in Agriculture are Declining and Low
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
1990-2000 2000-2005 2005-2010 2000-2010 2010-2014
Gro
wth
rat
e (
%)
Agriculture Important Crops Other Crops Livestock
Source: Economic Survey (various issues)
Shares of important crops are constant
Source: Economic Survey (various issues)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1999-00 2005-06 2009-10 2013-14
Rice Wheat Cotton Sugarcane Maize
Pe
rce
nta
ge S
har
e(%
)
Yield per hectare of Major Crops are low and stagnant - except Maize
Source: Economic Survey (various issues)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1999-00 2005-06 2009-10 2013-14
Kg
/hec
tare
Rice Wheat Cotton Maize
Share of Labor in Agriculture is high and not declining as share of Agriculture in GDP declines (%)
Source: Economic Survey (various issues)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2000 2005 2010 2013
Share of agriculture in GDP (FC) %age of Labor force in Agriculture
Per
cen
tage
Sh
are(
%)
The Total Number of Under 5 Acres Farms has More than Tripled since 1960
19.0
57.7 64.7
44.3
28.2 24.8 23.8
8.8 6.8 9.0 3.9 2.6 3.3 1.2 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.2
4.9 million
6.6 million 8.3 million
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
1960 2000 2010
Pe
rce
nta
ge (
%)
Years
under 5.0 5.0 to 12.5 12.5 to under 25.0
25.0 to under 50.0 50.0 to under 150.0 150.0 and above
Limited Diversification in Crop Agriculture across all farm sizes
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Gra
ins
Wh
eat
Co
tto
n
Pu
lses
Suga
rcan
e
Oils
eed
Fod
der
Veg
etab
les
Orc
har
ds
Oth
er c
rop
s
% s
har
e in
to
tal f
arm
are
a
Farms less than 5 Hectares
1990 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Gra
ins
Wh
eat
Co
tto
n
Pu
lses
Suga
rcan
e
Oils
eed
Fod
der
Veg
etab
les
Orc
har
ds
Oth
er c
rop
s
% s
har
e in
to
tal f
arm
are
a
Farms 20 Hectares and above
1990 2010
Source: Agriculture Census of Pakistan (1990; 2010)
Large variability of Crop Yields across Agro-climatic Zones in Pakistan 2010-11
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
Wheat Rice Maize
Yiel
d (
Kg
/ha)
Barani Punjab Rice/Wheat Punjab Mixed Punjab Cotton/Wheat Punjab Low Intensity Punjab
Cotton/ Wheat Sindh Rice/ Other Sindh Southern KPK KPK Plains/Foothills Balochistan
Wheat Rice Maize
Coefficient of Variation (%) 31.39 38.16 77.35
Mean 2,584 (811)
2,088 (797)
2,721 (2105)
Source: Computed from HIES (2010-11)
Pure Farm Households are a small proportion of Rural Households in 2014 (%)
2.6
64.1
33.3
Farm house holds
Nonfarm house holds
mixed house households
Food Availability in Pakistan
Food Prices are Rising in Pakistan
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Wheat flour Basmati rice Moong Sugar Milk
Rs/
kg
2000-01 2004-05 2009-10 2013-14
Average Supply of Calories per capita per day is only marginally higher than minimum subsistence requirement
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Cal
ori
es/c
apit
a/d
ay
Food Accessibility in Pakistan
Share of Food expenditure of Poor Households is Very High
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2001-02 2004-05 2005-06 2007-08 2010-11
% h
ou
seh
old
s
Botton quintile Highest quintile
Source: HIES (various issues)
Share of food expenditure increased by 5 percentage points during 2007/08 – 2010/11
55
59
36
40
44
49
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
2007-08 2010-11
% h
ou
seh
old
s
Botton quintile Highest quintile All households
Source: Report of HIES 2007-08, Table 15, available at http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/social_statistics/publications/hies07_08/table15.pdf Report of HIES 2010-11, Table 15, available at http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/pslm/publications/hies10_11/tables/table15.pdf
Differences in the Consumption Patterns of Poor and Non-poor (Pakistan 2010-11)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Wheat Rice Pulses Sugar Fats Meat Milk Fruits & Vegs
Kg
/cap
ita/
mo
nth
Bottom quintile Highest quintile
Source: HIES 2010-11
On Average more than 70% of food expenditure is spent on energy dense food (2010-11)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Energy dense food Pulses Fruits & vegs Other
% s
har
e in
fo
od
exp
end
itu
re
Overall Non-poor Poor
Source: HIES 2010-11
Poor Spend more on wheat and non-poor on Dairy (2010-11)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Dairy Wheat Oils Sugars Meats
SHA
RE
OF
FOO
D E
XP
END
ITU
RE
(%)
Pakistan
Non-poor Poor
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Dairy Wheat Oils Sugars Meats
SHA
RE
OF
FOO
D E
XP
END
ITU
RE
(%)
Urban areas
Non-poor Poor
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Dairy Wheat Oils Sugars Meats
SHA
RE
OF
FOO
D E
XP
END
ITU
RE
(%)
Rural areas
Non-poor Poor
Source: HIES 2010-11
Calorie Consumption Differs very little across Poverty Status in Rural Areas (based on Official Data)
Source: HIES 2010-11
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
Poor Nonpoor
CA
LOR
IES/
AE/
DA
Y
Urban Rural Pakistan
Dietary Diversity in Rural Pakistan 2014: (% households reporting type of food items consumed in last 24 hours - PSSP)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Wheat flour
Rice
Other cereals
Dairy products
Ghee/butter/oil
Sugar
Pulses
Dark green leafy vegetables
Vitamin A-rich vegetables
Tomato, onion, egg plant etc.
Roots and tubers (potatoes, turnip)
Fresh meat
Poultry
Eggs
Vitamin A-rich fruits
Other fruits
Spices, condiments
Source: RHPS (2014)
Food Frequency Reported in last seven days 2014 (% of hholds - PSSP)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Wheat flour
Rice
Other cereals
Dairy products
Ghee/butter/oil
Sugar
Pulses
Dark green leafy vegetables
Vitamin A-rich vegetables
Tomato, onion, egg plant etc.
Roots and tubers (potatoes, turnip)
Fresh meat
Poultry
Eggs
Vitamin A-rich fruits
Other fruits
Spices, condiments
Source: RHPS (2014)
Wheat is the major source of energy
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Wheat Oils Dairy Sugars Meats
% S
HA
RE
IN T
OTA
L C
ALO
RIE
S
Overall Non-Poor Poor
Source: HIES 2010-11
Trends in the Prices of Food Items
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Wheat flour Basmati rice Moong Sugar Milk
Rs/
kg
2000-01 2004-05 2009-10 2013-14
Sharp Increase in the Price of Wheat since 2007-08
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Rs/
KG
Source: GOP (2014), Economic Survey 2013-14
Decreasing ability to access: Kilograms of Wheat Flour that one Day’s Wages can Buy declining
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Kilo
gram
s o
f Fl
ou
r p
er d
aily
wag
e (K
gs)
Skilled Isamabad
Skilled Karachi
Skilled Lahore
Unskilled Islamabad
Unskilled Karachi
Unskilled Lahore
Calories consumed and the cost of calories – (PSSP Study)
Region or Population Group
Total Calories
(per AE/day)
Food Expenditure
(per AE/day) (Rs)
100 Calories cost Overall
Food (Rs)
Calories from wheat
(per AE/day)
Expenditure on Wheat
(per AE/day) (Rs)
100 Calories cost from
Wheat (Rs)
Rural Poor 1,882 36.8 1.95 1,007 8.2 0.81
Rural Non-Poor 2,664 67.0 2.52 1,208 7.7 0.64
Urban Poor 1,782 40.1 2.25 881 9.2 1.04
Urban Non-Poor 2,289 74.8 3.27 872 7.3 0.83
Pakistan 2,260 57.0 2.52 1,041 7.3 0.70
Source: Malik et al (2014), estimated from HIES (2010-11)
Change in Prices and Income and Demand for Wheat 2010-11: (PSSP Study)
Budget share on wheat
Expenditure elasticity
Own price uncompensated
elasticity
Own price Compensated
elasticity Wheat-rice elasticity
Rural areas 18.6 0.79 -0.32 -0.209 0.006
Poor 22.9 0.84 -0.35 -0.165 -0.005
Non-poor 15.8 0.75 -0.35 -0.227 0.023
Urban areas 15.1 0.74 -0.31 -0.123 0.006
Poor 20.0 0.92 -0.36 -0.155 -0.001
Non-poor 11.8 0.67 -0.20 -0.107 -0.002
Pakistan 17.5 0.77 -0.32 -0.179 0.010
Poor 22.0 0.81 -0.21 -0.163 -0.012
Non-poor 14.5 0.76 -0.39 -0.173 0.021
Source: Malik et al (2014), estimated from HIES (2010-11)
Estimates indicate that Increase in Wheat Price has possible adverse implications for other essential Human Development Indicators
• An increase in the price of wheat may not result in substitution with other food items
• However, substitution with non-food items is possible
• A substitution with health and education may worsen the already low human development indicators and may have adverse effect on already high levels of poverty in the country
• Serious implications especially for current nutritional status and productivity of future generation
• A reduction in the purchasing power of the wage earners can aggravate this situation further.
Food Utilization: Dietary patterns impact on nutritional status
Malnutrition among Women – Only 53 % are normal (BMI -official data)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Underweight (<18.5) Normal (18.5-24.9) Overweight (25-29.9) Obese (>29.9)
% W
OM
EN (
15
-49
YEA
RS)
Pakistan Urban Rural
Source: NNS 2010-11
Micronutrient Deficiency among Women (2001-2011 -official data)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Prevalence of Anemia Vitamin A Deficiency Zinc Deficiency%
WO
MEN
(1
5-4
9 Y
EAR
S)
Pakistan
2001 2011
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Prevalence of Anemia Vitamin A Deficiency Zinc Deficiency
% W
OM
EN (
15
-49
YEA
RS)
Urban areas
2001 2011
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Prevalence of Anemia Vitamin A Deficiency Zinc Deficiency%
WO
MEN
(1
5-4
9 Y
EAR
S)
Rural areas 2001 2011
Source: NNS 2010-11
Nutritional Intake among Women (24 hours food recall -official
data)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Energy(K.cal)
Protein (gm)
Fats (gm)
Carbohydrate (gm)
Calcium (mg)
Phosphorus (mg)
Iron (mg)
Zn (mg)
Vit.C (mg)
Pakistan
Pakistan Recommended Allowance
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Energy(K.cal)
Protein (gm)
Fats (gm)
Carbohydrate (gm)
Calcium (mg)
Phosphorus (mg)
Iron (mg)
Zn (mg)
Vit.C (mg)
Urban areas
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Energy(K.cal)
Protein (gm)
Fats (gm)
Carbohydrate (gm)
Calcium (mg)
Phosphorus (mg)
Iron (mg)
Zn (mg)
Vit.C (mg)
Rural areas
Source: NNS 2010-11
Undernourished Females – Implications for Future Generation (World Bank Study, 2006)
• A malnourished woman is at higher risk of giving birth to an anemic or an underweight child (less than 2.5 kg)
• Such children have five times the risk of death in the first year and a high risk of growth failure during childhood
• Low birth weight may result in greater chronic diseases as an adult
• Severe iron deficiency anemia causes deaths during pregnancy and childbirth
• Iodine deficiency in pregnancy causes the birth of mentally impaired children
• Human and economic potential can be at risk by malnutrition
For Pakistan Malnutrition Results in:
• Child mortality • Low birth-weight babies (31.6% of live births in 2007) rank 3rd in 183 countries • Under five mortality rate (89 per 1000 live births, 2008-2012) • Infant mortality rate (74 per 1000 live births, 2008-2012) • Neonatal mortality rate (55 per 1000 live births, 2008-2012)
• Disability • About 2.65 % population was disabled in 2012 (based on the projections on 1998
Census), 2.54% was in 1998 • Of these, 43% are children (1-15 years) • Of total disabled, 8.2% are blind, 7.5% deaf, 14% mentally retarded, 8.3% have
multiple disabilities
• Probability of falling sick, loss in work days and income
Source: PDHS 2012-13 Source: UNICEF, State of the World's Children, Childinfo, and Demographic and Health Surveys by ICF International Source: Helping Hands for Relief and Development (2012). Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) Statistics in Pakistan 2012
Protein-Energy Malnutrition among Children official data (< 5 years of age - official data)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1977 1985-87 1990 1990-94 2001 2011
% c
hild
ren
Underweight Stunted Wasted
Source: NNS 2010-11
Micronutrient Deficiency among Children (2001-2011 -official data)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Prevalence of Anemia Vitamin A Deficiency Zinc Deficiency%
CH
ILD
REN
Pakistan
2001 2011
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Prevalence of Anemia Vitamin A Deficiency Zinc Deficiency
% C
HIL
DR
EN
Urban areas
2001 2011
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Prevalence of Anemia Vitamin A Deficiency Zinc Deficiency%
CH
ILD
REN
Rural areas
2001 2011
Source: NNS 2010-11
Nutritional Intake among Children 0-23 months (24 hours food recall - official data)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Energy(K.cal)
Protein (gm)
Fats (gm)
Carbohydrate (gm)
Calcium (mg)
Phosphorus (mg)
Iron (mg)
Zn (mg)
Vit.C (mg)
Urban areas
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Energy(K.cal)
Protein (gm)
Fats (gm)
Carbohydrate (gm)
Calcium (mg)
Phosphorus (mg)
Iron (mg)
Zn (mg)
Vit.C (mg)
Pakistan
Pakistan Recommended Allowance
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Energy(K.cal)
Protein (gm)
Fats (gm)
Carbohydrate (gm)
Calcium (mg)
Phosphorus (mg)
Iron (mg)
Zn (mg)
Vit.C (mg)
Rural areas
Source: NNS 2010-11
Low Levels of Mothers’ Knowledge about Child Nutrition (PSSP data)
23.59 25.59
14.06
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Iron deficiency Iodine Rich Food Drinking Water Treatment
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Source: RHPS (2012)
High and Variable Prevalence of Malnutrition (<–2SD) by Province and Rural Pakistan (2013 - PSSP Study)
40
46
23
35
41
22
52
59
28 31
38
16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Underweight Stunting Wasting
% C
HIL
DR
EN
All Pakistan Punjab Sindh KPK
Source: Shahzad et al. (2013)
Comparison of malnourished children in NNS 2011 and RHPS 2013 (PSSP Study)
33
46
16
40
46
23
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Underweight Stunted Wasted
% C
HIL
DR
EN
NNS 2011 RHPS 2013
Source: Shahzad et al. (2013)
Logistic Regression Analysis (PSSP Study)
• Dependent variables: HAZ, WAZ, WHZ =1 if malnourished (z-score <-2), 0 otherwise
• Child characteristics: age and gender
• Mother Characteristics: age at child birth, literacy
• Household characteristics: number of siblings, nuclear family, farm household, flush toilet, and poverty status
• Community characteristics: distance from BHU, LHV/LHW
• Location characteristics: Sindh and KPK
Results of Logistic Regression (PSSP Study)
• Incidence of malnutrition among children under five is highest in Sindh
• Improving hygienic conditions appear important to reduce long term malnutrition (toilet facility and safe drinking water)
• Access to health care services plays a significant role in reducing the short-term nutrition (LHW)
• Mother’s education improves the general state of nutrition among children under five
And child malnutrition is high across all expenditure quintiles (PSSP Study)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Underweight Stunting Wasting
% C
HIL
DR
EN
1st quintile 2nd quintile 3rd quintile 4th quintile 5th quintile
Source: Shahzad et al. (2013)
Results Indicate the Need for:
• Identification of malnourished population based on scientific method (mapping exercise)
• Strong and accessible database for analysis; consistency in measuring indicators
• Moving towards nutrition-sensitive agriculture
• Agricultural value chain
• Kitchen gardening
• Better storage facilities/techniques for agricultural products
• Improved infrastructure and well functioning institutions (credit, marketing, etc)
• Fortification and bio-fortification
• Creating awareness about nutritious diet (in schools and homes through media)
• Role of local institutions (e.g., LHW)
• Strengthen PINS and SUN through appropriate monitoring and evaluation
Malnutrition better indicator of Poverty
• Overall levels of poverty are high and calorie consumption is low across the board
• Children in all expenditure categories are equally affected
• Average calories intake of 80 percent households (bottom 4 quintiles) is 2211 when recommended allowance is 2350 calories
• Poverty and malnutrition are determined by the same variables
• Malnutrition indicators are often used as a proxy for poverty in international studies (Reinhard and Wijayaratne, 2002; Setboonsarng, 2005; Heltberg, 2009; Klaver. 2010)
• United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals first goal “eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.” Undernourishment and malnutrition are amongst the indicators for this goal
Malnutrition better indicator of Poverty (contd.)
• Nutritional Status is a more direct measure of the welfare of a people
• It can be measured directly and in physical terms
• not indirectly and through assumption based analysis such as those for
money-metric measures of poverty which have proved very controversial in
Pakistan
Summing up
• High prevalence of malnutrition in the country: • Poverty - Lack of resources at the household level to maintain the minimum
daily allowance of essential nutrients; and
• Lack of awareness about balanced diet and maintaining good health
• Focus of previous research on estimating numbers only
• Food Security not fully understood or integrated into policies • Little work on understanding the linkages between food security,
consumption behavior and nutritional outcomes and variations across socio-economic groups and regions
• Need re-prioritization and evaluation of any previous policies and programs
Summing up • Limited Dietary Diversity: Cereals, fats, sugars, and dairy products are the main
sources of calories and macro-nutrients
• The consumption of micronutrient rich foods is very low (vegetables and fruits)
• Average calorie consumption is lower than the recommended level of 2350 and
unbalanced in terms of micro-nutrients
• Wheat is the main source of calories, carbohydrate and fiber
• Current policy focused on availability of wheat tonnage through production and
import. Little diversification away from four major crops.
• Lesser focus on accessibility, sustainability and safety.
• Wheat consumption is price inelastic (implications for dietary diversity and
household expenditures on education, health care, etc.?)
Implications for Poverty Reduction
• Addressing this alarming situation requires:
1. Urgent development and implementation of appropriate multi-
dimensional policies for poverty reduction emphasising Food
Security (with greater emphasis on access and utilization aspects),
education (especially female), health and nutrition
2. More urgent awareness building about the gravity of the situation.
Some Comments on the Multidimensional Poverty Index
Pakistan is in the process of adopting a Multidimensional Poverty Index – this is an adapted and expanded version of the UNDPs Human Development Index
The MPI is the product of two components:
• Incidence: the percentage of people who are poor (or the headcount ratio, H);
• Intensity: the average share of indicators in which poor people are deprived (A).
MPI = H x A
Dimension
Indicator
Deprived if….
Relative Weight
Education
Years of Schooling No household member has completed five years of schooling. 1/6
Child School Attendance Any school-aged child is not attending school up to the age at which they would complete class 8.
1/6
Health Child Mortality Any child has died in the household. 1/6 Nutrition Any adult or child for whom there is nutritional information is
malnourished. 1/6
Living Standard
Electricity The household has no electricity. 1/18 Improved Sanitation The household’s sanitation facility is not improved (according to
MDG guidelines), or it is improved but shared with other households.
1/18
Safe Drinking Water Water The household does not have access to safe drinking water (according to MDG guidelines) or safe drinking water is more than a 30-minute walk from home, roundtrip.
1/18
Flooring The household has a dirt, sand or dung floor 1/18
Cooking Fuel The household cooks with dung, wood or charcoal. 1/18
Assets The household does not own more than one radio, TV, telephone, bike, motorbike or refrigerator and does not own a car or truck.
1/18
Indicators of Multidimensional Poverty Index and Weights assigned to them
Multiplicity of available data sources with very variable quality
• Demographic and Health Surveys
• Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
• Household Income and Economic Surveys
• WHO Health Surveys
PLEASE FOCUS ON THE HUGE VARIABILITY IN NUTRION ESTIMATES FROM THREE DIFFRERENT SURVEYS IN 2001 IN THE NEXT SLIDE
Data source
Percent
Underweight Percent Stunted Percent Wasted
MNS 1976 - 42.9 8.6
MNS 1985 51.5 41.8 10.8
PDHS 1990 40.4 50.2 9.2
NNS 1998 38.8 60.1 9.5
NNS 2001 42.3 32.5 11.2
PSES 2001 51.4 52.7 -
PRHS 2001 56.6 64.4 18.4
PPHS 2010 39.8 64.5 17.2
NNS 2011 33.3 46.3 16.1
Pakistan’s available data leave much to be desired Levels of Malnutrition in Pakistan (1976 to 2013)
Why Not a Happiness Index for Pakistan?
• Economic Wellness:
• Environmental Wellness:
• Physical Wellness
• Mental Wellness:
• Workplace Wellness:
• Social Wellness
• Political Wellness
Why is Pakistan not using the available BISP Poverty Scorecard Indicators Data – it has all the multidimensional information needed
• Demographics • Number of dependents – (age Less than 18 or greater than 65 and above)
• Education • Head education
• The number of children from 5 to 16 years old currently attending to the school
• Household Characteristics • Room ratio
• Kind of toilet
• Assets • At least one refrigerator, freezer or washing machine
• At least one air conditioner, air cooler, geyser or heater
• At least one cooking stove, cooking range or microwave oven
• At least one TV
• One car or one car with one moto
• One moto (but no car)
• One buffalo or bullock and at least one cow or goat or sheep
• Neither buffalo, bullock nor cow, goat or sheep
• Some agricultural land but less or equal than 12.5 acres
• More than 12.5 acres of agricultural land
Pakistan Needs
• Simple Robust Real Time Measures
• Comparable over time and Space to capture changes over time and vast disparities across space.
• Minimal Data Requirements
• Easily Understood and applicable Methodology
• Confidence in the Measures
Thank you so much
