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Fresh Produce Production Food Safety Plan Logs and Worksheets William McGlynn FAPC Horticultural Products Processing Specialist Lynn Brandenberger Horticulture Food Crops Extension and Research Specialist The following worksheets are intended to serve as tem- plates to cover most of the documentation and record keeping that will occur as part of a typical fresh produce food safety program. Not every size and type of operation will need to use every sheet, but most operations will want to capture and record most of the information these sheets are designed to document. It is expected these sheets will serve as a founda- tion and inspiration for further customization. For example, some operations may find it beneficial to create separate log sheets to document the cleaning and sanitation of different types of equipment or different areas within a packing facility. Separate log sheets for different washing or sanitizing tanks may be useful as well. Don’t be afraid to experiment to find out what works best for your operation. Proper record keeping protocols: Always fill in information in real time. Never fill in information after the fact. When things are busy, it is always tempting to wait to record information after performing an inspection or a test. This is a good way to introduce errors into one’s documentation and sends up a red flag to third-party auditors. Never falsify information. The temptation is obvi- ous, but the fact is inspectors and auditors will almost certainly be much more concerned about falsified information or test results than about missing data. If an error is made in entering information, do not erase or obscure it. The proper protocol to correct a mistake is to put a single line through the errone- ous entry, write in the correct information and initial the change. If for some reason the correction occurs some period of time after the information is originally entered, make a note of the time/date of the correction and the reason for the delayed correction on the page. Remember: Record it or regret it! Acknowledgement: These worksheets were adapted from documents originally developed by Robert B. Gravani, Ph.D., Elizabeth A. Bihn, M.S., and others at the Cornell University Department of Food Science. A Note on Calibration of Your Thermometer 1 (See worksheet on page 11) Melting point of ice method (requires a thermometer that may be calibrated by adjusting a movable back plate on which temperature gradations appear): 1. Place ice in a container and let it melt. 2. Stir to make sure the temperature in the ice/water mixture is uniform throughout the container. 3. When the ice is partially melted and the container is filled with a 50/50 ice and water solution, insert the thermometer and wait until the needle indicator stabilizes. The thermometer should be 32°F (0°C). 4. If the thermometer is not reading 32°F (0°C), it should be adjusted by holding the head of the thermometer firmly and using a small wrench to turn the calibration (hex) nut under the head until the indicator reads 32° (0°C). An important item to remember as you are calibrating your thermometer using the melting point of ice method is to never add water to ice to create an ice/water mixture because this mixture will not stabilize at 32°F (0°C) for some time, but will instead be at higher temperatures. The calibration will be much more accurate if you allow ice to melt to create an ice/water mixture. 1 This thermometer calibration information is taken from “Food Store Sanitation,” 1998, Sixth Edition, Gravani, Robert B., Rishoi, Don C., Cornell University Food Industry Management Distance Education Program, Lebhar-Friedman Books, Chain Store Publishing Corp. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources FAPC-167 Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET 405-744-6071 • www.fapc.biz [email protected] Adding Value to OKLAHOMA
Transcript
Page 1: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-1

Fresh Produce Production Food Safety Plan Logs and Worksheets

William McGlynnFAPC Horticultural Products Processing Specialist

Lynn BrandenbergerHorticulture Food Crops Extension and Research Specialist

The following worksheets are intended to serve as tem-plates to cover most of the documentation and record keeping that will occur as part of a typical fresh produce food safety program. Not every size and type of operation will need to use every sheet, but most operations will want to capture and record most of the information these sheets are designed to document. It is expected these sheets will serve as a founda-tion and inspiration for further customization. For example, some operations may find it beneficial to create separate log sheets to document the cleaning and sanitation of different types of equipment or different areas within a packing facility. Separate log sheets for different washing or sanitizing tanks may be useful as well. Don’t be afraid to experiment to find out what works best for your operation.

Proper record keeping protocols:• Always fill in information in real time. Never fill

in information after the fact. When things are busy, it is always tempting to wait to record information after performing an inspection or a test. This is a good way to introduce errors into one’s documentation and sends up a red flag to third-party auditors.

• Never falsify information. The temptation is obvi-ous, but the fact is inspectors and auditors will almost certainly be much more concerned about falsified information or test results than about missing data.

• If an error is made in entering information, do not erase or obscure it. The proper protocol to correct a mistake is to put a single line through the errone-ous entry, write in the correct information and initial the change. If for some reason the correction occurs some period of time after the information is originally entered, make a note of the time/date of the correction and the reason for the delayed correction on the page.

Remember: Record it or regret it!

Acknowledgement: These worksheets were adapted from documents originally developed by Robert B. Gravani, Ph.D., Elizabeth A. Bihn, M.S., and others at the Cornell University Department of Food Science.

A Note on Calibration of Your Thermometer1

(See worksheet on page 11)Melting point of ice method (requires a thermometer that

may be calibrated by adjusting a movable back plate on which temperature gradations appear):

1. Place ice in a container and let it melt.2. Stir to make sure the temperature in the ice/water

mixture is uniform throughout the container.3. When the ice is partially melted and the container

is filled with a 50/50 ice and water solution, insert the thermometer and wait until the needle indicator stabilizes. The thermometer should be 32°F (0°C).

4. If the thermometer is not reading 32°F (0°C), it should be adjusted by holding the head of the thermometer firmly and using a small wrench to turn the calibration (hex) nut under the head until the indicator reads 32° (0°C).

An important item to remember as you are calibrating your thermometer using the melting point of ice method is to never add water to ice to create an ice/water mixture because this mixture will not stabilize at 32°F (0°C) for some time, but will instead be at higher temperatures. The calibration will be much more accurate if you allow ice to melt to create an ice/water mixture.

1This thermometer calibration information is taken from “Food Store Sanitation,” 1998, Sixth Edition, Gravani, Robert B., Rishoi, Don C., Cornell University Food Industry Management Distance Education Program, Lebhar-Friedman Books, Chain Store Publishing Corp.

Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service • Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

FAPC-167

Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center

FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET

405-744-6071 • www.fapc.biz • [email protected]

Adding Value to OKLAHOMA

Page 2: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-2

Worker Training Log Name of operation: Date:

Trainer: Training Time:

Location:

Subject of training session:

Training method: Video Lecture Handout (Check all that apply) (Please attach any written materials to this log with a staple):

Please see the food safety plan for overall Worker Training procedures. Employee Name (please print) Employee Signature

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Page 3: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-3

Site

Sel

ectio

n R

evie

w

Nam

e of

ope

ratio

n:

Pl

ease

see

the

food

saf

ety

plan

for s

ite s

elec

tion

proc

edur

es.

Prev

ious

Lan

d U

se

(ani

mal

, cro

p pr

oduc

tion,

in

dust

rial,

dum

p fo

r ind

ustr

ial,

anim

al, s

ludg

e or

bio

solid

s)

Pote

ntia

l for

Li

vest

ock

and

Wild

life

Con

tam

inat

ion

Pote

ntia

l for

W

ind

Bor

ne

Con

tam

inan

ts

Pote

ntia

l for

Su

rfac

e W

ater

C

onta

min

ants

Test

Res

ults

* In

itial

s

* A

ttach

any

test

ing

lab

resu

lts.

Rev

iew

ed b

y:

Title

: D

ate:

Page 4: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-4

Fiel

d / P

acki

ng S

hed

Res

troo

m C

lean

ing

and

Serv

ice

Log

Nam

e of

ope

ratio

n:

Pl

ease

see

the

food

saf

ety

plan

for o

vera

ll fie

ld s

anita

tion

unit

serv

ice

proc

edur

es.

Supp

lies

Stoc

ked*

* Sa

nita

tion

Uni

t #*

Dat

e Ti

me

Pape

r To

wel

s So

ap

Toile

t Pap

er

Pota

ble

Wat

er

Initi

als

* R

estro

om n

umbe

r as

iden

tifie

d on

fiel

d m

ap o

r pac

king

she

d di

agra

m.

** S

anita

tion

supp

lies

are

sing

le u

se to

wel

s, to

ilet p

aper

, han

d or

ant

i-bac

teria

l soa

p, p

otab

le w

ater

for h

and

was

hing

. If

cont

ract

ed w

ith s

anita

tion

com

pany

, atta

ch s

ervi

ce/c

lean

ing

rece

ipt.

Rev

iew

ed b

y:

Title

: D

ate:

Page 5: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-5

Fiel

d H

arve

st /

Proc

essi

ng /

Pack

ing

Cle

anin

g Lo

g

Nam

e of

ope

ratio

n:

Pl

ease

see

the

food

saf

ety

plan

for o

vera

ll cl

eani

ng p

roce

dure

s an

d tim

e in

terv

als.

Cle

anin

g Li

st (c

heck

eac

h)

Dat

e Ti

me

Kni

ves

and

Pers

onal

eq

uipm

ent

Har

vest

M

achi

nery

H

arve

st B

ins

Fiel

d Tr

aile

rs

Fiel

d Tr

acto

rs

Fiel

d St

orag

e A

rea

Insp

ecte

d

Initi

als

Rev

iew

ed b

y:

Title

: D

ate:

Page 6: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-6

Proc

essi

ng /

Pack

ing

Line

/ Fa

cilit

y C

lean

ing

Log

Nam

e of

ope

ratio

n:

Pl

ease

see

the

food

saf

ety

plan

for o

vera

ll cl

eani

ng p

roce

dure

s an

d tim

e in

terv

als.

Cle

anin

g Li

st (c

heck

eac

h)

Dat

e Ti

me

Prod

uce

rece

ivin

g ar

ea

Prod

uce

Con

tact

Su

rfac

es

Was

hing

/ C

oolin

g /

Sani

tizin

g Ta

nks

Floo

r dra

ins

Tras

h re

cept

acle

s St

orag

e ar

ea(s

)

Initi

als

Rev

iew

ed b

y:

Title

: D

ate:

Page 7: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-7

Was

hing

/ C

oolin

g / S

aniti

zing

Wat

er T

reat

men

t Log

Nam

e of

ope

ratio

n:

Pl

ease

see

the

food

saf

ety

plan

for o

vera

ll w

ater

trea

tmen

t pro

cedu

res

and

test

ing

time

inte

rval

s.

Dat

e Ti

me

Wat

er p

H

Leve

l Ty

pe o

f C

hem

ical

U

sed

Test

ed

Stre

ngth

of

Solu

tion

Am

ount

of

Sani

tizer

A

dded

Type

of

Prod

uce

Bei

ng R

un

Initi

als

Rev

iew

ed b

y:

Title

: D

ate:

Page 8: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-8

Irrig

atio

n / S

pray

Wat

er T

reat

men

t Log

Nam

e of

ope

ratio

n:

Pl

ease

see

the

food

saf

ety

plan

for i

rrig

atio

n / s

pray

wat

er te

stin

g pr

oced

ures

and

tim

e in

terv

als.

Wat

er S

ourc

e (s

urfa

ce, w

ell,

etc.

) Te

st D

ate

Test

Res

ults

* C

orre

ctiv

e A

ctio

ns T

aken

(if n

eces

sary

) In

itial

s

* A

ttach

test

ing

lab

resu

lts.

Rev

iew

ed b

y:

Title

: D

ate:

Page 9: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-9

Pest

/ R

oden

t Con

trol

Log

Nam

e of

ope

ratio

n:

Pl

ease

see

the

food

saf

ety

plan

for o

vera

ll Pe

st/R

oden

t con

trol

pro

cedu

res.

Com

pany

U

sed*

or s

elf

Dat

e of

Se

rvic

e or

ac

tion

take

n

Type

of

Pest

Ty

pe o

f C

ontr

ol**

Lo

catio

n of

Tra

ps

Trap

s C

heck

ed

(dat

e)

Dis

posa

l m

eans

In

itial

s

* If

usin

g a

com

pany

for s

ervi

ce, a

ttach

repo

rt or

rece

ipt o

f ser

vice

for e

ach

of th

eir v

isits

. **

Lis

t typ

e of

con

trol m

etho

ds u

sed

such

as

excl

usio

n, tr

aps,

poi

son,

repe

llant

s, e

tc.

Rev

iew

ed b

y:

Title

: D

ate:

Page 10: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-10

Ani

mal

Con

trol

Log

Nam

e of

ope

ratio

n:

Pl

ease

see

the

food

saf

ety

plan

for o

vera

ll an

imal

/wild

life

cont

rol p

roce

dure

s.

Dat

e C

ompa

ny /

Age

ncy

Use

d* o

r se

lf

Ani

mal

C

once

rn

(spe

cies

)

Type

of C

ontr

ol**

A

ctio

n Ta

ken

Initi

als

* If

usin

g a

com

pany

for s

ervi

ce, a

ttach

repo

rt or

rece

ipt o

f ser

vice

for e

ach

of th

eir v

isits

. **

Lis

t typ

e of

con

trol m

etho

ds u

sed

such

as

excl

usio

n, tr

aps,

poi

son,

repe

llant

s, e

tc.

Rev

iew

ed b

y:

Title

: D

ate:

Page 11: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-11

Coo

ler T

empe

ratu

re L

og

Nam

e of

ope

ratio

n:

Coo

ler n

umbe

r:

Th

erm

omet

er n

umbe

r:

Pl

ease

see

the

food

saf

ety

plan

for o

vera

ll te

mpe

ratu

re c

ontr

ol p

roce

dure

s an

d th

erm

omet

er c

alib

ratio

n in

stru

ctio

ns

Rec

orde

d te

mpe

ratu

re

Dat

e Th

erm

omet

er

calib

rate

d da

te

AM

PM

Cor

rect

ive

actio

ns ta

ken

(if

nece

ssar

y):

Res

ult o

f cor

rect

ive

actio

ns a

nd

date

acc

ompl

ishe

d In

itial

s

Rev

iew

ed b

y:

Title

: D

ate:

Page 12: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-12

Truc

k C

heck

list

Nam

e of

ope

ratio

n:

Pl

ease

see

the

food

saf

ety

plan

for o

vera

ll tr

uck

chec

king

pro

cedu

res.

Dat

e Tr

ucki

ng

Com

pany

Tr

uck

clea

n (Y

/ N

)

If no

, sta

te th

e pr

oble

m (o

ff od

or, d

ebris

, etc

.)

Cor

rect

ive

Act

ion

Truc

k te

mp

at

Load

ing

Tem

p da

ta

logg

er in

lo

ad (

Y / N

)

Initi

als

Rev

iew

ed B

y:

Title

: D

ate:

Page 13: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-13

Illne

ss/In

jury

Rep

ortin

g lo

g

Nam

e of

ope

ratio

n:

Pl

ease

see

the

food

saf

ety

plan

for o

vera

ll ill

ness

/inju

ry re

port

ing

proc

edur

es.

Dat

e N

ame

of E

mpl

oyee

In

jury

sus

tain

ed /

Illne

ss re

port

ed

Act

ion

take

n (ic

e ap

plie

d,

band

aged

, sen

t to

hosp

ital,

etc.

) D

id e

mpl

oyee

re

turn

to

wor

k? (Y

/ N

)

Initi

als

Rev

iew

ed B

y:

Title

: D

ate:

Page 14: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-14

Firs

t Aid

Kit

Mon

itorin

g lo

g

Nam

e of

ope

ratio

n:

Pl

ease

see

the

food

saf

ety

plan

for o

vera

ll fir

st a

id k

it m

onito

ring.

Dat

e Lo

catio

n of

Firs

t Aid

Kit

or #

C

heck

ed &

St

ocke

d If

rest

ocke

d, li

st a

dded

item

s he

re (b

and

aids

, oi

ntm

ent,

etc)

In

itial

s

Rev

iew

ed B

y:

Title

: D

ate:

Page 15: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-15

Fert

ilize

r / C

ompo

st /

Man

ure

App

licat

ions

log

Nam

e of

ope

ratio

n:

Pl

ease

see

the

food

saf

ety

plan

for o

vera

ll m

anur

e ap

plic

atio

n pr

oced

ures

Dat

e Fi

eld

Loca

tion

Mat

eria

l ap

plie

d R

ate

(ton/

acre

) C

ompo

sted

? (Y

/ N

) In

corp

orat

ed?

(Y /

N)

Supp

lier

Dat

e C

rop

Plan

ted

Dat

e C

rop

Har

vest

ed

Initi

als

Rev

iew

ed B

y:

Title

: D

ate:

Page 16: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-16

Prod

uce

Trac

ing

Log

Nam

e of

ope

ratio

n:

D

ate:

Plea

se s

ee th

e fo

od s

afet

y pl

an fo

r ove

rall

trac

ebac

k pr

oced

ures

.

Har

vest

da

te

Cro

p Fi

eld

Loca

tion

Har

vest

er

Nam

e / I

D

Pack

ing

date

Pa

cker

N

ame

/ ID

Sh

ippi

ng

date

Sh

ippe

r C

usto

mer

In

itial

s

Rev

iew

ed b

y:

Title

: D

ate:

Page 17: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-17

Rec

all /

Tra

ceba

ck L

og

Nam

e of

ope

ratio

n:

D

ate:

Con

duct

ed b

y:

Lo

t:

Prod

uct t

race

d:

Pl

ease

see

the

food

saf

ety

plan

for o

vera

ll tr

aceb

ack

proc

edur

es.

Step

bac

kwar

d St

ep fo

rwar

d

Har

vest

da

te

Har

vest

er

Pack

ing

date

Pa

cker

Sh

ippi

ng

date

C

usto

mer

(s)

cont

acte

d A

mou

nt o

f pr

oduc

t re

mai

ning

from

or

igin

al s

hipm

ent

at c

usto

mer

Dis

posi

tion

of

prod

uct w

hich

co

uld

not b

e re

calle

d

Rev

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y:

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ate:

Page 18: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-18

Visi

tor L

og

Nam

e of

ope

ratio

n:

Pl

ease

see

the

food

saf

ety

plan

for i

nfor

mat

ion

on fo

od s

afet

y pr

oced

ures

for v

isito

rs.

Dat

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Title

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Page 19: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-19

SI (METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS

Approximate Conversions to SI Units Approximate Conversions from SI Units

Symbol When you

know Multiply

by To Find Symbol Symbol When you

know Multiply by To Find Symbol LENGTH

LENGTH

in

inches

25.40

millimeters

mm

mm

millimeters

0.0394

inches

in ft

feet

0.3048

meters

m

m

meters

3.281

feet

ft

yd

yards

0.9144

meters

m

m

meters

1.094

yards

yds mi

miles

1.609

kilometers

km

km

kilometers

0.6214

miles

mi

AREA

AREA

in2

square inches

645.2

square

millimeters mm2

mm2

square

millimeters

0.00155 square inches

in2

ft2

square feet

0.0929

square meters

m2

m2

square meters

10.764

square feet

ft2

yd2

square yards

0.8361

square meters

m2

m2

square meters

1.196

square yards

yd2

ac

acres

0.4047

hectacres

ha

ha

hectacres

2.471

acres

ac

mi2 square miles

2.590

square

kilometers

km2

km2

square

kilometers

0.3861

square miles

mi2

VOLUME

VOLUME fl oz

fluid ounces

29.57

milliliters

mL

mL

milliliters

0.0338

fluid ounces

fl oz

gal

gallon

3.785

liters

L

L

liters

0.2642

gallon

gal ft3

cubic feet

0.0283

cubic meters

m3

m3

cubic meters

35.315

cubic feet

ft3

yd3

cubic yards

0.7645

cubic meters

m3

m3 cubic meters

1.308

cubic yards

yd3

MASS

MASS

oz

ounces

28.35

grams

g

g

grams

0.0353

ounces

oz lb

pounds

0.4536

kilograms

kg

kg

kilograms

2.205

pounds

lb

T

short tons (2000 lb)

0.907

megagrams

Mg

Mg

megagrams

1.1023

short tons (2000 lb)

T

TEMPERATURE (exact)

TEMPERATURE (exact)

°F

degrees

(°F-32)

/1.8

degrees

°C

°C

degrees 9/5(°C)+32

degrees

°F

Fahrenheit Celsius Fahrenheit Celsius

FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS

FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS lbf

poundforce

4.448

Newtons

N

N

Newtons

0.2248

poundforce

lbf

lbf/in2

poundforce

6.895

kilopascals

kPa

kPa

kilopascals

0.1450

poundforce lbf/in2

per square

inch per square

inch

This table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1997.

Page 20: FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETpods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-6657/FAPC-167web.pdfThis table was adapted from Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th Edition, John

167-20

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