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Astrology in Mid-sixteenth Century Prussia: A Handwritten Horoscope Inscription
From the Private Library of Simon Loytz
Daniel Foote
History 4903
Dr. D’Andrea
May 2, 2012
Foote 2
Horoscopes and astrology during and after the Protestant Reformation have been studied in
various ways: astrology as a part of popular belief among an anonymous population,1 contemporary
literature concerning the topic,2 the stance on astrology taken by the Catholic Church and the various
Protestant confessions,3 horoscopes and astrology among the higher estates of society,
4 and the nature of
astrology as scientific knowledge progressed throughout this period.5 The focus of most of these types of
studies has been on ‘high profile’ individuals: popes, kings, leaders of the different protestant movements,
and intellectuals known in their time or through later attention. These types of studies thus either develop
generalities or showcase the highest status individuals. The present study seeks to start with a short,
private record of a birth and its astrological situation and then paint a picture of the biographical, cultural,
political, and religious context in which the inscription was made. It begins with an artifact, a clue, a
single evidentiary exhibit, a documented performance of astrology. Who were the performers, what was
their stage, and what script were they following?
This particular story begins with the historical holdings of the Elbing Municipal Library
(Biblioteka Elbląska im. Cypriana Norwida). One of the feature collections of this library is that of 195
1 Francis B. Brevart, “The German Volkskalendar of the Fifteenth Century”. Speculum 63, No. 2 (Apr.,
1988): 312-342. 2 Curt F. Bühler, “Sixteenth-Century Prognostications: Libri Impressi cum Notis Manuscriptis--Part II” Isis.
33, No. 5 (Mar., 1942): 609-620. 3 For example, Jonathan Green. “The First Copernican Astrologer: Andreas Aurifaber’s Practica for 1541,”
Journal for the history of Astronomy 41 (2010): 157-165; Claudia Brosseder. “The Writing in the Wittenberg Sky:
Astrology in Sixteenth-Century Germany,” Journal of the History of Ideas 66, No. 4 (Oct., 2005): 557-576; J. R.
Christianson, “Copernicus and the Lutherans,” The Sixteenth Century Journal 4, no. 2. (Oct., 1973): 1-10.; Jürgen
G. H. Hoppmann. Astrologie der Reformationszeit: Faust, Luther, Melanchthon und die Sternendeuterei. (Berlin:
Zerling, 1998); Charlotte Methuen, “The Role of the Heavens in the Thought of Philip Melanchthon,” Journal of the
History of Ideas 57, No. 3 (Jul., 1996): 385-403; Robert S. Westman, “The Melanchthon Circle, Rheticus, and the
Wittenberg Interpretation of the Copernican Theory,” Isis 66, no. 2 (Jun., 1975): 164-193. 4 cf. John Robert Christianson, On Tycho’s Island: Tycho Brahe, Science, and Culture in the Sixteenth
Century, 62,64,84,89,103,257; Monica Azzolini, “The political uses of astrology: predicting the illness and death of
princes, kings and popes in the Italian Renaissance,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and
Biomedical Sciences 41 (2010): 135-145. 5 For an in-depth study of the progress of Copernicanism see Westman, Robert S. The Copernican
Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order. University of California Press, Berkeley: 2011. For
astrology fully based on heliocentrism, see Brackenridge, J. Bruce and Mary Ann Rossi. “Johannes Kepler’s on the
More Certain Fundamentals of Astrology Prague 1601. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Vol.
123, no. 2 (Apr. 27, 1979): 85-116. http://www.jstor.org/stable/986232. (accessed January 20, 2012).
Foote 3
printed Bibles from the 15th to 18
th centuries.
6 Much of the holdings of the municipal library were
previously the holdings of the Elbing Gymnasium, founded in 1535, and whose library originated from
donated private libraries.7 One such private library was that of Stephan and Simon Loytz, inherited by
Heinrich Loytz who donated most of the library to the Elbing Gymnasium in 1660.8 Among the 400 or so
pieces that are still extant and identifiable as originating in the Loytz library is a 1543 Latin bible in
paraphrase format [Figure 1]. In addition to the clear “ex libris” inscribed on the title page [Figure 2],
there is an inscription on the facing page, in the same hand, which records a birth, the godparents, and the
basic astrological positions at the time of birth [Figure 3]. The titlepage of the book translates as follows:
The most holy Books of the
Old and New Testament, from the holy Hebrew
Language and Greek sources,
also by consulting interpreters of true faith,
translated into Latin language.
You may learn the authors and the total composition of this work
from the foreword enclosed.
From the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans:
"For whatsoever things were written aforetime were written for our learning, that we through patience
and comfort of the scriptures might have hope." (Rom 15:4)
In Zurich printed, C. Froschover
15439
6 Elżbieta Lewandowska, “Biblie w zbiorach Biblioteki Elbląskiej (XV-XVIII w.) [Bibles in the
Collections of the Elbing Library (15th
-18th
centuries)],” Biblioteka Elbląska im. Cypriana Norwida,
http://historia.bibliotekaelblaska.pl/artykul/1212. A partial list, with links to high quality scans of works in whole or
in part, is found at http://dlibra.bibliotekaelblaska.pl/dlibra/publication/1392. 7 Helena Dutkiewicz, “Prywatne zbiory i biblioteki elblążan ( XVI-XVII w.) [Private collections and
libraries in Elbing],” Biblioteka Elbląska im. Cypriana Norwida, http://historia.bibliotekaelblaska.pl/artykul/2857. 8 ibid.
9 Much thanks to Jochen Frankl, Facebook correspondence, April 23 2010.
Foote 4
Figure 1
Foote 5
The inscribed notation at the bottom of the titlepage indicates that the book was “Number 16 of
the library of Simon Loytz.” “Simonis Loytzij” is a latinized form of the name.
Figure 2
There is something like “T.1.” written on the right side of the page, and something had been
written in the lower-right corner, which was apparently damaged. It is hard to tell from the available scans
of the leaf whether the corner had water damage or was torn away and lost, and repaired with a plain
piece.
According to how the book was scanned by the Elbing Library, the titlepage is the second leaf of
the book, whereas the recto side of the very first leaf contains the inscription in question.
Figure 3
Foote 6
This inscription is made in mid-16th century High German kurrentschrift, with most of the
astrological and calendrical terms given in Latin in the relatively new “italic” script. Transcription from
cursive script into a more modern print, retaining the original paleography, produces:
Natŭs s[?]ŭ Anno 1552. 4. Decemb. die Solis
nach ihm mithage 10
eine viertelstŭnde nach Elff vhr.11
Her Johan Mŏller ein Ratesman.
Frantz Mŏller.
Her Johan Connert seine tochter Anna.
Das seindt die pethē12
.
Der fŭrnembste13
planete des Jares ist Satŭrny gewesen
war Jŭpiter sein mithhelfer, den 4 tag[?] im follen
monde in Signo Cancri Luna. Sol in Sagittario.
wie die practica14
des Jares aŭsweisen.
Despite the two uncertainties indicated, this translates to:
Born … in the year 1552, the 4th of December, Sunday
at midday, a quarterhour after eleven.
Herr Johan Moller, a Councilman.
Frantz Moller.
Herr Johan Connert, his daughter Anna.
These are the godfathers.
The chief planet of the year has been Saturn
Jupiter was his attendant, the 4th day […] of the full
moon in the sign Cancri Luna. Sun in Saggitarius.
As indicated by the Practica of the year [As the Pracitca of the year indicates?].
This inscription has three main parts. First is the time and day of the birth, which give an
indication of when the inscriber and the individuals named lived. Second, the godfathers are named,
Johann Moller, indicated as holding a municipal office, and Frantz Moller, as well as the father, Johann
Connert, and the daughter Anna. The third section is a very short and general statement of the astrological
10
i.e., Mittage, midday. 11
i.e., Elf Uhr, eleventh hour. 12
“nordd. auch mit umlaut,” i.e., Northern German with Umlaut, ä = e, thus, Päthen, plural of Pate; q.v.
“Pate,” Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm. 16 Bde. in 32 Teilbänden. Leipzig 1854-1961.
Quellenverzeichnis Leipzig 1971. Trier Center for Digital Humanities / Kompetenzzentrum für elektronische
Erschließungs- und Publikationsverfahren in den Geisteswissenschaften an der Universität Trier. 1998—2011
http://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/DWB?lemma=pate (accessed March 19, 2012). 13
i.e., vornehmste; q.v. “vornehm,” ibid., http://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/DWB?lemma=vornehm
(accessed March 14, 2012). 14
The inscriber uses the Latin form ‘practica’ whereas the German would be ‘Praktik’. “prophecy,
especially the predictions of centenary calendars based on astrology, and the calendar itself,”q.v. “praktik,” ibid.,
http://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/DWB?lemma=practik (accessed 13 March 2012).
Foote 7
situation at the time of the birth, followed by a kind of label of the statement as a “Practica.” The first and
second parts serve as a starting point for determining what type of people at that time found value in
recording any certain level of astrological detail, as found in the third part of the inscription.
Figure 4. Map from Karin Friedrich, The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569-1772, (New
York: Cambridge University Press), xx.
Figure 4 shows a basic map of the region in which the individuals connected to the inscription
originated and were active. Flowing through the middle of Royal Prussia is the Vistula River (Gr.
Weichsel, Pl. Visła), whose delta empties into the north coast of the Baltic Sea. The north-west branch of
the delta flows by Danzig (Pl. Gdańsk), while the northeast branch flows through Marienburg (Malbork)
and by Elbing (Elbląg), 32.9 miles ESE from Danzig. Up river, about 87 miles SSW of Danzig, the
Vistula River turns abruptly east. 26 miles this direction lies the town of Thorn (Toruń), the birthplace of
Nicolaus Coppernicus. 114 miles further WNW on the river Vistula is Warsaw. Starting from Danzig
again, 177 miles WSW is the city of Stettin (Szczecin) on the Oder River, which roughly marks the border
between present-day Germany and Poland. Beginning again with Danzig, about 77.5 miles ENE is
Königsberg (Pl. Królewiec), which was the capitol of East/Ducal Prussia and now called Kalingrad, the
Foote 8
administrative seat of the Kalingrad Oblast, pat of Russia. 15
These cities do not mark the extent of activity
of members of the Loytz, Moller, or Connert families, but were the major centers of their lives.
In 1552 two countries named Prussia had existed separately for over 100 years. The eastern
country began as the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights (Deutschordensland), which originally ruled
the entire geographical region labeled for centuries as Prussia. The western part split in 1454 and gained
its independence by 1466, after which it became Royal Prussia, a province ruled by the King of Poland. In
1525, the head of the Order secularized the Teutonic territories and became the Duchy of Prussia, owing
fealty to the King of Poland. In recent modern times until World War II, these two were known simply as
East and West Prussia.16
When the western part split from the Order, it was immediately organized into four Polish
provinces known as palatinates: Pomerania, which included Danzig; Kulm; Elbing; and Königsberg.
When the ensuing war ended with the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466, Könisgberg was again part of the
Teutonic Order, and the King of Poland changed Elbing into a castellanate while making Marienburg the
palatinate. A Castellan, who held the castellanate, originated from the title of a royal castle’s commander,
but by this time, castellans in Royal Prussia sat in the Landesrat, the senate within the Prussian Diet, and,
after 1569, in the senate of the Polish Diet, the Sejm.17
In 1467, Royal Prussia’s bicameral representative
institution of the cities and nobles, the Landesrat, was accepted by the Polish diet. The Landesrat
comprised the three palatinates; the three castellanates of Kulm, Elbing, and Danzig; a chamberlain for
each palatinate; and two representatives each from Thorn, Danzig, and Elbing. In 1510, the King declared
the Marienburg palatinate an ekonomia, i.e., royal demesne land which the King directly administered and
from which he received a considerable income. After the constitutional adjustments by the King in 1526,
a palatine had the duty of summoning the palatinate diets, issuing the tax decrees, levying the provincial
troops for war, and heading the provincial and national courts which included the nobility in under
15
All distances and directions derived from the search function of the JewishGen Gazetteer,
http://www.jewishgen.org/Communities/loctown.asp. From this point forward, the German names will be used. 16
Friedrich 8, 22-24. 17
Friedrich xvii.
Foote 9
jurisdiction. Each palatine received his income through a starosty, a lease estate on royal lands. The office
of Royal Prussian palatine quickly became the near-monopoly of twenty noble Prussian families.18
Such
families included von Baysen (pl. Bażeński), which supplied the first palatinate of Royal Prussia, von
Mortangen (de Mortęska), and von Weiher (Weiherów), all of whom have connections to the Loytz
family, as shown in the Appendices.
Throughhout all of this, the Bishopric of Warmia, which lay in between the two Prussias,
remained intact and under the Archbishopric of Riga (now the captol of Latvia). Because of its
connections with the families under investigation, a little about this bishopric is appropriate. At the seat of
Warmia was the cathedral in the town of Frauenburg, which was administered by a cathedral chapter. As
with other Catholic institutions at the time of the Reformation, many ecclesiastical offices were held by
members of the area merchant oligarchies, in this instance, particularly Danzig. Many of the clergy held
more than one office, and were also busy with their own academic pursuits or diplomatic duties, and thus
often absent. One example, among many others, is the Bishop from 1523-1537, Maurice Ferber, the
brother of the mayor of Danzig, and, Jan Ferber, son of the same mayor, who in 1516 was a canon as well
as a Danzig parish priest and then in 1522 also dean of Warmia and parish priest in Elbing, and only
ordained just before he died.19
During the 1520s, the only clergyman in Warmia besides the Bishop who
was ordained was Nikolaus Coppernicus, who was a canon of the cathedral chapter. Finally, beginning in
1508, the Bishop of Warmia was the head of the Landesrat, and so the highest dignitary of Prussia.20
The Loytz, Moller, and Connert families all participated in the Danzig municipal government,
which was not very different from that of other large Prussian cities, including Thorn and Elbing. The
twenty-three members of the town council were the supreme government of the city. Four of these
persons held the mayorships, which included ranked offices: the president, who was the head commander
of the city during wartime, had jurisdiction over the city garrison and the coastal fortress, in charge of
foreign and maritime affairs, and convened the town councils and sought to direct them to fair and
18
ibid., 23-24, 40. 19
Zins 592. 20
Friedrich 24.
Foote 10
beneficial resolutions; vice-president, who was the deputy, spokesman for the council, and dealt with
offences in the city and outskirts; the war commander supervised the garrison and chaired the War
Council; and the commander of the guard led the city militia.21
The rest of the councilmen could perform
more than one of their own specific duties, such as dealing with wills, the timber and tar marketplace,
overseeing the loading and unloading of freight, and health and sanitation. But the most important office
they could hold was that of judge, presiding over the town’s jury court, which was the judicial authority
of the city and from which councilmen were chosen. This judge, chosen from among the councilmen and
called senior, was often represented by a consenior who could draw up the sentencing. However, only the
senior could execute the sentence, as well as debt claims and rent and wage disputes.
The jury comprised twelve jurors, including three elders, from the two main sections of the city.
The jury heard civil and criminal cases, but only civil cases could be appealed to the council. Criminal
offenses that usually required jail time were first heard by the Council and then sent to the jury court for
investigation and sentencing. There was also a so-called Third Order (the council was First and the jury
court Second) which, convened for the most important issues, comprised 100 wise citizens and two
aldermen from each of the four main trades. 22
Finally, from eight councilmen nominated by the council,
the King chose a Burggrave to be his representative and oversee royal interests in the town, even though
the Burggrave remained a citizen of the town first, and officer of the King second. The Burggrave also
acted as the secular arm of the Bishop’s tribunal in cases where the two parties were not satisfied by the
tribunal’s decision, as well as announcing the Bishiop’s divorce judgments, although, if the Burggrave
and Bishop disagreed, the city sided with the Burggrave.23
The spread of Protestantism to Danzig, Elbing, and Thorn was partly shaped by the fact that these
cities, Thorn to a lesser degree, were prominent in the centuries-old northern European trading
confederation of the Hanseatic League. By virtue of membership in an international body, Hanseatic cities
had traditions of municipal freedoms which territorial cities did not. By this time, the Hanseatic cities
21
Goldmann 30-31; “präsidierende Amt,” “Vicer-Präsidient”, “Kriegspräsident” and “Oberwachherrn”. 22
ibid., 29. 23
ibid., 34-35.
Foote 11
employed Syndici, trained in Roman law, who advocated for their privileged status to the ruling prince.
Thus, citizens of these towns who wanted religious reform, usually combined with political motives, felt
more loyalty toward their city than to their ruler. Also, not only the trade roads and shipping lanes, but
also the network of friends and relatives conducting business in other cities facilitated the spread of news
as well as new ideas.24
The vocations of the Loytz, Moller, and Connert family are clear examples of such
social networks.
Lutheran ideas appeared in Danzig less than a year after Luther publicized his 95 theses in 1517,
and by 1522 a majority of the town was in favor of reform. Under pressure of the more impatient radicals,
the city government issued proclamations against monasteries. Seeing the results of their power, the
radical group overthrew the aristocratic magistrates, set up a popular government, closed the monasteries,
banned Roman forms of worship, and seized all church property, among other things. This was too much
of a social and political upheaval to be tolerated by the King who, joined by the recently Lutheran Duke
Albert of Prussia, arrived in Danzig, restored the aristocrats and the Romans, and beheaded fifteen rebels.
But the restoration of Catholicism was mostly superficial. After this crisis, Lutheranism spread in Danzig
quetly until it reached such a point in 1540 that the King no longer tried to work against it.
The Reformation was quick to reach the other Royal Prussian cities and resisted the efforts of
royal edicts and ecclesiastical court decrees, particularly because the royal and ecclesiastical decrees
infringed on the liberites that had been granted to the nobility the previous century.25
Elbing likewise
experienced riots that combined religious and political motives. Luther’s teachings appeared in the city by
1522 and the first outbreak of unrest occurred in 1524. In 1526, when three Lutheran preachers arrived in
Elbing, they received protection from the town council against Bishop Ferber. Through the actions of
King Sigismund the external changes were suppressed. The threat of hanging ordered by Sigismund
caused many to flee, but the execution of such order was up to the town council. The animosity against
24
Heinz Schilling, “The Reformation in the Hanseatic Cities,” The Sixteenth Century Journal 14, no. 4
(Winter 1983), 443-456. However, Schilling focuses on the Hanseatic cities of the northwestern Germanic regions,
whereas the Prussian cities had the added influence of feudal relations with Poland. 25
Fox 35.
Foote 12
church athoritites grew so much in the following years that, when the parish priest Jan Ferber died in
1531, his appointed replacement refused.26
These efforts included an edict the clergy got from the king in 1534 which forbid youth of Polish
nobility from attending universities suspected of heresy and the kings order in 1540 that the starostas
enforce the edict.27
For his part, the Bishop of Warmia from 1523-37, Maurice Ferber, was
uncompromising in his resistance to Protestantism in his diocese.28
But these were the climax of opposition. In contrast, the King issued an order to the Starostas in
1546, forbidding Polish citizens to take part in the religious conflicts in Germany.29
King Sigismund I was
succeeded by his son, Sigismund August, who was sincerely religious, but proved to be indifferent about
the outward forms of expression.30
By 1540, Calvinism was spreading in Poland and Prussia, partly
because it was not of German origin, and particularly among the higher classes and by the Diet of 1552,
the Polish nobility instructed their representatives to protest against and demand the abolition of
ecclesiastical jurisdictions.31
Beginning in 1555, the Polish Congress started working toward full religious
tolerance and at the Diet of Piotrkow of 1562-63, the King ordered the starosts to respect the
constitutional rights of the szlachta, which effectively annulled all the previous edicts against heresy and
made ecclesiastical prosecution impossible.32
In 1570, the Consensus of Sandomir placed the Lutherans,
Calvinists and Bohemian Bretheren in harmony and tolerance and after the death of Sigismund August in
1572, the Polish szlachta joined a Pact of Confederation in Warsaw which legally established religious
toleration and equality, and had to be sworn to by any future elected king.33
Such was the geographical, political, and religious world in which a man named Simon Loytz
recorded a birth and horsoscope onto a blank page of a 1543 Latin Bible. The inscription records the birth
26
Leopold Prowe, Nicolaus Coppernicus. Erster Band: das Leben. II. Theil 1512-1543. Berlin,
Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1883. 236-237. Goolge Book. 27
Fox, 30-32. 28
Zins 592. 29
ibid., 38. 30
ibid., 40. 31
ibid. 44-45. 32
ibid., 49, 60. 33
ibid., 62.
Foote 13
of Anna, a daughter of man named Johann Connert, into such a world. The identity of this man, and his
daughter, should fit certain criteria: Johann Connert must have been alive at least nine months before
December 4, 1552, and will have been in the proximity of a town councilman named Johann Moller, a
man named Franz Moller, and a man named Simon Loytz, all who were alive in 1552. Because they have
the smallest role in the inscription, Johann and Frantz Moller will be discussed first, then Johann Connert,
and then Simon Loytz. After identifying each person with an individual from other historical sources,
each discussion will attempt to establish connections to the other participants and give a brief indication
of the person’s vocation, activities, and place in society. It is important to note that the very process of
identifying reveals much about the individual, since status, vocation, connections and activities played a
role in if and to what extent a person from this time survived in the written sources.
As fortune would have it, Johann and Franz Moller, the two participants in the birth of Anna
Connert with the fewest indications of who they are, and with no clue to how they are connected with the
Connert family, present the most difficult challenge. To begin with, the exercise of identifying
individuals from this time period requires that one takes into account the lack of spelling standardization.
In editions of historical records, editors oftentimes combine various spellings of the name into one index
entry, for example, “Möller ([cf.] Mölner), Moller, Molre, Molendinarius, Molner.”34
The next to last
form sheds more light on the difficulty of identifying individuals bearing this surname – the Latinized
form of the German, Molendenarius means “a miller.”35
Thus, the surname is given to both individuals
who are millers or have descended from a miller, a vocation not at all unique. An analogous situation
occurs in the the English surnames of Miller or Smith. This situation is complecated by the existence of
unrelated families based in different cites, each of whom who have members active in international affairs
34
Verein für Mecklenburgische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Mecklenburgisches Urkundenbuch Vol.
22, (Schwerin: Baerensprung’schen Hofbuchdruckerei,1907),
http://books.google.com/books?id=0DYDAAAAYAAJ, 46 of index; pagination restarted after page 660 of the main
text. 35
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=Molendinarius&la=la#lexicon
Foote 14
and commerce.36
Geneologists, past and present, have almost fully described the families in Hamburg37
and Reval38
, yet small branches of these names in Danzig still defy any harmonius unification.39
The family tree given in Appendix 3 shows the indisputable familial relations between the
Moller, Connert, and Loytz families. The identification of Johann and Frantz Moller is possible, almost
serendipitously, through scattered original documentary records. Their place in the Danzig
Moller/Mollner family is not certain, making their relation to the Loytz and Connert families all the more
circumstantial.
To begin with, Katharina Feldstedt, whose sisters Cordula and Christina married the brothers
Michael and Simon Loytz, respectively, first married Herman Giese in 1522. He was from a very
established, old, and influential Danzig family, including his brother, Tidemann, who was Bishop of
Culm from 1538 until he became Bishop of Ermland in 1549, and died a year later, when he was buried
next to his good friend, Nicolaus Koppernicus.40
Another brother, Georg, was a merchant of the Hanseatic
League for Danzig, and for a time stationed at their office in London, the Stahlhof/Steelyard, where he
had his portrait painted by Hans Holbein the Younger.41
When Hermann died in 1528, Katharina married
for a second time in 1529 to Georg Moller, who died in 1551. They had ten children, only two of whom
are known for certain: Reinhold, the oldest, who married Anna Conrad, a sister of Johann Conrad III, and
Christiane. That leaves eight possible individuals of the Moller name who would have been adults in
1552, the year of the birth inscription.
36
Cf., the index to Danziger Inventare, under “Moller, Molner, Muller“: Andreas, Lübeck; Andreas,
Hamburg; Fabian, Ratm., Elbing; Hans, Schiffer, Kurland; Heinrich, Braunschweig; Heinrich, Danzig; Heinrich,
Stralsund; Hermann, Memel; Joachim, Bgm., Malmö; Johann, Hamburg; Jost, Lübeck; Jürgen, Ratm., Danzig;
Jürgen, Danzig; Lorenz; Mattheus, Matthias, Sekr., Danzig. 1023. Under “Müller, Moller“: Georg, Danzig; Hans,
Antwerpen; Martin; Thomas, Danzig; 1024. 37
cf. Michael Kohlhaas, ed., “Dat Slechtbok von 1541“ erstellt von Joachim Moller, Geschlechtsregister
der hamburgischen Familie Moller [vom Hirsch] neu herausgegeben von Dr. Otto Beneke, 1876, Archivar der
Hansestadt Hamburg, Mit Auszügen und Ergänzungen (blau) in neuer Übersicht zusammengestellt, am 15.2.2007,
letzte Änderung 31.12.2011, http://www.nd-gen.de/images/pdf/slechtbok.pdf. 38
cf. Torsten Derrik, “Das Bruderbuch der Revaler Tafelgilde (1364-1549)“, Edition Wissenschaft Reihe
Geschichte Band 59, Tectum Verlag: Marburg, 2000.
http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/handle/10062/1755/Derrik.pdf. 39
see under “Tafel Mollner”, “Ahnentafel Marie Schumann * 1824 in Danzig,“ Das Lemmel-Archiv:
Genealogie und Familiengeschichte Lemmel/Lämmel/Lemlein, http://geneal.lemmel.at/Schumann_AL.html. 40
http://geneal.lemmel.at/Gie-29j.html 41
http://geneal.lemmel.at/Gie-29u.html
Foote 15
The records of a Franz Moller of Danzig in the mid-to-late sixteenth century are so few that they
almost certainly deal with the same person. In 1556, Frantz Moller is referred to as the contact in Danzig
for purchasing copper nails for shipbuilding.42
The next known record for Franz Moller directly connects
him to the Loytz circle. In a May 12, 1560, letter to a business associate, Steffen Loytz mentions that
1500 Thaler worth of sable furs are to stay with Franz Moller in Danzig.43
However the furs had been
bought with money received in a transaction with a Livonian Catholic Bishop who had been taken by
Russians, along with most of the wealth of the Bishopric. Moller had to send a letter to the Duke in
Königsberg explaining that he was only holding the merchandise and had not been involved in
transactions involving the plundered wealth.44
Sometime before 1561, Duke Albrecht of Brandenburg
had borrowed 1000 Thaler from “Frantz Moller in Danzig.”45
In 1564, Franz Moller, “Borger i Dantzig,”
received permission to send a ship captain westward through the Oresund to Spain, but without
exemption from the Danish tolls.46
The last known activities of Franz Moller occur in 1576-77. In October of 1576, the town of
Danzig appealed to King Friedrich II of Denmark to advocate for a merchant from Danzig, Hans von der
Linde, who had been detained by the Duke of Mecklenburg already for nine months.47
In February of
1577, Franz Moller acted as an authorized representative of the Danzig town council in order to solicit the
Electors and Princes at the Princes’ Diet in Stettin to work for the release of von der Linde.48
In the
meantime, the King of Poland, Stephan Báthory was beginning to build his troops around Danzig. In
1575, Emperor Maximillian II had been elected King by the Upper House of the Polish Parliament but, as
42
“Frantz Mølner i Dantzick“; C. F. Bricka, ed., Kancelliets Brevbøger Vedrørende Danmarks indre
Forhold 1556-1560: Første Halvdel. (København: C. A. Reitzel, 1887), 22,
http://books.google.com/books?id=BV8xAQAAMAAJ 43
Stefan Hartmann, Herzog Albrecht von Preussen und Livland (1557-1560): Regesten aus dem
Herzoglichen Briefarchiv und den Ostpreussischen Folianten. Veröffentlichungen aus den Archiven Preußischer
Kulturbesitz, Vol. 60. (Köln: Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Cie, 2006),
http://books.google.com/books?id=ILtQWvoL5HcC, 490. 44
ibid., 526. 45
Oskar Schwebel, Die Herren und Grafen von Schwerín: Blätter aus der preussischen Geschichte,
(Berlin: Abenheim'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1885), 139, http://books.google.com/books?id=bSsRAQAAIAAJ. 46
L. Laursen, ed., Kancelliets Brevbøger Vedrørende Danmarks indre Forhold i Uddrag: 1561-1565.
(København: Nielsen & Lydiche, 1893-95), 482. http://books.google.com/books?id=vMsBAAAAYAAJ. 47
Danziger Inventare, 559. 48
ibid., 564.
Foote 16
an embodiement of Rome, he did not gain support from the rest of the Protestant Polish estates and
vacated the throne. The previous King’s daughter, Anna, was elected King in December of 1575, and then
married Stephan Báthory in May 1576, who in turn became King. The Reformation was well established
in Danzig by this time, but its rejection of Stephan Báthory stemmed from the actions of the Bishop of
Kujawien, Stanislaw Karnkowski. Karnkowski had drawn up statutes at the 1570 Polish Parliament which
reduced many old privileges of Danzig. He was also the only ecclesiastic to vote for Báthory. The
rebellion was an attempt by Danzig to regain its previous privileged status as the wealthiest Hanseatic
port.49
Frantz Moller had a role in Danzig’s brief rebellion against the King of Poland in 1577. Three
independent sources mention Frantz Moller and identify him as a captain of one of Danzig’s noble-troop
divisions. The leader of the guilds in this conflict was a Caspar Göbel50
who, in an appeal for help to King
Friedrich II of Denmark, mentions that the Danzig people have been divided into troops, the captian of
one which is named as Franz Moller.51
Frantz Moller is also mentioned in such a role in the second book
of Michael Friedwalds’ Wahrhaftige Preussische Geschichten, first printed by the author in 1579, 52
as
well as in the account by Georg Knoff included in a 1599 continuation of Caspar Schütz’s Historia Rerum
Prussicarum.
Both Knoff and Friedwald list the same names as captains of the Danzig troops, but they differ
slightly on how they describe Frantz Moller. Knoff, a native of Danzig, lists him as the first of the
“honorable and esteemed capatins,” 53
while Friedwald, of Elbing names Frantz Moller among the
49
Friedrich, 111; for a full account of the 1577 conflict, see W. Behring, “Beiträge zur Geschichte des
Jahres 1577: I“ Zeitschrift des Westpreußischen Geschichtsvereins 43. (1901): 161-218.
http://dlibra.bibliotekaelblaska.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=18923. 50
ibid., 173-174. 51
“Hauptleute“, i.e., Captains, ibid., 199. 52
Max Toeppen, ed., “Das ander Buch wahrhaftiger Beschreibungen der Preuschen Geschichten, was sich
nemlich nach des … Fursten und Hern, Hern Stephani, … heiligen kronungen und nach des einen rebellischen
Burgermeisters der konigl. Stadt Danzig, des Georgen Clefelts erschrecklichen Tode (wie davon im ersten Buche
Meldunge gethan ist) weiter habe zugetraten.“ Peter Himmelreich's und Michael Friedwald's, des Löwentödters,
Elbingisch-preussische Geschichten, Die preussischen Geschichtschreiber des XVI. und XVII. Jahrhunderts, Vol. 4,
(Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1881), http://books.google.com/books?id=NkgFAAAAQAAJ. 53
Caspar Schütz, David Chytraeus, Georg Knoff, Historia Rerum Prussicarum : Warhaffte Und eigentliche
Beschreibung der Lande Preussen, ihrer gelegenheit, namen und teilunge [...]. Darinnen auch Die ankunfft und
Foote 17
“Captains, standard-bearers, and lads from the nobility together with the wicked Rumormeisters,54
a title
technically referring to a “magisterially-appointed overseer for restoring order” and “the overseer of order
among the troop quarters.”55
However, this officer was also the “Hurenweibel,” the one who oversaw the
military supply train, which included “Huren und Buben,” “whores and boys.”56
Historians have dubbed
Friedwald a “royal instigator,”57
who picked fights with prominent citizens of Danzig and Elbing and
always ran to the King of Poland. His Prussian History, dedicated to and praising the King, is an example
of this. In an earlier section that narrates the rebellion of 1577, Friedwald taks a jab at Franz Moller:
Welch man die Adelsburs genant,/ Mancher wahr nie kumn aus dem Landt,/ Hilten ihr Hend auff
Ruhrn schon,/ Ir Finger wohren angethon/ Mit Ringlein, darin edle Stein/ Verfaset wahren artlich
fein.// Sie ritten wie zum Hochzeittantz,/ Mancher der fyhrt ein Perlenkrantz./ Mit silbren Tolchen
wahrn sie getziehrt,/ Gelich wan alda war eingefiehrt/ Der Meyegraff mit grossem Pracht,/ Drum
werden sie spotlich verlacht.// Man furht in nach Biehr, Meht un Wein./ Martzpahn aus
Apotecken fein./ Auch furht man innen Huren nach,/ Frantz Moller der bestalt die Sach,/ Ein alter
gantz verhurter Gsell, / Drum wierd er leiden in der Hell, / Wie Sanctus Paulus klerlich meldt,/
Da er verurteilt solchen Heldt.
Those that are called Adelsburs [noble youth in the troops], some had never come out of the
country, their hands ready to stir, their fingers had little rings, in which precious stones were
finely set.
They rode as to wedding dance, some bore a wreath of pearls. With silver daggers they were
adorned, Just as if there were led the May-Count with great splendour, so will they derisively
laugh.
He is given beer, meat and wine. Marzipan from the Apothecary fine. One also brings in whores,
Frantz Moller took care of this, an old completely lecherous fellow, Therefore will he suffer in
Hell, As St. Paul clearly tells, Since he condemns such heroes.58
erbawung der Königlichen Stadt Dantzig [...]. Hierzu ist kommen eine Continuation der Preusischen Chronica [...]
(Leipzig: Henning Gross, 1599), http://www.dbc.wroc.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=9685, 533 [1064 of online
document], “Uber obgemelte Stände seind Hauptleute gewesen, die Ehrnveste, Erbare und Vornehme Frantz Moller
…“, also 539 [1076], “Frantz Mollern“. 54
“Hauptleüte, Fehnriche und stoltz genente Adelspursche sampt den frefflichen Romohrmaisteren waiss
ich aller nicht zu nenen, disse nachvolgenden aber ungemeldet zu lassen, hab ich fur Sunde geachtet,“ Toeppen,304. 55
“obrigkeitlich berufener Aufseher, der unmittelbar für Ordnung sorgt; Aufseher über die Ordnung im
Militärquartier,“ http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~cd2/drw/e/ru/morm/eist/rumormeister.htm. 56
“Huren=Weibel,“ Johann Leonhard Frisch Teutsch-lateinisches Wörter-Buch (Berlin: Christoph Gottleib
Nicolai, 1741), 477, http://books.google.de/books?id=DY8NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA477. 57
Toeppen, 104. 58
ibid., 261.
Foote 18
Such is the picture history has left of Frantz Moller of Danzig: a man involved in commerce,
international diplomacy, town pride, and, perhaps, supplying the women for troops. One of the mayors at
this time was Reinold Moller, the husband of Anna Conrad. By virtue of exercising this office, he is quite
well documented in other activities.59
In 1582, he held the position of Royal Burgrave in Danzig.60
Although the Danziger Inventare index locates him in Antwerp, there is a Johann Mölner in
1532, to whom the town of Danzig requests that the goods of the late Heinrich von Reszen be given.61
An
earlier record of the same year, a Christoph Beyer and Wilhelm von Res promise to pay the debts of the
late “Heinrich and Wilhem von Res.”62
These are important clues, because Christoph Beyer (d. 1553) and
Johann Moller (d. 1556), both Danzig merchants, were married to daughters of a Danzig merchant,
Berndt von Rehsen. This Johann Mollner/Möller was born around 1490 and offices in Danzig of
alderman in 1528, towncouncilman in 1533, and judge in 1538. 63
This might be the same as a “Hans
Molner korkenmacher” (i.e., cork-maker), listed among the aldermen in instructions for the Danzig
representative to King Sigismund in 1526.64
In 1558, two years after this Johann Moller has died, a
shipper Hans Moller based on a current-day Estonian island complained that the ship in which he sent
barley to Johann Conradt in Danzig was siezed by the Danzig town council.65
Given the fact that
merchants from a certain city could be based in another one, it seems a bit more than coincidence that a
Hans Moller is shipping goods to a Johann Conrad in Danzig. In 1577, Cologne tells Danzig that Kaspar
59
Brief bio, http://geneal.lemmel.at/Mlnr-30e.html; For records of his activities, see for instance, Danziger
Inventare, numbers 6927, 6928, 7143, 7233, 8448, 8467—8470, 8475, 8476, 8478, 8480, 8481, 8484, 8486, 8488,
8492—8496, 8498, 8502, 8761, 8765, 8773, 8774, 8780, 8791, 8796, 8806, 8817, 8819, 8820, 8823, 8830, 8834—
8837,8878, 8888, 8889, 8891, 8892, 8904, 8905, 8909, 9059, 9199, 9233, 9281, 9283, 9284, 9286, 9302, 9308,
9310, 9314, 9315, 9319, 9321. 60
“Royal Burgraves of the City of Gdańsk” Urząd Miejski w Gdańsku, Kancelaria Prezydenta [=City Hall
of Gdansk, Office of the President] http://www.en.gdanszczanie.gdansk.gda.pl/o_gdansku,6,16.html. 23.10.2009
10:40 (accessed 13 March 2012). 61
ibid., 14 (number 194). 62
ibid., 13 (number 184). 63
http://geneal.lemmel.at/Sww-27Re.html 64
Theodor Hirsch, Die Ober-Pfarrkirche von St. Marien in Danzig in ihren Denkmälern und in ihren
Beziehungen zum kirchlichen Leben Danzigs überhaupt . Danzig, S. Anhuth, 1843. [Upper Church of St. Mary's in
Gdansk in their monuments and their relationship to the life of the Church in Gdansk told and represented].
http://books.google.com/books?id=S6sAAAAAcAAJ. Beilage [Appendix] XI, Instructio Gedanensium Nunciis data
ad Sigismundum Regem (1526). 65
Danziger Inventare, 256 (number 3479).
Foote 19
Göbel (mentioned above) will pay for a transaction that he contracted with a Hans Müller, who lives in
Antwerp in the house for traders from the east.66
A more certain connection is documented in 1546 when, at the request of the community, four
towncouncilmen were appointed as “Hospitalsherren“ with the direction of all the “Hosptials“, on whose
report disloyal “Spittalers“ are deposed, name four good citizens to wardship over the two hospitals that
were put under the same administration, and in general direct such an appropriate provision of resources
among each of these institutions, that they bear witness to the charitable influence of the new teaching.67
Three of the councilmen appointed to this administration were Johann and Jörgen (Georg) Möller and
Johann Konrad. Uundoubtedly, these are the same Johann Moller and Johann Connert from the birth
inscription. This Georg Möller found in other documented connections, besides holding the office of
Royal Burgrave of Danzig in 1549.68
The most significant occurred in 1536, when the guardians of the
children of the late Reinhold Feldstedt, who died in 1529, are named. They are none other than Nicolaus
Copernicus, a cousin to Feldstedt’s wife, Michae Loytz, who had married one of Feldstedt’s daughters,
and a man named Arndt von Schellinge.69
The 1536 document is the declaration by the Danzig council
that these guardians are turning over all their duties to Georg Möller, an alderman, who had also married a
daughter of Feldstedt.
66
ibid., 570, number 7240. 67
Hirsch, Ober-Pfarrkirch, 336-337. 68
“Royal Burgraves of the City of Gdańsk”. 69
Full original transcription in Andreas Kühne and Stefan Kirschner, eds. Urkunden, Akten und
Nachrichten vol. 2 of Nicolaus Copernicus: Gesamtausgabe. 6: Documenta Copernicana, edited by Heribert M.
Nobis and Menso Folkerts, (Akadamie Verlag GmbH: Berlin, 1996), books.google.com/books?id=aEZrYxkjLkIC.,
350-351. English summary in Biskup, Marian, ed. Regesta Copernicana : (calendar of Copernicus' papers). (Zakład
Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław:1973), 157. http://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/plain-content?id=40242. von Schelling
was also a well-to-do merchant and citizen of Danzig, and his wife was later a cause of controversy for Copernicus
as his housemaid. Lemmel, because of his ancestral connection to him, has investigated the family ties of
Copernicus and proves this identification, http://geneal.lemmel.at/Sche-28s.html. Lemmel is discussed further
below. German-language accounts and discussions of the sources concerning this controversy include Leopold
Prowe, Nicolaus Coppernicus. Erster Band: das Leben. II. Theil 1512-1543. (Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung,
1883). http://books.google.com/books?id=aI3tgTK5c58C. Bogucka 174ff. contains English summaries of the
documents.
Foote 20
The source of the most consolidated information for the Connert family of Danzig is a personal
genealogy website that is outstanding for its quality of research and citation of sources.70
Although Hans-
Dietrich Lemmel began his research by focusing on tracing his own family name, he has compiled a great
deal of historical data relating to many other families among the German population that resided in
current-day Poland from the 12th century onward, an area that came to be called Prussia. The compiled
information for the Connert family provides the patriarchs of the family and the members that would join
the family tree of Lemmel. However, the information is incomplete, focusing only on establishing the
direct connections from one generation to the next, with basic lifetime data and vocational labels and
sometimes information about other children and spouses. For the purposes of identifying the individuals
mentioned in the birth inscription and their relation to the inscriber, this information serves as a core
around which to add the scattered pieces of information found in all the various other sources.
The Connert family name also has its own spelling issues within the historical sources. Lemmel
utilizes the form “Conrad” for this family, sometimes including variations in his notes. Transcriptions of
original records never follow any standard, especially when records could be in Latin, German or
Polish71
, but editors usually clarify name variations in the indexes72
, as does the editor of the index to the
35 volumes of the Mitteilungen des Westpreßischen Geschichtsvereins73
. Sometimes historians pay
attention to this issue and provide the name variations.74
70
Hans-Dietrich Lemmel, “Ostpreußische Familien,” Das Lemmel-Archiv: Genealogie und
Familiengeschichte Lemmel/Lämmel/Lemlein, http://geneal.lemmel.at/StammtafelnOpr.html (accessed April 10,
2012). 71
cf., “Ioannis Connarth” 302, “Ioannem Connath” 363, “Ioannem Conradt” 422, Theodorus Wierzbowski,
Matricularum Regni Poloniae summaria, excussis codocibus, qui in Chartophylacio Maximo Varsoviensi
asservantur, contexuit indicesque adiecit Theodorus Wierzbowski. P. 4, Sigismundi I regis tempora complectens
(1507-1548). Vol. 1, Acta cancellariorum 1507-1548. (Warsaw: C. Kowalewski, 1910).
http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=63776; “Hans Konrad” 76, “Hans Conradt” 479, “Hans Conrat”
781, Hanserecesse von 1477-1530. Dritte Abtheilung, Siebenter Band(1517-152); “Johann Conradt” 256 Danziger
Inventar 1531-1591;” “Hans Konradt” 100, “Win. Conrat” 200, Kölner Inventar. Erster Band: 1531-1571. 72
cf. Hanse; 73
cf. “Konnert (Konrad),” “Konrad (Conrad),” Friedrich Schwarz, ed., Inhaltsverzeichnis der Mitteilungen
des Westpreußischen Geschichtsvereins, vols. 1-35: Personen, Orte, Sachen, (Danzig: Danziger Verlags
Gesellschaft m. b. H. Paul Rosenberg, 1940), 48, http://pbc.gda.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=13793. 74
cf. “Johann Connert (oder Conrath),” Daniel Gralath, Versuch einer Geschichte Danzigs: aus
zuverläßgen Quellen und Handschriften Vol. 2. (Königsberg: Hartung, 1790), 204,
http://books.google.com/books?id=BeEAAAAAcAAJ.
Foote 21
Two Connert brothers paid property taxes in Danzig in 1377, but there is no paper trail to connect
them with a Johann Connert who was a Schöppe in Danzig in 1456, in 1458 a part owner of an estate
called Schönfeld, and died in 1462 in Danzig. He had a son of the same name who payed property taxes
in 1495 and was, in all likelihood, the Johann Connert who married a Margareta Pirch (Pirck) 75
, was the
father of an Andreas (b. ca. 1475), another Johann (b. ca. 1493)76
, two daughters, and died before 152677
.
This Johann III was born in Danzig and married Gertrude Huxor, daughter of Ulrich Huxer, a merchant of
Danzig and member of the city government,78
sometime around 1525 or 153079
. In 1531, he became an
alderman of the Main City of Danzig80
, vice-president81
of the aldermen in 1536 and then president82
in
1539. In 1540, he became a member of the town council, and then a judge83
in 1544. In 1540, he had also
established an iron foundry, which was soon named Conradshammer84
. This Johann Connert appears most
often in historical accounts for providing most, if not all, of the funds to rebuild Danzig’s orphanage that
had burned to the ground in 1547.85
However, his lasting legacy is the family epitaph he commissioned
around 1554-6, still hanging in St Mary’s Church, on the wall by the altar of St.Anthony, which was the
75
Justyna Olszewska-Świetlik, Technologia i Technika Malarska Wybranych Nowożytnych Epitafiów z
Bazyliki Mariackiej w Gdańsku, 22. 76
Lemmel. 77
Although the identification is not completely verifiable, the Acta cancellariorum records a probate
process for the property of a late Johann Connarth, citizen of Danzig, beginning October 16, 1526 with the division
of his property between “his surviving Margaretha and children of the same, Johann, Catharina, wife of Michael
Barenfusz, councilman of Danzig, and Elisabeth, wife of Andreas Wornigk, citizen of Danzig,” Wierzbowski, 302;
In 1532, the 1526 decision and a translation from German to Latin of the record was confirmed after a petition from
“Margaretha, widow of the same Johann,” ibid., 363; then, in 1546, the mayor and aldermen of Danzig dealt with
the “property of the father and mother” of sisters Elisabeth, wife of Andrea Werncke, and Catharina, widow of
Johann Holstenn, and their brother, Johann Conradt, ibid., 442, 445. 78
“1516 Schöppe […] [died] 1529,” Lemmel; councilman 1502, died 1530, “Councillors of the Right Main
City of Gdańsk,” Miejski w Gdańsku, Kancelaria Prezydenta, Referat Multimedialny [City Hall of Danzig, Office of
the Presidenet, Multimedia Report.], line 360, http://www.en.gdanszczanie.gdansk.gda.pl/o_gdansku,6,15.html
(accessed March 13, 2012); Olszewska-Świetlik, 22. 79
Lemmel. 80
“Johann Conraht,” “Councillors,” line 427; Olszewska-Świetlik, 22. 81
“conseniorem”, ibid., 22. 82
“senior“, ibid., 22. 83
“sędzią” ibid., 22; “Richter”, Lemmel. 84
Theodor Hirsch, Das Kloster Oliva: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der westpreußischen Kunstbauten,
(Danzig: S. Anhuth, 1850), 11, http://books.google.com/books?id=ssgDAAAAcAAJ. 85
Gralath 204-205, calls this orphanage a “Weysenhause”; Schwarz: “Kinderhaus” 48
Foote 22
altar used by Protestants from 1557 until 1572, when the Catholics built their own church.86
It is known
that he confessed Lutheranism, which at this time did not have royal toleration,87
and the Conrad family
eventually listed among Calvinist patrician families.88
Johann Connert died in Danzig March 9, 1560 and was buried in the Church of the Holy Trinity.
He had three daughters and three sons, as well as three children who died in infancy.89
One of these sons
was, again, named Johann. The primary evidence for identifying this Johann Connert as the father of the
Anna born in 1552 are two epitaphs, besides the Connert family epitaph, that still hang in St. Maria’s
Basilica in Danzig: the epitaph for “Anna Loysen” and the Loytz family epitaph. Thanks to the invaluable
studies of the art and history of epitaphs in Danzig, the individuals memorialized and their families are
identified for a modern readership and the epitaphs dated and understood in their religious and social
context.90
86
Stanisław Bogdanowicz, “70. Epitafium Connertów” http://www.bazylikamariacka.pl/zwiedzanie/90-70-
epitafium-connertow (accessed Janurary 19, 2012); Katarzyna Cieślak, Epitafia obrazowe w gdańsku (xv-xviiw.)
(Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich [National Ossoliński Institute], 1993), 17; Stanisław Bogdanowicz ,
“Bazylika Mariacka,” http://www.bazylikamariacka.pl/historia-bazylika-mariacka-gdansk/opis-archikatedralna-
bazylika-mariacka (accessed January 19, 2012). 87
Cieślak 27. 88
Stekelenburg, Dick van. Michael Albinus “Dantiscanus” (1610 - 1653): Ein Fallstudie zum Danziger
Literaturbarock, Volume 74 of Amsterdamer Publikationen zur Sprache und Literatur. (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988).
http://books.google.com/books?id=ENp7zQtVjOEC. 89
Olszewska-Świetlik, 22 90
In 1993, Cieślak studied figurative epitaphs in Danzig from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century, cf.
note 86 above. In 2006 and 2007, Aleksandra Lipińska published her first studies of alabaster sculpture found in
central and eastern Europe that came from workshops in the southern parts of the Netherlands and Belgium.
Aleksandra Lipińska,“‘Ein tafell von Alabaster zu Antorff bestellen’: Southern Netherlandish Alabaster Sculpture in
Central Europe.” Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art 32.4 (2006): 231-258.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20355336 (accessed January 19, 2012) and Wewnętrzne światło:
Południowoniderlandzka rzeźba alabastrowa w europie środkowo-wschodniej (fragment) [ Internal light: South
Netherlandish alabaster sculpture in Central and Eastern Europe]. Wroclaw: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu
Wrocławskiego, 2007.
http://www.wuwr.com.pl/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=233&Itemid=39&lang=en.
(accessed January 19, 2012). In 2009, Justyna Olszewska-Świetlik published her beautiful and fascinating scientific
analysis of the materials and techniques used in the epitaphs of St. Maria’s Basilica in Danzig: Technologia i
Technika Malarska Wybranych Nowożytnych Epitafiów z Bazyliki Mariackiej w Gdańsku. (Toruń: Wydawnictwo
Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, 2009). Finally, Lipińska has headed a public history and tourism
project for the city of Danzig exhibiting alabaster sculpture in all of the churches of the city. An absolutely brilliant
and informative website went online late in 2011, available in English or Polish, and containing new color photos of
the artifacts and brief historical and descriptive sketches for each: “The Alabaster Trail.” Matter of Light and Flesh:
Alabaster in the Netherlandish sculpture of the 16th and 17th Centuries. http://www.alabaster-wystawa.pl/trail.html.
(accessed February 26, 2012).
Foote 23
Discussions of the Loytz family epitaph agree that one of the daughters depicted in the panel
paintings is named Anna and was married to a Connert, and identified as the Anna Loytz who has her
own epitaph.91
The Loytz epitaph was constructed very shortly after the 1561 death of Michael Loytz.92
The epitaph for Anna Loytz was set up by her husband, councilor Johann Connert the Younger (d. 1579).
It was intended to be for the couple, since Anna’s inscription fills only one vertical half of the epitaph, but
Johann Connert had remarried by 1574 and had not bothered to do anything else with Anna’s memorial,
thus the identity of Anna’s husband is not indicated. 93
Anna Loytz died September 9, 1563, at the age of
29.94
Although the year of marriage is unknown, Anna Loytz, who married Johann Connert, would have
been 18 in 1552. Considering the custom of reusing first names within families, and even giving
daughters the same name as their mother, it is not unreasonable to conclude that this Johann and Anna
Loytz-Connert had a girl named Anna December 4, 1552.
If this whole process of identification rests only on the inscription and the book in which it is
found, the connection to the Loytz family relies solely on the claim of ownership by Simon Loytz
indicated on the title page. The book, now at the Elbing municipal library, has survived through the
accidents of history but retained its identification due to its role in the founding of a library for the
students of the Elbing Gymnasium. The background to how this particular book came to be in the
possession of the Elbing municipal library appears in a published manner first time in a series of articles
by an Elbing Gymnasium proffessor, Johann Merz, in 1841. Merz’s articles also contain the only
published list of actual titles of books from private libraries that became part of the Elbing Gymnasium
library holdings, although his lists give the titles of only a fraction of each private collection, and the titles
are heavily abbreviated, usually beyond the point of recognition by a modern reader. What may be the
91
Lipińska, “The Alabaster trail.” 92
Lipińska “Alabaster Trail” and Wewnętrzne światło20; Cieślak 93
Cieślak, 26, note 87. 94
Reinhold Curicken, Der Stadt Dantzig historische beschreibung. (Amsterdam und Dantzigk: Johan &
Gillis Jansson von Wacsberge, 1687), http://pbc.gda.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=795, 313 [image 351].
Foote 24
most complete list is the original record of benefactors kept from about 1580 to 1667,95
but it has not been
digitized and remains an unpublished manuscript.
As with the epitaphs, thanks to Merz and subsequent historians, the identity of this book’s owner
and of his family is secure.96
According to Bauer, a Simon Loytz from Danzig is recorded as a patron of
the Gymnasium, and who left all his books to a nephew who later left them to the school.97
The books
were owned by two brothers, Simon and Stephan Loytz, illegitimate sons of a first Simon Loytz, who was
still active in the Danzig branch of the family business, mainly concerning Polish banking.98
Simon I lived
in Danzig in the house of his nephew Hans, where he raised Simon II and Stephan II and, according to
records, bought books for his sons’ education in 1567-70. 99
Simon II was a lawyer in Gdansk and
frequently charged with the management of cases at the Royal Upper Tribunal in Warsaw and died
childless in 1624 in possession of an estate-town called Petershagen near Danzig.100
The younger brother,
Stephan II, was town secretary for Elbing since 1592 and then Syndic, travelling to Warsaw and Cracau
for the town’s financial matters.101
According to Bauer, Simon II had the bigger collection of books, which were numbered.
However, several books bear the name of Simon Loytz, but in another hand, and these are all printed in
the first half of the sixteenth century or before, and so must have belonged to the father, Simon Loytz I.
When Stephan II died in 1617, leaving an infant son, his books were held by his brother Simon II, who
95
Joh. Aug. Merz, “Fortsetzung der Geschichte der Bibliothek des Gymnasiums, ” Zu der öffentlichen
Prüfung der Schüler des Gymnasiums zu Elbing […], (Elbing: Agathon Wernich, 1841),
http://dlibra.bibliotekaelblaska.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=286, 9. 96
Paul Schwenke, Adressbuch der Deutschen Bibliotheken. Beiheft zum Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen,
(Leipzig: O. Harrassowitz, 1893), 10, http://books.google.com/books?id=oREZAAAAYAAJ; Hanns Bauer, “Aus
dem ersten Jahrhundert des Elbinger Gymnasiums und seiner Bibliothek,” Königberger Beiträge: Festgabe zur
vierhundertjährigen Jubelfeier der Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek zu Königsberg Pr, (Königsberg: Gräfe &
Unzer, 1929); Jozef Lassota, “Zarys Dziejów Biblioteki Elbląskiej (1601-1945),” Rocznik Elbląski 1 (1961): 97-120;
Marzena Zacharska, Biblioteka Gówna Uniwersytetu Mikoaja Kopernika/Hauptbibliothek der Nikolaus-Kopernikus-
Universität, http://134.76.163.162/fabian?Nikolaus-Kopernikus-Universitaet (April 1990); Krystyna Podlaszewska,
“Prywatne biblioteki mieszczan elbląskich w XVI i w pierwszej polowie XVII wieku. [Private Libraries of Burghers
of Elbing in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Century],” Studia o bibliotekach i zbiorach polskich [Studies in
Polish Libraries and Collections], 5, (Toruń 1993): 47-69; Dutkiewicz; and Lewandowska. 97
Bauer 28-29, note 47. 98
ibid., 32. 99
ibid., 32, note 66. 100
ibid., 32. 101
ibid., 33.
Foote 25
apparently gave them numbers as well, but when Simon II died in 1624, the whole collection went to
Stephan II’s son, Heinrich, at which time the collection was inventoried. The collection numbering an
impressive 766 volumes of various sizes included 225 (32.3%): Bible commentaries, prayer books,
sermons, homilies, doctrinal and apologetic writings especially over the Eucharist, and the works of
Luther, Melanchthon, Calvin, and the Jesuits Bellarmine and Scarga. Of 128 legal books (16.7%), half
concern Roman Law, 35 German and Polish Law, and 10 Canon Law. 67 (8.8%) were Classics and
philological, 63 (8.2%) works of history of many different nations, 49 (6.4%) medical, 48 (6.3%)
philosophical, and 33 (4.8%) mathematical, with the rest (15.5%) dealing with science, agronomy, and
architecture.102
Heinrich Loytz was admitted to the Elbing Gymnasium January 2, 1618, and then to the
University of Königsberg in 1628. He is recorded as a donor to the Gymnasium in a 1654-1665 record.
Bauer thinks the collection was donated in the 1660s and after Heinrich’s death. However, this donation
was only two-thirds of what was inventoried in 1624. 103
Lassota echoes Merz and Bauer, but adds that
Stephan II travelled to Warsaw, the capital only since 1596, during the dispute between the city of Elbing
and the Bishop of Warmia, Simon Rudnick, over who could claim the church of St. Nikolaus, the
evangelicals or the Catholics. While in Warsaw, Stephan II became acquainted with a prominent Jesuit
polemicist, Peter Skarga, some works of whom were given to Stephan. Lassota, writing in 1961, also says
that the 1624 inventory was still in existence. 104
Podlaszewska wrote a very helpful update of private libraries in Elbing from the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries in 1993. She accepts the information of Merz, Bauer, and Lassota, among others,
but provides some additional details. She was able to compare the 1624 inventory with the books that
could still be found, and this comparision maintained roughly the same ratio of subjects, except for the
almost complete lack of legal books, as well as most of the histories. She conjectures, apparently
assuming that Heinrich was alive at the time of the donation, that he may have been in such a profession,
102
ibid., 33-34. Podlaszewska provides the percentages, 50-51. 103
ibid., 33-34. 104
Lassota 105-106.
Foote 26
such as the law or city government, that he was using these, or, more reasonably, that the Gymnasium did
not take the law books because law was not taught there yet.105
Most informative are two facts. First, besides works of the Jesuit Skarga, some which polemicize
against the anti-trinitarian movement that blossomed in Poland, the collection actually included works
written by anti-trinitarians. Second, among a custom binding of geocentric astronomical works is a copy
of Joachim Rheticus’ 1540 Narratio Prima, the first publication of Nicolaus Copernicus’ heliocentric
theory.106
Ownership of all these books does not allow any conclusions about the mindset of the owners,
except for the fact that they have underlining and marginal notations, evidence of active reading.107
Apart from only a couple of early regional histories,108
the first stand-alone history of the Loytz
family appears in 1845. The author utilizes such early tidbits, and so has some loose strings and is
understandably incomplete.109
A shortened update appeared in 1884 in the extensive multi-volume
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie,110
which was replaced by the Neue Deutsche Biographie, which had an
entry in 1987.111
The first known member of the family was Hans I, a citizen of Stettin since 1443, a member of
the town council around 1447, and traded in herring, of which Stetin was a major hub, until he died in
1449. He had a son Michael I (1438-1494) who was a councilman in 1473 and then one of the four
105
Podlaszewska 50. 106
ibid., 50. 107
ibid., 53. 108
For example, Paul Friedeborn, Das Ander Buch Der Stettinischen Geschichten/ Handlungen und
Verträgen/ welche sich von Hertzogs Bogislai Magni Hochseligen Absterben/ Biß Auff Hertzogs Johan Friedrichs/
Christmilder Gedächtnuß/ Todt unnd Leichbestettigunge/ innerhalb sieben und siebentzig Jahren allhie begeben und
zugetragen Alten Stettin (1613), http://dfg-viewer.de/v2/?set[mets]=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitale.bibliothek.uni-
halle.de%2Foai%2F%3Fverb%3DGetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dmets%26identifier%3D95669; Wilhelm
Böhmer, ed., Thomas Kantzow's Chronik von Pommern in niederdeutscher Mundart: sammt einer Auswahl aus den
übrigen ungedruckten Schriften desselben, (Stettin: Friedrich Heinrich Morin, 1835),
http://books.google.com/books?id=DPoRAAAAYAAJ. 109
Hermann Hering, “Die Loytzen,” Baltische Studien 11, no. ½ (1845): 80-92, http://digibib.ub.uni-
greifswald.de, (accessed December 30, 2011). The two most significant flaws are his statements that the exact goods
the family trading in is unknown, and that Hans Loitz, who left Stettin for Danzig in 1571, disappears from history;
87-88, 90-91. 110
Bülow, von, “Loytz, Stephan,“Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 19 (1884): 320-32,1
http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd137853629.html?anchor=adb. 111
Hans Jaeger, “Loitz (Loytz),“ Neue Deutsche Biographie 15, Locherer - Maltza(h)n, (Berlin: 1987),
http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00016333/image_157, 141-142, (accessed April 12, 2012).
Foote 27
mayors from 1484 to his death. Michael I had a son, Hans II, who was a councilman in 1509, and mayor
as well from 1525 until his death in 1539. However, as an adherent to Catholicism, had to flee Stettin in
1532 and only able to return in 1534, thanks to business-based favorable connection with the dukes of
Pommerania.112
This Hans II established business relations from Holland to Denmark, adding trade in salt
to the established trade in herring and grain. This business was enormously expanded through his four
sons: Michael II, Simon I, Stephan I, and Hans III. Headquarterd in Stettin, this expansion reached to
Lüneburg, Leipzig, Frankfurt a.d. Oder, Breslau and Prague […and] Narwa (Narva, Estonia) […].
The grain business extended from the Baltic as far as southern France, mining interests existed in
the Harz Mountains, in Hungary, Poland, Sweden and probably also in England. In Denmark the
firm succeeded, that the whole commerce with Icelandic sulfur was conferred to them as a
monopoly.113
The Loytz family also operated officially as bankers and suppliers to the court of Joachim II,
Elector of Brandenburg, to the dukes Albrecht Hohenzolern and Jan Albrecht I of Mecklenburg,
Archbishop Wilhelm of Riga, and the king of Poland, Sigismund Augustus. 114
For most of these loans,
the Loytzes were able to charge ten to twelve per cent interest.115
Since 1532 the firm granted increasing amounts of loans to Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg.
They also entered into business ventures with him, but when a proposed joint purchase of 15,000 oxen in
Wallachia fell through, the angry Elector arrested Michael and Hans in 1546 and sequestered their
property. Hans was not released until 1549, after intervention by the Emperor. In a compromise with the
Loytzen, the Elector in 1551 acknowledged debts in the amount of 29,000 florins, which would be
satisfied through the relinquishing of beer-money. In 1561 the Loytzes issued a loan of 72,000 Talers,
most of which was for constructing and armoring the fortress of Spandau, and partly through the delivery
of powder, iron balls, and copper for guns. As war-suppliers for the Danish troops, they were active in the
Northern Wars.
112
Hering 85-87. 113
Jaeger 141. 114
Lipińska. Wewnętrzne światło, 537. 115
Hering 90.
Foote 28
Since about 1560 the Loytzen received a special privilege from Elector Joachim for the shipping
of salt on the Oder to Silesia and Lausitz, which came from the French Atlantic coast through the Sound
to Stettin and Danzig, yet this privilege was disputed by some cities and rival merchants. Emperor
Ferdinand I cut into the discussion as sovereign of Silesia in 1563 and realeased the Privilege from the
Loytzen, but bought their salt at higher than usual market prices bringing the Loytzes 18,000 Talers
without risk.
After around 1567, they Loytzen fell out of favor in King Frederick II of Denmark, who had
previously obtained loans from them. Soon, Elector Joachim disputed his debts and King Sigismund of
Poland refused the repayment of loans in the amount of more than 100,000 Talers.116
The King obtained
this loan in order to give it to the Pomeranian princes for the management of the war against the
Muscovites.117
In 1571, the new Elector of Brandenburg Johann Georg for the most part did not
acknowledge the debts to their fathers. In the spring of 1572, the Loytzes were bankrupt. The King’s debt
was valued at 20 Tons of gold, 2 Million Thaler according to Hering. One member of the Pomeranian
aristocracy alone lost 80, 000 Thalern.118
The oldest son, Michael (1501-1561), ran the affairs in Danzig, where, before 1530, he married
into the established merchant patrician family of Feldstedt. He commissioned the epitaph mentioned
above, which depicts his whole family, including his son Johannes. Around the age of twelve or thirteen,
through the nomination of Nicolaus Copernicus and efforts of his father and others, the Pope consented to
Johannes’ appointment as Coadjutor to Copernicus in the cathedral Chapter of Frauenburg. Johannes took
up this position May 7, 1543. On the 24th, Copernicus died, and Johannes took over his canonry.
119
116
ibid., 141. 117
Hering 90. 118
ibid. 91. 119
The documents and details of this matter are found in scholarly projects collecting, editing and
commenting on all the known original paraphernalia relating to Copernicus. The first authoritive German-language
is Prowe in the late nineteenth century. The Coadjutor process is in Leopold Prowe, Nicolaus Coppernicus. Erster
Band: das Leben. II. Theil 1512-1543. (Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1883). However, Prowe was unable
to determine the parentage of Johannes Loitz/Lewsze. Another German-language project was put out In the late
twentieth century by Kühne et al. The Coajutor process is found in Andreas Kühne and Stefan Kirschner, eds.
Urkunden, Akten und Nachrichten vol. 2 of Nicolaus Copernicus: Gesamtausgabe. 6: Documenta Copernicana.
edited by Heribert M. and Menso Folkerts. (Berlin: Akadamie Verlag GmbH, 1996) ,
Foote 29
However, as evidenced by the epitaph depicts him in traditional armor rather than ecclesiastical garb, he
had resigned his office by the time of the painting and had married in 1562.120
Returning to the father, Michael became an alderman in 1539, and mayor in 1561, the same year
he died. Hering, writing in 1845, calls him “a zealous friend of the old church,”121
but Lipińska, in 2006,
identifies him as “a representative of a Gdansk Lutheran community.“122
Even though his father was a
strong defender of Catholicism in Stettin, the fact that Michael installed his family’s epitaph when
Protestants had control of St. Maria’s Basilica and it was never taken down or destroyed, suggests that he
was known as an anherent to the new teachings, where on the spectrum.
The second son, Simon, was born in 1503 and moved to Danzig like Michael. Here, like his
brother, he married a daughter of Reinhold Feldstedt in 1539, and had a daughter, Anna, who married
Hans von Werden, the son of a very prominent and influential merchant in Danzig, who was ennobled by
the King of Poland, was a close friend of Copernicus, Bishop Ferber, and supported the publication of
Rheticus’ presentation of Copernicus’ theories. His two illegitimate sons, Stephan II and Simon II, have
already been discussed at length. Kühne et al., give his death date in one place as 1561123
and another as
1567,124
but he is mentioned in records of 1569125
and 1574126
without any indication that he was
deceased, while other individuals in the records are explicitly described as such.
Stephan (1507-1584), through his marriage to Beata von Dassel, a prominent family of Lüneburg,
acquired the extensive salt works of the Lüneburg salt pits.127
In 1542, Stephan was a baptism witness to
books.google.com/books?id=aEZrYxkjLkIC: 383 Nr. 244, 386 Nr. 246, 391 Nr. 248, 393 Nr. 250, etc.. English
readership is served by the work of Marian Biskup, ed., Regesta Copernicana : (calendar of Copernicus' papers).
(Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich,1973), http://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/plain-content?id=40242. 120
Kühne et al., Urkunden, 387. 121
Hering 89. 122
Lipińska, “‘Ein tafell von Alabaster zu Antorff bestellen’” 248, Lipińska. Wewnętrzne światło. 123
Kühne et al., Urkunden, Akten und Nachrichten 383. 124
Kühne et al., Briefe (Texte und Übersetzungen), 337. 125
Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz
http://www.gsta.pk.findbuch.net/php/main.php?ar_id=3676&action=rech, Signature: VII. HA,
Nichtmärkische Urkunden, Polen, 29, 1574 April 9.; VII. HA, Nichtmärkische Urkunden, Polen, 32, 1593. 126
Irena Sułkowska-Kurasiowa i Maria Woźniakowa, Inwentarz Metryki Koronnej: Księgi wpisów i
dekretów polskiej kancelarii królewskiej z lat 1447 – 1795, http://www.agad.archiwa.gov.pl/pomoce/MK_inw.xml,
1574.06.16, MK 113, 259-261v. [MRPS VI, nr 424]. 127
Jaeger 141.
Foote 30
Johnann Friederich, who would later be duke of Pommerania-Stettin.128
In the Polish Sejm held at Stettin
in 1570, he was the Royal Secretary, but when the family went bankrupt in 1572, he fled with his younger
brother Hans to their large estate of Tiegenhof, on the Tiege tributary between Danzig and Elbing.129
The youngest son, Hans III, ran the affairs that remained in Stettin. In 1542, he married Elisabeth,
a daughter of an old noble family, von der Osten. Their son, Hans IV, married Esther von Bayzen, of the
prominent family mentioned above. The remaining section of his house, the Loytzenhof, is still a
marvelous example of architecture from the era.130
In 1574, royal records still show many of the family names together: Ludwig and Georg von
Werden, sons of the late Johann von Werden, whose widow was a daughter of Simon I Loytz, Stephan II,
Johann II, and Johann III Loytz, 131
Reinhold Krakow, Johann Connert, Catherine Loytz (a sister to
Johannes Loytz, son of Michael)132
The inscription is a short and preparatory record. It notes the time and day of birth, the ruling
planet, and the constellations in which both the sun and moon appear. In order to produce a full horoscope
with all the significations interpreted, one had to complete a type of schematic which placed every
luminary in its place in the twelve ‘houses’ of the sky. Such a schema would look very much like that
drawn up for Nikolaus Copernicus around 1540, show in Figure 5.
Westman speaks of a “prognosticatory culture” in Reformation-era Europe, where “virtually
every major city and every prince in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries supported a forecasting
presence.”133
The financial and, especially, political and religious unease drove demand for astrological
insight among Europe’s ruling families as well as the Popes.134
The four Holy Roman Emperors from
Maximilian I (r. 1508-1530), Charles V (r. 1530-1556), Ferdinand I (r. 1558-1564) and Maximilian II (r.
128
Hering 89. 129
Jaeger 141. 130
von Bütow 320. 131
Irena Sułkowska-Kurasiowa i Maria Woźniakowa, Inwentarz Metryki Koronnej
Księgi wpisów i dekretów polskiej kancelarii królewskiej z lat 1447 – 1795,
http://www.agad.archiwa.gov.pl/pomoce/MK_inw.xml, 1574.06.16, MK 113, 259-261v. [MRPS VI, nr 424]. 132
ibid., 1574.06.16, MK 113, 261v-263. [MRPS VI, nr 425]. 133
Westman 63. 134
ibid..
Foote 31
1564-1576) all had court astrologers.135
The duke of Prussia and margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach,
Albrecht Hohenzollern (1490-1568) had Johann Carion (1499-1537) as his court astrologer, and
supported Joachim Camerarius, the first rector of the Gymnasium in Nuremberg, the translator of the first
two books of Ptolemy’s Tetrabiblos, who also cast horoscopes for duke Albrecht.136
Towards the end of
the sixteenth century, the Danish scholar Tycho Brahe presented horoscopes to the King as a part of
reciprocating his patron/client relationship. 137
Prognostication “was an authoritative resource of policy
making.138
Figure 5. Biskup,. number 22, between pages 193-194.
Astrology and the culture of prognostication did not avoid the theological debates of the
Reformation. One of the results of the humanistic interest in the knowledge of antiquity was that the same
135
Brosseder 566. 136
Westman 145. Reiner Reisinger has published a critical edition of Carion’s horoscope for an Albrecht
VI Scheurl, the son of a prominent citizen of Nuremburg and godson of Albrecht Dürer: Historische Horoskopie:
Das iudicium magnum des Johannes Carion für Albrecht Dürers Patenkind. (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz
Verlag.1997) 137
See the authoritative English biography by John Robert Christianson On Tycho’s Island: Tycho Brahe,
Science, and Culture in the Sixteenth Century, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 138
Westman 66.
Foote 32
birthplace of Lutheranism became the center of academic proponents of astrology.139
The most well-
known defender of astrology at Wittenburg was Phillip Melanchthon, the colleague of Martin Luther, who
himself was rather cynical of astrology’s predictive claims. In his more scientific works, Melanchthon
clearly adhered to the ancient conception of a celestial region whose movements affect the earthly region.
Melanchthon advocated investigation into the causes of such a relationship, to the point of using
horoscopes to apply the relationship “to the temperaments of man and the analysis of his potentials”.140
Whether practitioners were Catholic or Protestant, astrology in general faced the accusation of
diminishing man’s free will as well as God’s ultimate control.141
In response, Melanchthon and others
reaffirmed their adherence to this aspect of orthodoxy. Astrology can only reveal the inclinations of a
person, not predict what they will actually do142
and, at least publically, Protestant practitioners claimed
only to investigate “exceptional celestial phenomena” such as eclipses and comets, and their connection
to isolated events.143
Astrological foreknowledge were rationalized within Christianity by understanding
“Divine Providence as the guide of universal history,” who gives “natural signs of something concealed
[…] signs with a strictly referential nature” Paired with theology, the will and ordained order of this
Divine Providence, written in the “Book of Nature” as well as the “Book of Revelation,” could be more
strongly discerned, a concept apparently not expressed outside of Germany or the circles of Protestant
astrologers.144
Prognosticators during this time utilized texts such as Ptolemy’s Tetrabiblos, Firmicus
Maternus’s Astronomicon, and Johannes Schöner’s work De iudiciis nativitatum libri tres (1545).
Protestant practitioners applied a Protestant hermeneutics that emphasized the social circumstances
together with specific interpretations of important life events.145
Yet this did not apply to all Protestants,
139
Brosseder 558. 140
ibid., 563-564. 141
ibid., 573. 142
ibid., 564. 143
ibid., 570-571. 144
ibid. 575. Metheun 395. 145
Brosseder 567.
Foote 33
some of whom did not even think astrology should be practiced.146
Above all, however, all agreed that
prayer was the most pious and most effective response to warnings or fears, since God was not bound by
the celestial chain of causality.147
The mention of “the Practica of the year” in the inscription refers to a uniquely German product
of printed prognostication culture. From the last quarter of the fifteenth century, a type of publication
called a Volkskalender offered guidance for what work to do in each month, the effects of the seven
planets, the four temperaments, the zodiac, guides for blood-letting, and the unlucky days of the year.148
At the end of each month section, these publications included the more familiar aspects of horoscopes:
“the physiognomy, character, and fate of a child according to the planet in ascendancy at the time of
birth.”149
As with other types of popular literature at this time, the Volkskalender was purchased by
members of the upper middle class professions that would have some disposable income, as well as the
upper and noble classes, who could also afford to purchase the more extravagant publications150
Evidence
of Volkskalender ownership survives for manuscripts circulating mostly among “the wealthy and
educated classes, a spectrum comprising medical doctors, lawyers, apothecaries, notaries, town clerks,
veterinarians, and merchants, but also among members of the aristocracy and the clergy.”151
By the
beginning of the sixteenth century, the Volkskalender was being replaced in popularity by the Practica.
Practicas were shorter works, from two to rarely twenty-four leaves, with a generally pessimistic tone,
predicting eclipses and comets that signaled distasters or deaths of prominent people, but also providing
the costs and availability of various goods.152
The first instances of astrology practiced according to
Copernicus’ heliocentric theory are also the first instances of Copernicus’ name and ideas in German-
146
Metheun 396. 147
ibid., 400. 148
Brevart 313-314. 149
ibid., 317. 150
ibid., 336. The upper middle class included “craftsmen, merchants, barber-surgeons and operators of
bathhouses.” 151
ibid. 338. 152
ibid., 340.
Foote 34
language print: the first was Andreas Aurifaber’s Practica of 1541, printed in Danzig where the first
publication of Copernicus’ theories had been printed the year before, followed by a Practica of 1546 by
Ahilles Gasser, and one in 1549 by Joachim Heller.153
The ordinary prognosticator of the first half of the sixteenth century would have owned texts such
as “the recently printed Tetrabiblos and the Centiloquium, Aristotle’s Physics and Meterology, perhaps
Avicenna’s Canon, a table of new and full moons, and the works of medieval Arabic and Jewish writers,”
while the updated calculations of Regiomontanus were definitely used, but were not cited as often as the
traditional classics of antiquity.154
However, a common selection of sources was still applied differently
by different people and in different geographies.155
While these texts served academics and scholars,
popular society was drawn to Joahannes Lichtenberger’s 1488 Prognosticatio in Latino which blended
apocalypticism and eschatology with prognostication156
The last issue to address is what kind of meaning the witnesses of the birth and the composer of
the horoscope would have given to the astrological context of the girl’s birth. The process of drawing up a
complete horoscope requires many different texts and many mathematical calculations. However,
following the practice of prognosticators of the time, a cursory attempt here will utilize the Tetrabilbos in
order to present some probable interpretations of what little information the inscription contains.157
Saturn is the ruling planet of the year. “It is Saturn's quality chiefly to cool and, moderately, to
dry, probably because he is furthest removed both from the sun's heat and the moist exhalations about the
earth.“158
Jupiter, Venus, and the moon were beneficial, “because of their tempered nature and because
they abound in the hot and the moist,” while Saturn, ecessively cold, and Mars, excessively dry, are
153
Green “First Copernican” 157. Aurifaber’s Practica is digitally available: http://bvbm1.bib-
bvb.de/view/action/nmets.do?DOCCHOICE=172587.xml&dvs=1335920266110~810&locale=en_US&search_term
s=&adjacency=&VIEWER_URL=/view/action/nmets.do?&DELIVERY_RULE_ID=25&usePid1=true&usePid2=tr
ue . 154
Westman 63. 155
ibid., 65. 156
ibid., 67-68. 157
W. G. Wadell, ed. and trans., Manetho and Ptolemy Tetrabiblos, vol. 350 of the Loeb Classical Library,
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964.) http://archive.org/details/manethowithengli00maneuoft, 1-466 [303-
790 of digital document]. 158
ibid., 36-37.
Foote 35
maleficent.159
Saturn’s helper is Jupiter. “Jupiter has a temperate active force because his movement takes
place between the cooling influence of Saturn and the burning power of Mars. He both heats and
humidifies; and because his heating power is the greater by reason of the underlying spheres, he produces
fertilizing winds.”160
The inscription mentions Saturn, Jupiter, the sun, and the moon. Depending on the
necessary calculations, the life-span of the father is long if “Jupiter or Venus is in anyaspect whatever to
the sun and to Saturn, or if Saturn himself is in an harmonious aspect to the sun, either conjunction,
sextile, or trine, both being in power.”161
The Tetrabiblos clearly presents its doctrine of celestial influence on birth:
For the child at birth and his bodily form take on many additional attributes which he did not
have before, when he was in the womb, those very ones indeed which belong to human nature
alone; and even if it seems that the ambient at the time of birth contributes nothing toward his
quality, at least his very coming forth into the light under the appropriate conformation of the
heavens contributes, since nature, after the child is perfectly formed, gives the impulse to its birth
under a configuration of similar type to that which governed the child's formation in detail in the
first place. Accordingly one may with good reason believe that the position of the stars at the time
of birth is significant of things of this sort, not, however, for the reason that it is causative in the
full sense, but that of necessity and by nature it has potentially very similar causative power.162
225-227.
Saturn as ruler means that it is rising from the horizon. In such a configuration, children born
under him will appear “dark-skinned, robust, black-haired, curly-haired, hairy-chested, with eyes of
moderate size, of middling stature, and in temperament having an excess of the moist and cold.163
Ptolemy includes Sagittarius as one of the four “bicorporeal” signs.164
“The bicorporeal signs make souls
complex, changeable, hard to apprehend, light, unstable, fickle, amorous, versatile, fond of music, lazy,
easily acquisitive, prone to change their minds.”165
The planets also influence personality, and Saturn,
“allied with Jupiter in the way described, again in dignified positions, makes his subjects good, respectful
159
ibid., 39. 160
ibid., 37. 161
ibid., 213-215. 162
ibid., 225-227. 163
ibid., 309. 164
ibid., 67. 165
ibid., 335.
Foote 36
to elders, sedate, noble-minded, helpful, critical, fond of possessions, magnanimous, generous, of good
intentions, lovers of their friends, gentle, wise, patient, philosophical.” 166
A more modern source provides a more clarified conclusion, as it considers both the sun being in
Sagittarius and the moon in Cancer:
This is by no means a harmonious combination, fire and water not being agreeable combinations,
and many mistakes are apt to be made in life through the sympathetic impulsiveness of the
individuality which is easily expressed through the personal, emotional, psychic and imaginative
characteristics of Cancer. It gives intuition and confers the gift of prophecy and true dreaming,
but inclines toward sensation. 167
Perhaps this is what the family expected of the life of Anna Connert, born December 4, 1552, in
the year of Saturn, assisted by Jupiter, with the sun in Sagittarius and the moon in Cancer. Without a
complete horoscope and interpretation by someone in their circle, this can never be known. What is
known is that Anna Connert was born into a family that had familial and business relations with the
nobility and royalty of the region. The immediate families mingled with both Catholics and Protestants
well after the Reformation had set in in Royal Prussia and Poland. Most people at this time accepted some
form of validity to celestial influence on earthly things. There are still many details of the lives of these
families that could have been included, but this study sought to bring in enough sorted out information,
present proofs for various conclusions, and try to give an adequate picture of what kind of event had been
recorded in the first pages of a Bible, and who the actors were.
166
ibid., 341. 167
Alan Leo, Astrology for All, to Which is Added a Complete System of Predictive Astrology for Advanced
Students, (Londong: L.N. Fowler & Co. , 1899), 92, http://books.google.com/books?id=8CwSAAAAYAA.
Foote 37
Appendix 1
LOITZ (LOYTZ, LOITZE, LEITZE, LEUSSE, LEWSZE, LOITSCH, LOISS, LEUSS, LOYSS,
LOYTZEN) FAMILY
Various personal genealogy websites have the three prominent generations of this family, but
they all get their information essentially from the entries for the the family in the Allgemeine Deutsche
Biographie and Neue Deutsche Biographie. These biographical entries have also served as a starting
point, supplemented considerably, however, by the other items listed in the first section of the
Bibliography “Loytz, Connert, Moller: Family, Activities and Social Network.”
Besides clarifying the identities of the those who bore the small pool of reused given names, the
tree gives some indication of the social status of most of the marriages becauseeach family name that is
preceded by ‘von’ was in fact noble, and thus examples of the the now-common stereotype that assumes
‘von’ means nobility.
Again, note Simon I Loytz’s nephew Johann and his connection with Coppernicus, the wives of
Simon I and Michael were daughters of Reinhold Feldstete and thus nieces of Coppernicus, and Michael’s
daughter Anna was married to Johann Connert and bore the daughter recorded in the inscription.
* = born
∞ = married
+ = died
Rtsh. = Rathsherr = Town Councilman
Bgm. = Bürgermeister = Mayor
Kfm. = Kaufmann = Merchant
Schöp. = Schöppe = Juror
woi. = woivode
Stet. = Stettin
Dzg. = Danzig
LOYTZ FAMILY TREE
Cordula
Feldstedt
*1507
+1547
Daughter of
Reinhold F.
Christina
Feldstete
*1515
+1541
Daughter of
Reinhold F.
Simon
*1503
+1561
∞1539
Michael
(II)
*2/15/1501
+2/6/1561
Kfm.Stet.
Schöp.Dzg.
Johannes
*c. 1530
7.5.1543 Koadj. von
Coppernicus
left by 1561
∞ 8. 2. 1562
+
Stephan (II)
*1507
Rtsh.Stet.,
∞1557/60 Beata
von Dassel (*1529 +1568)
1570, Royal
Secr. at Sejm in
Stett.
1572 to
Tiegenhof
+1584,
Zeisgendorf
1 daughter,
Beata.
Hans(I)Loytz
1433 nach Stet.
1447 Rtsh.
+1449,Stet.
Michael(I)Loytz
*1438
1473 Rtsh.
1484-94 Bgm.Stet.
+1494
Hans(II)Loytz
1509 Rtsh.
1525-39 Bgm.Stet.
+1539
Anna
Gliencke/Glincke
*
+
Cäcilie
*
+
∞ by 1537 David
Braunschweig
Bgm.Stet.
+1498, Kolberg
Wwe.Hogenholz,
(Loitz’s Boss)
+1531
Jakob
Rosow
Moritz Glincke
Stettin
Bgm. 1519-45
Anna
*
∞ Marten
von Tessen
Hans(IV)
*
+1616,
Rundewiese
Hans (III)
*1510
Rtsh. Stet.
+1573/7, Dzg.
Stephan([IV)
*
+?1629
Rundewiese
Stephen (II)
1595, Elbing town
clerk
+4/10/1617
Simon (II)
lawyer in Dazig
+ 8/16/1624
?
illegitimate
Hans(IV)
*
oo 1567 Esther von
Baisen/Bayzen
+1579, Tiegenhof
Elisabeth
von der
Osten
* c.1527/8
∞1542
Anna
* 1534
+ 9 Sept 1563
∞ Johann
Connert III
(+ 1579)
Anna
∞ 1560 Hans
von Werden
Heinrich
2. Jan. 1618, 7th Klasse,Gymnasium
of Elbing
1628, University of Königsberg
Foote 39
APPENDIX 2
CONNERT/CONRAD FAMILY TREE
Georg
Mollner
*?1500
+1551
10 children
Tin merchant
in Dzg.
∞2
1529
Catharina
Feldstedt
*21.2.1505/6,Dzg
+21.9.1571,Dzg
4 children from 1st
marriage
Reinhold
Mollner
*?1530
1564 Schöppe
1573 Rtsh.
1577 Bgm. Dzg.
+May 15.1585
buried 14.12.1585 in
Danzig-Marien, Stein 21
Anna Conrad
*?1535
+28.1.1582
Cordula
Mollner
∞16.9.1554
9 Children
Johann *?1420
Merchant in Danzig. 1456 Schöppe. 1458 part owner of
Schönfeld estate.
+1462 in Danzig
Johann Conrad *?1455 Danzig
Burgher in Old City of Danzig. 1495, taxes for a house am
Schüsseldamm.
Andreas Conrad *?1475
Danzig
1492 Student in Leipzig.
Johann Conrad *?1493
Kaufmann in Danzig. 1531 Schöppe,
1540 Ratsherr, 1544 Richter, 1546
Hospital administrator. Bought mill in
Glettkau near Oliva. Built an iron
foundry ("Conradshammer"), Privileg
1540.
9.3.1560, buried in Danzig-Marien
Stein 251
Gertrud Huxer
*1508
buried 10.5.1550 in
Danzig, Marienkirche. Wichert v.Holten
*?1485
Danzig
Anna
v.Holten
*?1530
Winhold
Conrad
Walter
v.Holten
*1556
Rtsh.Dzg.
Walter
v.Holten
*?1520
Ship owner
/shipping
agent
Dzg.
Catharina
Mollner
*?1565
∞ 14.2.1557
in Danzig
Margarete v.Besten
*?1490
Barbara
Stutte
*1521
∞ etwa
?1525/1530)
Johann
+ 1579
∞ Anna Loitz,
daughter of
Michael Loitz
Foote 40
APPENDIX 3
MOLLER/MOLNER FAMILY TREE
Reynolt Feldstedt
*?1467/8
+24.11.1529/31
Rtsh. Dzg.
∞ 12 Jan
1503/4,
Thorn
Tidemann
*1523,Dzg
+1553,Krakau
Cordula v. Allen
*Apr.21.1480,Thorn
+1531,Dzg
NIECE OF NICOLAUS COPPERNICUS
Georg
MOLLNER *?1500
+1551
10 children
Tin merchant
in Dzg. ∞2
1529
Catharina
*2/21/1505/6, Dzg.
+9/21/1571, Dzg.
4 children from 1st
marriage
Reinhold
MOLLNER
*?1530
1564 Schöppe
1573 Rtsh.
1577 Bgm. Dzg.
+May 15.1585
buried
14.12.1585 in
Danzig-Marien,
Stein 21 Anna
Conrad
*?1535
+28.1.1582
Sister to Johann
Connert III
Cordula
MOLLNER
∞16.9.1554
9 Children
∞ 14.2.1557
in Danzig
Cordula
*1507
+1547 Michael (II)
Loytz
*2/15/1501
+2/6/1561
Kfm.Stet.
Schöp.Dzg.
Johannes L.
*c. 1530
7.5.1543
Assitant to
Coppernicus
left by 1561
∞ 8. 2. 1562
+
Anna L.
* 1534
+ 9 Sept 1563
∞ Johann
Connert III
(+ 1579)
6th Child
Cordula
Klefelt
*24.1.1568
∞Hans Feldstet
5 Kinder
Georg Klefelt
*1/23/1522
Elb.
Dr. of Canon
& Civil Law
1558
Bgm.Dzg.
Christina
*1515
+1541 Simon Loytz
*1503
+1561
∞1539
Stephen (II) L.
1595, Elbing town
clerk
+4/10/1617
Simon (II)
L.lawyer in
Dazig
+ 8/16/1624
?
illegitimate
Anna L.
∞ 1560
Hans von
Werden
Heinrich L.
2. Jan. 1618, 7th Klasse,Gymnasium
of Elbing
1628, University of Königsberg
Margaretha
v. Tessen
(Daughter of
Anna Loytz &
Marten v.
Tessen)
∞
Foote 41
Supplement to Moller/Mollner Family
Some data is included here to show that not all individuals with this surname can be assigned to a certain family. [UNFINISHED]
[NI1657] 180. Mollner (Moller), Thomas * um 1490, + Danzig 1558 lt. Westpr -Kartei; (Bruder Georg war 1532 Schöppe, 36. Ratsh. in
Danzig, + ebd. 1541) oo Elbing (?) vor 1519
Hanserecesse von 1477-1530, Volume 2, Dietrich Schäfer, ed. Lübeck: Duncker & Humblot, 1883.
http://books.google.com/books?id=6_MOAAAAYAAJ.
Molner, Hans, hansischer Kfm. zu London, Bürger zu Danzig,
[…] Heinrich, Danziger Schiffer,
[…] Jodokus, Bürger zu Danzig,
[…] Kleys, Bürger zu Danzig,
[…] Mathias, Bürger zu Danzig [669]
Foote 42
APPENDIX 4
Von Baysen, Bażeński Family
Johann
* ca. 1390;
† 9. November 1459
in Marienburg
Peter von Baysen
Bażeński
Gabriel *
† 15.6.1474
woj. elbl. 1454;
woj. chełm. 1455-74;
gov. Prus. diet
Sander [Alexander]
*
† um 1484
Stibor * ? † 1480)
Royal woi.1454-55; woi. Elbing 1456-67;
woi. Marienburg 1467-80; gov. Prus. diet
1459-80; Starost elbląski, Sztum, Tolkmicki
Georg/Jerzy * 1469 † 02.1546
1503-12 Chamberlain Marienburg
1512-46 Woi. Marienburg
Starost Gniewski, Kiszporski, Międzyłęski,
Nowski, Skarszewski, Sobowidzki, Sztum,
Tolkmicki
Johann *? † 1480
Prussian chamberlain 1467-78, Castellan
of Elbląg 1478-80, starost Papowski,
Skarszewski, Tolkmicki
Nicholas † 27/03/1503
1478-80 Castellan of Gdansk, 1481-1503
Woi. Marienb., Starost Kiszporski,
Skarszewski, Sztum
Johan
*
† 11.1548
1532-46, Chamberlain of
Malbork,
ca. 1546 Castellan Gdansk
1546-48 Castellan Elbląski,
Starost Gniewski, Skarszewski
5
3
2
-
4
6
,
t
h
e
c
∞
Dorothy von
Mortangen
[Dorota de
Mortęska]
Georg/Jerzy
1503 chamberlain
1511 woi. Marienburg
starosta gniewkowski
1521, sobowidzki
Nicholaus von
Zehmen
[Mikołaj Czema]
Teutonic Knight
† after 1502
5
3
2
-
4
6
,
t
h
e
c
h
a
m
b
e
r
l
a
i
n
∞
Dorota
Jana Loisius
[Lojsena]
[Jan Loitz]
Estera
(Esther)
∞ 1570
Fabian Czema
* ca. 1500
† 03.1580
chamberlain of Pommerania
1531,Marienb. 1546, Kulm
1547, Castellan Dzg. 1549,
woi.pomorski 1556, malborski
1565,starosta starogardzki,
tucholski, grudzki
Achacy Czema
* ca. 1485
† 24.05.1565 Konigsberg
chamberlain of Pommerania 1517,
Castellan of Dzg.1531, Woi.
Marienb. 1546, starosta
starogardzki, starosta kiszporski,
człuchowski, sztumski,
gniewkowski
Foote 43
Appendix 5
von Wejher, Waier, Weier, Weyher Family
Margarete von
Weiher Joachim von
Zitzewitz
*ca. 1505
+ 9 Apr 1563
Martin von Weiher
[Marcin z Łeby]
* 1517
+ 8 Juni 1556
- Bishop of Cammin/ Kamień 1549-1556
Barbara
Nikolaus von Weiher
*
+ > 1528
starostą książęcym w Słupsk; judge and governor of
the royal property in Slupsk
Sophia von
Ramel
[Ramlówną,
Rahmel]
1 ∞ 2 ∞
Reinhold von
Krockow
* 1538
+ 1599
Ernst * ca. 1517
+ 1598
1564 Royal Colonel,
Starost Puck, nowski,
sobowidzki,
nowodworski
1 ∞
1562
Elisabeth Loitz
+ 1563
Franciszek
*16th
+16th (young)
Royal Courtier
Ludwik
Courtier & Royal Captain 1608, Treasurer of Prussian
Lands, Steward Malbork 1612, Chamberlain of Kulm
1613, starosta człuchowski, kościerzyński,
nowodworski, tczewski
+1616
Jan/Hans
* 1580
+ 1626
Chamberlain of Kulm 1605,
Castellan Elbing 1613, Wowoide
Marienb. 1615, Kulm 1618,
Starost pucki, sobowidzki,
radzyński, człuchowski
Melchior
* ca. 1574
+ 1643
Treasurer of Prussian lands,
Steward of Malbork 1616-24,
Castellan Elbing 1618,
Voivode Chełm 1626, Starost
Człuchowski, kowalewski,
nowodworski, tczewski,
wałecki, kościerzyński
Zofia
* XVI w.
+ po 1631
Dymitr
* ca. 1578
+ 1628
Econom of
Marienb. 1618,
Castellan of Dzg.
1626, starosta
kościerzyński,
lignowski
Anna (Ludwika)
Mortęska
*16th
+ after 1605
2nd son, Nicolaus
Woiwode of Marienburg
1641-3
APPENDIX 6
Ex Libris Simonis Loyzii
In the absence of a published list of the known titles from the private library of Simon Loytz, I
have compiled the titles that have been mentioned in various publications in order to develop the most
complete indication possible of the nature of literature owned. [UNFINISHED]
HIERONYMUS S.168
97 Commentaria in Bibliam. - Praec. Vita s. Hieronymi. Ed. Bernardinus Gadolus. Venezia, Io. et
Greg. de Gregoriis, I) 1497, II) 25 VIII 1498.
Prow.: 1. Jacobus [Schultz] [XVI/XVII w.]
2. No 3 Ex Libris Simonis Loytzij [XVI/XVII w.]
3. Elb. Gymn. Bibl. [seal/stamp]; [sygn.] R.2
4. Tor. U - depozyt
IACOBUS DE VORAGINE169
102 Legenda aurea. Koln, Io. Koelhoff, 1479. 2° .
Prow.: 1. [Szymon Loitz] N° 43 [record erased, poorly legible]
2. Elb. Gymn. Bibl. [seal/stamp]; [sygn.] R.5
3. Tor. U - depozyt
IOSEPHUS FLAVIUS170
122 De antiquitate Iudaica; De bello Iudaico, Lat. Trad. Rufinus Aquileiensis. Ed. Ludovicus
Cendrata. Verona, Petr. Maufer, 25 XII 1480. 2° .
Provenance the same as number 148 .
ORIGENES171
148 Contra Celsum libri VIII (KaTa Ki'\aov), Lat. Trad. Christophorus Persona. Roma, Ge.
Herolt, 1 I 1481. 2° + 4° .
Prow.: 1. M. Andreas Vuelsius [?] [XVI w.]
2. N° 15 Ex libris Simonis Loytzij
3. Elb. Gymn. Bibl. [seal/stamp]; [sygn.] F.2
4. Tor. U - depozyt .
Pseudo-SENECA LUCIUS ANNAEUS172
189 De quattuor virtutibus cardinalibus, cum commento, Lat.-Germ. Leipzig, Melch. Lotter,
[14]99.4° .
Prow.: 1. A. P. C
2. Simon Loiz Nr 69
3. [Elbląg - Biblioteka Gimnazjalna] - [sygn.] A.9: Miscell.1
4. Tor. U - depozyt
168
Maria Strutyńska, Katalog Inkunabułów Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej W Toruniu. (Toruń: 1995), 89.
http://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=27533. 169
ibid., 91. 170
ibid., 102. 171
ibid., 116. 172
ibid., 137.
Foote 45
Alodia Kawecka-Gryczowa.
ego : dzieje i bibliografia
: Droz, 1974.
Socinus Faustus
67. De lesu Christo Servatore ... [po-apw* 1 X] 1501. 1°.
DE | IESU CHRISTO | SERVATORE, | HOC EST, | Cur & qua ratione IESUSS CHRISTUS |
noster seruator sit, | FAUSTI SOCINI SENENSIS | Disputatio.| Quam annos ab hine circiter decem &
septem scripsit, respondent IACO-|BO COVETO PARISIENSI, Euangelico, ut vocant, Ministro; cu-|ius
scriptum ordine, suis locis, per parten digestum, in ea habetur. | ... | Nunc primum edita. | ... | Typis Alexii
Rodecii, | ANNO M.D.XCIV. |
i. Toruń BU2: Pol.6.11.230. I. Exl. Bog. Radziwilla 1671; Pol.7.II.869 adl. 1. Ex libris Simonis
Loyssii [XVII].
[307]
[De Statu primi hominis ante lapsum disputatio. Quam Faustus Socinus Senensis per scripta
habuit cum Franciso Puccio Florentino, anno 1578. In qua habetur Responsio, ad Defensonem Francisci
Puccii suorom argumentorum De immortalitate hominis & omnium rerum ante lapsum. (Tu winietka). 1.
Oor. 15. 22. Sicut Adam omnes moriuntur, ita in Christo omnes vivificabuntur. 2. Tim. 1. 10. Christus
destruxit mortem, illuminavit autem vitam & incorruptionem per Evangelium. Racoviae, Typis
Sternacianis, Anno MDCX (1610). w 4ce, k. 6 nlb.,
http://www.kat.umk.pl/staredruki/karty/0026/Se-St_2970.jpg
I. Toruń BU": Pol. 7.IT.393 adl. 1. Bibliotheea 1620 [Królewiec.]; Pol. 7.IL20C2. 1. Ex libris
Simonis Loissii [Elbląg XVII].
From the list of Merz173
:,
Achill. Tat. lat. a L. Ann. Coccejo. Bas. 1554. 8. :
ACHILLES TATIUS. Achillis Statii Alexandrini De Clitophontis & Leucippes amorib. libri 8. /
e Graecis Latini facti a L. Annibale Cruceio. Basileae, per Ioannem Hervagium, 1554.
Ambros. opp. (Bas. 1492) T. 1:
Operum sancti Ambrosii pars prima, Basileae : Amerbach: 1492
Comment. Bened. Aretii in omn. N, T. libr, Morg. & Laus. 1577 — 83. 8
Commentarii Benedictus Aretii in omnes Novi Testamenti libros. Lausannæ ; Morgiis, 1577
Beroald. Phil, oration. cet. Par. 1513. 4. —
Orationes, Prælectiones, Præfationes et quædam Mythicæ historiæ, Item Plusculæ Angeli
Politiani : Hermolai Barbari atq[ue] una Iasonis Maini ... oratorio. Philippus Beroaldus. Parrhis : in edibus
Ascens, 1513
Bibl, V. Ar N. T, gr. Bas. 1545. Fol. und —
This is the book that bears the inscription.
173
Merz, Joh. Aug. “Fortsetzung der Geschichte der Bibliothek des Gymnasiums.“ Zu der öffentlichen
Prüfung der Schüler des Gymnasiums zu Elbing […] (Elbing : Agathon Wernich, 1841),
http://dlibra.bibliotekaelblaska.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=286 (accessed February 1, 2012).
Foote 46
lat. cur. Hieron. Venet. 1479. Fol. —
probably: Biblia latina. Venetiis, opera Nicolai Jenson Gallici. 1479. fol.
Boeth. opp. Ven. 1491. 2. Fol. —
Cato M. de r. rustic lib., M. Ter. Varron. lib. 3. Bas. Hervag. 1535. 4. —
Cyrilli opp. Bas. 1528. Fol. 1 — 3. (Jod. Clichtov.) Elucidator, eccles. Par. 1516. Fol. —
Euclid. elem. a Bon. Zamberto lat. don. Bas. 1558. Fol, —
Id. gr. & lat. p. C. Dasypod. Argentor. 1571. 8. —
Fulgentius F. P, Mytholog. libr. 3 Bas. 1543. 8. —
Geyler J. v. K. Navicula specul. fatuor. ab J. Othero coli. Strasb. 1511. 4. —
Glareanus H, de Geogr. Frib. 1551. 4. —
Horat. Q. Fl. opp. Dionys. Lamb. in eund. comment. Frcf. 1577. Fol. —
Majorag. M. Ant. oratt, & praefat. Ven. 1582. 4. —
Martial. Val. c. 2 comment. Ven, 1503. Fol. —
Oppian. de venat. libr. 4. -Lugd. B. 1597. 8. —
Origenes c. Gels. Rom. 1481. Fol. —
Orpheus Argonaut. Bas. 1523. 4. —
Quintiliani Institut. Ven. 1541. 8. —
Seneca de 4 virtutib. Lyptzk. p. Meiert. Lotter. 1499. 4. —
Sil. Ital. c. interpr. P. Marsi. Ven. 1483. Fol. —
Statius C. Pap. sylv. Ven. 1498. Fol. —
Varro M, Ter. libr. 24. de 1. 1. Rom. 1577. 8. Par. 1581. 8- —
Vitruv. M. p. Jocund. castigat. fact. Ven. 1511. Fol. —
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