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Foot
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation,search
This article is about the anatomical structure. For the unit of measure, seeFoot (unit). Forother uses, see Foot (disambiguation).
Foot
Latin Pes
Arterydorsalis pedis,medial plantar, lateral
plantar
Nervemedial plantar,lateral plantar,deep
fibular, superficial fibular
MeSH Foot
Dorlands/Elsevier Foot
The foot (plural feet) is an anatomicalstructure found in many vertebrates. It is theterminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In many animalswith feet, the foot is a separate organ at the terminal part of the leg made up of one ormore segments or bones, generally including claws or nails.
Contents
1 Human footo 1.1 Anatomy
1.1.1 Skeleton 1.1.1.1 Arches 1.1.2 Muscles
1.1.2.1 Extrinsic 1.1.2.2 Intrinsic
o 1.2 Medical aspects 2 Pronation 3 Evolutionary variations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#mw-navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#mw-navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsalis_pedis_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsalis_pedis_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_plantar_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_plantar_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_plantar_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_plantar_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_plantar_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_plantar_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_plantar_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_plantar_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_fibular_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_fibular_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_fibular_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_fibular_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headingshttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevierhttp://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/three/000041532.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_locomotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Human_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Skeletonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Archeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Extrinsichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Intrinsichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Medical_aspectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Pronationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Evolutionary_variationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Male_Right_Foot_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#mw-navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsalis_pedis_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_plantar_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_plantar_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_plantar_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_plantar_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_plantar_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_fibular_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_fibular_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_fibular_nervehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headingshttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevierhttp://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/three/000041532.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_locomotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Human_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Skeletonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Archeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Extrinsichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Intrinsichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Medical_aspectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Pronationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Evolutionary_variations7/27/2019 Foot.doc
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4 Culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links
Human foot
Anatomy
The human foot and ankle is a strong and complex mechanical structure containingexactly 26bones, 33joints(20 of which are actively articulated), and more than ahundred muscles, tendons, and ligaments.[1]
An anthropometric study of 1197 North American adult Caucasian males (mean age 35.5years) found that a man's foot length was 26.3 cm with a standard deviation of 1.2 cm. [2]
The foot can be subdivided into the hindfoot, the midfoot, and the forefoot:
The hindfoot is composed of the talus (or ankle bone) and the calcaneus (or heel bone).The two long bones of the lower leg, the tibia and fibula, are connected to the top of thetalus to form the ankle. Connected to the talus at the subtalar joint, the calcaneus, thelargest bone of the foot, is cushioned inferiorly by a layer of fat. [1]
The five irregular bones of the midfoot, the cuboid,navicular, and threecuneiformbones, form the arches of the foot which serves as a shock absorber. The midfoot isconnected to the hind- and fore-foot by muscles and theplantar fascia.[1]
The forefoot is composed of five toes and the corresponding five proximal long bonesforming the metatarsus. Similar to the fingers of the hand, the bones of the toes are calledphalanges and thebig toe has two phalanges while the other four toes have threephalanges. The joints between the phalanges are called interphalangeal and those betweenthe metatarsus and phalanges are calledmetatarsophalangeal(MTP).[1]
Both the midfoot and forefoot constitute the dorsum (the area facing upwards whilestanding) and the planum (the area facing downwards while standing).
The instep is the arched part of the top of the foot between the toes and the ankle.
Skeleton
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Podiatry-Channel-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Podiatry-Channel-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talus_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtalar_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtalar_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Podiatry-Channel-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuboid_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicular_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicular_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicular_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arches_of_the_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_fasciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_fasciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Podiatry-Channel-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_boneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_toehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interphalangeal_articulations_of_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsophalangeal_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsophalangeal_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsophalangeal_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Podiatry-Channel-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Podiatry-Channel-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talus_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtalar_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Podiatry-Channel-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuboid_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicular_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arches_of_the_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_fasciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Podiatry-Channel-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_boneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_toehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interphalangeal_articulations_of_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsophalangeal_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Podiatry-Channel-17/27/2019 Foot.doc
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A human foot; label three is the instep. tibia,fibula tarsus: talus, calcaneus, cuneiformes, cuboid, and navicular metatarsus: first, second,third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bone phalanges
There can be manysesamoid bonesnear the metatarsophalangeal joints, although they
are only regularly present in the distal portion of the first metatarsal bone.
[3]
Arches
Main article: Arches of the foot
The human foot has two longitudinal arches and a transverse arch maintained by theinterlocking shapes of the foot bones, strong ligaments, and pulling muscles duringactivity. The slight mobility of these arches when weight is applied to and removed fromthe foot makes walking and running more economical in terms of energy. As can beexamined in a footprint, the medial longitudinal arch curves above the ground. This archstretches from the heel bone over the "keystone" ankle bone to the three medialmetatarsals. In contrast, the lateral longitudinal arch is very low. With the cuboid servingas its keystone, it redistributes part of the weight to the calcaneus and the distal end of thefifth metatarsal. The two longitudinal arches serve as pillars for the transverse arch whichrun obliquely across the tarsometatarsal joints. Excessive strain on the tendons andligaments of the feet can result in fallen arches orflat feet.[4]
Muscles
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talus_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuboid_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicular_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_metatarsal_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_metatarsal_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_metatarsal_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_metatarsal_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_metatarsal_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_metatarsal_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_metatarsal_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanges_of_the_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamoid_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamoid_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamoid_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_metatarsal_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_metatarsal_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-220-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arches_of_the_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_locationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_feethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Marieb-Hoehn-244-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foot.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foot.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talus_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuboid_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicular_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_metatarsal_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_metatarsal_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_metatarsal_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_metatarsal_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_metatarsal_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanges_of_the_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamoid_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_metatarsal_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-220-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arches_of_the_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_locationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_feethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Marieb-Hoehn-244-47/27/2019 Foot.doc
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The muscles acting on the foot can be classified into extrinsic muscles, those originatingon the anterior or posterior aspect of the lower leg, and intrinsic muscles, originating onthe dorsal (top) or plantar (base) aspects of the foot.
Extrinsic
Anterior leg muscles.
All muscles originating on the lower leg except thepopliteus muscleare attached to thebones of the foot. The tibia and fibula and the interosseous membrane separate these
muscles into anterior and posterior groups, in their turn subdivided into subgroups andlayers. [5]
Anterior group
Extensor group: tibialis anteriororiginates on the proximal half of the tibia and theinterosseous membrane and is inserted near thetarsometatarsal jointof the first digit. Inthe non-weight-bearing leg tibialis anterior flexes the foot dorsally and lift its medialedge (supination). In the weight-bearing leg it brings the leg towards the back of the foot,like in rapid walking. Extensor digitorum longus arises on the lateral tibial condyle andalong the fibula to be inserted on the second to fifth digits and proximally on the fifth
metatarsal. The extensor digitorum longus acts similar to the tibialis anterior except that italso dorsiflexes the digits. Extensor hallucis longusoriginates medially on the fibula andis inserted on the first digit. As the name implies it dorsiflexes the big toe and also acts onthe ankle in the unstressed leg. In the weight-bearing leg it acts similar to the tibialisanterior. [6]
Peroneal group:peroneus longus arises on the proximal aspect of the fibula andperoneus brevis below it on the same bone. Together, their tendons pass behind the lateral
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popliteus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popliteus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-256-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibialis_anterior_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsometatarsal_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsometatarsal_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsometatarsal_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_longus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_hallucis_longus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_hallucis_longus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-258-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroneus_longus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroneus_brevis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray437.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray437.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popliteus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-256-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibialis_anterior_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsometatarsal_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_longus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_hallucis_longus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-258-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroneus_longus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroneus_brevis_muscle7/27/2019 Foot.doc
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malleolus. Distally, peroneus longus crosses the plantar side of the foot to reach itsinsertion on the first tarsometatarsal joint, while peroneus brevis reaches the proximalpart of the fifth metatarsal. These two muscles are the strongest pronators and aid inplantar flexion. Longus also acts like a bowstring that braces the transverse arch of thefoot. [7]
Deep and superficial layersof posterior leg muscles
Posterior group
The superficial layer of posterior leg muscles is formed by the triceps suraeand theplantaris. The triceps surae consists of the soleus and the two heads of the gastrocnemius.The heads of gastrocnemius arise on thefemur, proximal to the condyles, and soleusarises on the proximal dorsal parts of the tibia and fibula. The tendons of these musclesmerge to be inserted onto the calcaneus as the Achilles tendon. Plantaris originates on thefemur proximal to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius and its long tendon is embeddedmedially into the Achilles tendon. The triceps surae is the primary plantar flexor and itsstrength becomes most obvious during ballet dancing. It is fully activated only with theknee extended because the gastrocnemius is shortened during knee flexion. Duringwalking it not only lifts the heel, but also flexes the knee, assisted by the plantaris. [8]
In the deep layer of posterior muscles tibialis posteriorarises proximally on the back ofthe interosseous membrane and adjoining bones and divides into two parts in the sole ofthe foot to attach to the tarsus. In the non-weight-bearing leg, it produces plantar flexionand supination, and, in the weight-bearing leg, it proximates the heel to the calf.flexorhallucis longusarises on the back of the fibula (i.e. on the lateral side), and its relativelythick muscle belly extends distally down to theflexor retinaculum where it passes over tothe medial side to stretch across the sole to the distal phalanx of the first digit. The
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleolushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-260-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceps_suraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceps_suraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantaris_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantaris_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soleus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrocnemius_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrocnemius_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-262-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibialis_posterior_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibialis_posterior_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_hallucis_longus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_hallucis_longus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_hallucis_longus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_hallucis_longus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_retinaculum_of_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_retinaculum_of_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray439.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray438.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleolushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-260-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceps_suraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantaris_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soleus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrocnemius_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-262-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibialis_posterior_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_hallucis_longus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_hallucis_longus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_retinaculum_of_foot7/27/2019 Foot.doc
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popliteus is also part of this group, but, with its oblique course across the back of theknee, does not act on the foot. [9]
Intrinsic
On the back(top) of the foot, the tendons ofextensor digitorum brevis and extensorhallucis brevis lie deep to the system of long extrinsic extensor tendons. They both ariseon the calcaneus and extend into the dorsal aponeurosis of digits one to four, just beyondthe penultimate joints. They act to dorsiflex the digits. [10]
Plantar aspects of foot, varying depths(superficial to deep)
Similar to the intrinsic muscles of the hand, there are three groups of muscles in the soleof foot, those of the first and last digits, and a central group:
Muscles of the big toe: abductor hallucisstretches medially along the border of the sole,from the calcaneus to the first digit. Below its tendon, the tendons of the long flexors passthrough the tarsal canal. It is an abductor and a weak flexor, and also helps maintain thearch of the foot. flexor hallucis brevis arises on the medial cuneiform bone and relatedligaments and tendons. An important plantar flexor, it is crucial for ballet dancing. Boththese muscles are inserted with two heads proximally and distally to the firstmetatarsophalangeal joint.Adductor hallucisis part of this group, though it originallyformed a separate system (see contrahens.) It has two heads, the oblique head originatingobliquely across the central part of the midfoot, and the transverse head originating nearthe metatarsophalangeal joints of digits five to three. Both heads are inserted into the
lateral sesamoid bone of the first digit. Adductor hallucis acts as a tensor of the plantararches and also adducts the big toe and then might plantar flex the proximal phalanx.[11]
Muscles of the little toe: Stretching laterally from the calcaneus to the proximal phalanxof the fifth digit, abductor digiti minimi form the lateral margin of the foot and is thelargest of the muscles of the fifth digit. Arising from the base of the fifth metatarsal,flexor digiti minimi is inserted together with abductor on the first phalanx. Often absent,opponens digiti minimi originates near the cuboid bone and is inserted on the fifth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popliteus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-264-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_brevis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_hallucis_brevis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_hallucis_brevis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aponeurosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-268-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductor_hallucis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductor_hallucis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsal_tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsal_tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_hallucis_brevis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_hallucis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_hallucis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_hallucis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrahenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-270-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-270-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_toehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductor_digiti_minimi_muscle_(foot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_digiti_minimi_brevis_muscle_(foot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opponens_digiti_minimi_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray445.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray444.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray443.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popliteus_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-264-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_brevis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_hallucis_brevis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor_hallucis_brevis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aponeurosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-268-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductor_hallucis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsal_tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_hallucis_brevis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_hallucis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrahenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-270-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_toehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductor_digiti_minimi_muscle_(foot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_digiti_minimi_brevis_muscle_(foot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opponens_digiti_minimi_muscle7/27/2019 Foot.doc
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metatarsal bone. These three muscles act to support the arch of the foot and to plantarflex the fifth digit. [12]
Central muscles of foot
Central muscle group: The fourlumbricales arise on the medial side of the tendons of
flexor digitorum longus and are inserted on the medial margins of the proximalphalanges. Quadratus plantae originates with two slips from the lateral and medialmargins of the calcaneus and inserts into the lateral margin of the flexor digitorumtendon. It is also known as flexor accessorius. Flexor digitorum brevisarise inferiorly onthe calcaneus and its three tendons are inserted into the middle phalanges of digits two tofour (sometimes also the fifth digit). These tendons divide before their insertions and thetendons of flexor digitorum longus pass through these divisions. Flexor digitorum brevisflexes the middle phalanges. It is occasionally absent. Between the toes, the dorsal andplantar interosseistretch from the metatarsals to the proximal phalanges of digits two tofive. The plantar interossei adducts and the dorsal interossei abducts these digits and arealso plantar flexors at the metatarsophalangeal joints.[13]
Medical aspects
Due to their position and function, feet are exposed to a varietyof potential infections andinjuries, including athlete's foot,bunions,ingrown toenails, Morton's neuroma,plantarfasciitis,plantar warts and stress fractures. In addition, there are severalgenetic disordersthat can affect the shape and function of the feet, including aclub foot orflat feet.
This leaves humans more vulnerable to medical problems that are caused by poor leg andfoot alignments. Also, the wearing of shoes, sneakers and boots can impede properalignment and movement within the ankle and foot. For example, High-heeled footwear
are known to throw off the natural weight balance (this can also affect the lower back).For the sake of posture, flat soles with no heels are advised.
A doctorwho specializes in the treatment of the feet practicespodiatry and is called apodiatrist. Apedorthist specializes in the use and modification of footwear to treatproblems related to the lower limbs.
Fractures of the foot include:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-272-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbrical_muscle_(foot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratus_plantae_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_brevis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_brevis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_interossei_muscles_(foot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_interossei_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_interossei_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-274-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-274-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disorders_of_foot_and_anklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disorders_of_foot_and_anklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injurieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete's_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrown_nailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrown_nailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton's_neuromahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_fasciitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_fasciitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_fasciitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_fasciitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_warthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_fracturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_feethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_feethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-heeled_footwearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-heeled_footwearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_spinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiatryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiatryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedorthisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray447.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray446.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-272-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbrical_muscle_(foot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratus_plantae_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_brevis_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_interossei_muscles_(foot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_interossei_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-Platzer-274-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disorders_of_foot_and_anklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injurieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete's_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrown_nailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton's_neuromahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_fasciitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_fasciitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_warthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_fracturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_feethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-heeled_footwearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_spinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiatryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedorthisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracture7/27/2019 Foot.doc
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Lisfranc fracture in which one or all of the metatarsals are displaced from thetarsus[14]
Jones fracture a fracture of the fifth metatarsal March fracture a fracture of the distal third of one of the metatarsals occurring
because of recurrent stress
Calcaneal fracture
Foot sweatis the major cause offoot odor. Sweat itself is odorless, but it creates abeneficial environment for certain bacteria to grow and produce bad-smelling substances.
Pronation
Main article: Pronation of the foot
In anatomy,pronationis a rotational movement of the forearm (at the radioulnar joint) orfoot (at the subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joints). Pronation of the foot refers to how
the body distributes weight as it cycles through the gait. During the gait cycle the foot canpronate in many different ways based on rearfoot and forefoot function. Types ofpronation include neutral pronation, underpronation (supination), and overpronation.
Neutral pronation
An individual who neutrally pronates initially strikes the ground on the lateralside of theheel. As the individual transfers weight from the heel to themetatarsus, the foot will rollin a medialdirection, such that the weight is distributed evenly across the metatarsus. Inthis stage of the gait, the knee will generally, but not always, track directly over thehallux.
This rolling inwards motion as the foot progresses from heel to toe is the way that thebody naturally absorbs shock. Neutral pronation is the most ideal, efficient type of gaitwhen using a heel strike gait; in a forefoot strike, the body absorbs shock instead viaflexation of the foot.
Overpronation
As with a neutral pronator, an individual who overpronates initially strikes the ground onthe lateral side of the heel. As the individual transfers weight from the heel to themetatarsus, however, the foot will roll too far in a medial direction, such that the weight
is distributed unevenly across the metatarsus, with excessive weight borne on the hallux.In this stage of the gait, the knee will generally, but not always, track inwards.
An overpronator does not absorb shock efficiently. Imagine someone jumping onto adiving board, but the board is so flimsy that when it is struck, it bends and allows theperson to plunge straight down into the water instead of back into the air. Similarly, anoverpronator's arches will collapse, or the ankles will roll inwards (or a combination ofthe two) as they cycle through the gait. An individual whose bone structure involves
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external rotation at the hip, knee, oranklewill be more likely to overpronate than onewhose bone structure has internal rotation or central alignment. An individual whooverpronates tends to wear down their running shoes on the medial (inside) side of theshoe towards the toe area.[15]
When choosing a running or walking shoe, a person with overpronation can choose shoesthat have good inside supportusually by strong material at the inside sole and arch ofthe shoe. It is usually visible. The inside support area is marked by strong greyishmaterial to support the weight when a person lands on the outside foot and then roll ontothe inside foot.
Underpronation (supination)
An individual who underpronates also initially strikes the ground on the lateral side of theheel. As the individual transfers weight from the heel to the metatarsus, the foot will notroll far enough in a medial direction. The weight is distributed unevenly across the
metatarsus, with excessive weight borne on the fifth metatarsal, towards the lateral sideof the foot. In this stage of the gait, the knee will generally, but not always, track laterallyof the hallux.
Like an overpronator, an underpronator does not absorb shock efficiently - but for theopposite reason. The underpronated foot is like a diving board that, instead of failing tospring someone in the air because it is too flimsy, it fails to do so because it is too rigid.There is virtually no give. An underpronator's arches or ankles don't experience muchmotion as they cycle through the gait. An individual whose bone structure involvesinternal rotation at the hip, knee, or ankle will be more likely to underpronate than onewhose bone structure has external rotation or central alignment. Usually - but not always
- those who arebow-leggedtend to underpronate. An individual who underpronates tendsto wear down their running shoes on the lateral (outside) side of the shoe towards the rearof the shoe in the heel area.[16]
Evolutionary variations
Main article: Comparative foot morphology
Apaw is the soft foot of a mammal, generally a quadruped, that has claws or nails. Ahard foot is called a hoof.
Depending on style of locomotion, animals can be classified asplantigrade (solewalking), digitigrade (toe walking), orunguligrade(nail walking).
The metatarsals are the bones that make up the main part of the foot in humans, and partof the leg in large animals or paw in smaller animals. The number of metatarsals aredirectly related to the mode of locomotion with many larger animals having their digitsreduced to two (elk, cow, sheep) or one (horse). The metatarsal bones of feet and paws
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are tightly grouped compared to, most notably, the human hand where the thumbmetacarpal diverges from the rest of the metacarpus. [17]
Culture
Humans usually wearshoes or similar footwear covering material for protection fromhazards when walking outside. Foot fetishism is the most common form of sexual fetish.[18][19]
See also
Flat feet Foot binding Foot fetishism Foot gymnastics
Foot pressure Foot washing Gait analysis Pes cavus Sole (foot) Runner's toe, repetitive injury seen in runners Ball (anatomy) Barefoot Heel
References
1. ^ Jump up to: a bcd Podiatry Channel,Anatomy of the foot and ankle2. Jump up ^ Hawes MR, Sovak D (July 1994). "Quantitative morphology
of the human foot in a North American population".Ergonomics37 (7): 121326.doi:10.1080/00140139408964899. PMID8050406.
3. Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p 2204. Jump up ^ Mareb-Hoehn 2007, pp 244-455. Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p 2566. Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p 2587. Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p 2608. Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p 2629. Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p 26410. Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p 26811. Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, pp 270-7212. Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p 27213. Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p 27414. Jump up ^ TheFreeDictionary > Lisfranc's fracture Citing: Mosby's
Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. Copyright 2009
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-France-537-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_fetishismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_feethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_bindinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_fetishismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_gymnasticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_washinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gait_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pes_cavushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_(foot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runner's_toehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barefoothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Podiatry-Channel_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Podiatry-Channel_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Podiatry-Channel_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Podiatry-Channel_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Podiatry-Channel_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Podiatry-Channel_1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Podiatry-Channel_1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Podiatry-Channel_1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00140139408964899http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8050406http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-220_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Marieb-Hoehn-244_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-256_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-258_6-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-260_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-262_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-264_9-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-268_10-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-270_11-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-272_12-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-274_13-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-14http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Lisfranc's+fracturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-France-537-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_fetishismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_feethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_bindinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_fetishismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_gymnasticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_washinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gait_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pes_cavushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_(foot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runner's_toehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barefoothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Podiatry-Channel_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Podiatry-Channel_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Podiatry-Channel_1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Podiatry-Channel_1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00140139408964899http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8050406http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-220_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Marieb-Hoehn-244_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-256_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-258_6-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-260_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-262_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-264_9-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-268_10-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-270_11-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-272_12-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-Platzer-274_13-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot#cite_ref-14http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Lisfranc's+fracture7/27/2019 Foot.doc
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15. Jump up ^ "Overpronation, Explained".Runner's World. 21 September2001. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
16. Jump up ^ "Supination, Explained".Runner's World. 21 September 2001.Retrieved 28 December 2012.
17. Jump up ^ France 2008, p 537
18. Jump up ^ "Rex Ryan's Apparent Foot Fetish Not Necessarily Unhealthy- ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2012-08-13.19. Jump up ^ http://www.chaimedia.com/list/197.html
Bibliography France, Diane L. (2008).Human and Nonhuman Bone Identification: A Color
Atlas. CRC Press. ISBN1-4200-6286-7. Marieb, Elaine Nicpon; Hoehn, Katja (2007).Human anatomy & physiology.
Pearson Education. ISBN0-321-37294-8. Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor
System (5th ed.). Thieme.ISBN3-13-533305-1.
"Anatomy of the foot and ankle". Podiatry Channel. Retrieved August 2009.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foot.
Look up foot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Foot at the Open Directory Project
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Human regional anatomy (TA
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List of muscles oflower limbs (TA A04.7, GA
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Categories: Foot Human body Anatomy
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cts_in_Gray's_Anatomy:_IV._Myology#The_muscles_and_fasciae_of_the_lower_extremityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_subjects_in_Gray's_Anatomy:_IV._Myology#The_muscles_and_fasciae_of_the_lower_extremityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Foothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Anatomy7/27/2019 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