For August 6

8/13/2019 For August 6

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[G.R. No. L-12858. January 22, 1918.]

THE UNITED STATES, plaintiff and appellee, vs.SANTIAGO PINEDA,defendant-appellant.

SYLLABUS

1.EVINDENCE; "RES INTER ALIOS ACTA." As general rule, the evien!e# ther ##enses !$$itte %& a e#enant is ina$issi%le. As nee'!e(tin, h)ever, it is (er$issi%le t as!ertain e#enant*s +n)legean intent an t #i' his negligen!e. I# the e#enant has n $re thanne !!asin (er#r$e si$ilar a!ts, a!!ient in g #aith is (ssi%l&e'!lue, negligen!e is intensi#ie, an #rauulent intent $a& even %eesta%lishe. There is n %etter evien!e # negligen!e than the#reuen!& # a!!ients.

-.ID; DISCRETION O TRIAL /0DE. On the trial # a !ri$inal !ase)here the uestin relates t the tenen!& # !ertain testi$n& t thr)light u(n a (arti!ular #a!t, r t e'(lain the !nu!t # a (arti!ular(ersn, there is a !ertain is!retin n the (art # the trial 2uge )hi!h a!urt # errr )ill nt inter#ere )ith, unless it $ani#estl& a((ear that thetesti$n& has n legiti$ate %earing u(n the uestin at issue, an is!al!ulate t (re2ui!e the a!!use. 34re vs. 0.S. 516789, 1: 0.S.,:henever the ne!essit& arises #ra resrt t !ir!u$stantial evien!e, either #r$ the nature # the inuir&r the #ailure # ire!t (r#, %2e!tins t the testi$n& n the grun# irrelevan!& are nt #avre. 34re vs. 0. S. 516789, 1: 0.S :


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invlve, an the s+ill e$(l&e $ust !rres(n )ith the su(erir+n)lege # the %usiness )hi!h the la) e$ans.

ar 516in!hester 516:-9, - Sel. 5N.F.9,87; "RA0D0LENT" CONSTR0ED. The har$a!& La)$a+es it unla)#ul #r an& (ersn t sell an& rug uner an& "#rauulentna$e." The )r "#rauulent" is nt here use in all # its stri!tness.Rather !nsiering the res(nsi%ilit& #r the eualit& # rug )hi!h thela) i$(ses n ruggists an the (sitin # the )r "#rauulent" in

2u'ta(sitin t "na$e" )hat is $ae unla)#ul is the giving # a #alsena$e t the rug as+e #r.

1.ENALTF. The La) (enali@es an& ruggist )h shall sell ne rug#r anther )hether it %e thrugh negligen!e r $ista+e.

11.ID.; ID. A ruggist in #illing a (res!ri(tin !alling #r (tassiu$!hlrate gave instea t the !ust$er %ariu$ !hlrate, a (isn, an(la!e this (isn in a (a!+age # the (res!ri(tin t t) # his si!+hrses )ith the result that the& ie shrtl& a#ter)ars. HeldB That theruggist is guilt& # a vilatin # the har$a!& La).

D E C I S I O N

MALCOLM,J (B

This a((eal reuires a !nstru!tin an an a((li!atin, #r the #irst ti$e, #the (enal (rvisins # the har$a!& La).

Santiag inea, the e#enant, is a registere (har$a!ist # lng staningan the )ner # a rug stre l!ate at Ns. ??-, ???, Calle Sant Crist,!it& # 4anila. One eli!ian Sants, having s$e si!+ hrses, (resente a


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!(& # a (res!ri(tin %taine #r$ Dr. Ri!harsn, an )hi!h n ther!!asins Sants ha given t his hrses )ith g results, at inea*s rugstre #r #illing. The (res!ri(tin rea "!lrat e (tasa 1- gra$s en seis (a(elits e - gra$s, (ara !a%all." 0ner the su(ervisin# inea, the (res!ri(tin )as (re(are an returne t Sants in the #r$# si' (a(ers $ar+e, "ti!a inea Clrat (tasa 1-. seis

(a(eles (ara !a%all St. Crist ??-, ???, inn, 4anila." Sants,uner the %elie# that he ha (ur!hase the (tasiu$ !hlrate )hi!h he haas+e #r, (ut t) # his si!+ (a!+ages in )ater an gave the ses t t)# his si!+ hrses. Anther (a!+age )as $i'e )ith )ater #r antherhrse, %ut )as nt use. The t) hrses, t )hi!h ha %een given the(re(aratin, ie shrtl& a#ter)ars. Sants, thereu(n, t+ the threere$aining (a!+ages t the ureau # S!ien!e #r e'a$inatin. Drs. eGaan Dar2uan, # the ureau # S!ien!e, n anal&sis #un that the (a!+ages!ntaine t (tassiu$ !hlrate %ut %ariu$ !hlrate. At the instan!e #Sants, the t) !he$ists als )ent t the rug stre # the e#enant an

%ught (tassiu$ !hlrate, )hi!h )hen anal&@e )as #un t %e %ariu$!hlrate. 3ariu$ !hlrate, it shul %e nte, is a (isn; (tassiu$!hlrate is nt.= Dr. uen!a$in, a veterinarian, (er#r$e an aut(s& nthe hrse, an #un that eath )as the result # (isning.

ur assign$ents # errr are $ae. The #irst is that the l)er !urt ina$itting the testi$n& # the !he$ist eGa an Dar2uan as t their(ur!hase # (tassiu$ !hlrate at the rug stre # the a!!use, )hi!hsu%stan!e (rve n anal&sis t %e %ariu$ !hlrate. >hat a((ellant is hererel&ing n is the $a'i$res inter alois acta.As a general rule, the evien!e# ther ##enses !$$itte %& a e#enant is ina$issi%le. ut a((ellanthas !n#use this $a'i$ an this rule )ith !ertain e'!e(tins theret. Thee##rt is nt t !nvi!t the a!!use # a se!n ##ense. Nr is there anatte$(t t ra) the $in a)a& #r$ the (int at issue an thus t(re2ui!e e#enant*s !ase. The (ur(se is t as!ertain e#enant*s+n)lege an intent, an t #i' his negligen!e is intensi#ie, an#rauulent intent $a& even %e evien!e # negligen!e than the #reuen! a!!ients. 3See 1 R. C. L. ((. 786 7?.= The 0nite States Su(re$eCurt has hel thatB

"On the trial # a !ri$inal !ase )here the uestin relates t the tenen!& #

!ertain testi$n& t thr) light u(n a (arti!ular #a!t, r t e'(lain the !nu!t #a (arti!ular (ersn, there is a !ertain is!retin n the (art # the trial 2uge)hi!h a !urt # errrs )ill nt inter#ere )ith, unless it $ani#estl& a((ear that thetesti$n& has n legiti$ate %earing u(n the uestin at issue, an is !al!ulatet (re2ui!e the a!!use.

">henever the ne!essit& arises #r a resrt t !ir!u$stan!ial evien!e, either#r$ the nature # the inuir& r the #ailure # ire!t (r#, %2e!tins t thetesti$n& n the grun # irrelevan!& are nt #avre.


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"Evien!e is a$issi%le in a !ri$inal a!tin )hi!h tens t sh) $tive, althughit tens t (rve the !$$issin # anther ##ense %& the e#enant."34revs. 0.S. 516789, 1: 0.S., :


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initiate an )hi!h it is n) in!u$%ent u(n us t !nstrue.

Turning t the la), !ertain (ints therein as %earing n ur (resent #a!ts$ust %e a$itte. Thus, e#enant is a (har$a!ist. As a (har$a!ist, he is$ae res(nsi%le #r the ualit& # all rugs an (isns )hi!h he sells.An #inall& it is (rvie that it shall %e unla)#ul #r hi$ t sell an& rug r

(isn uner an& "#rauulent na$e." It is the ne )r "#rauulent" )hi!hhas given the !urt tru%le. >hat i the Legislature inten t !nve& %&this restri!tive a2e!tiveH

>ere )e t ahere t the te!hni!al e#initin # #rau, )hi!h a((ellantvigrusl& insists u(n, it )ul %e i##i!ult, i# nt i$(ssi%le, t !nvi!t an&ruggist # a vilatin # the la). The (rse!utin )ul have t (rve t areasna%le egree # !ertainl& that the ruggist $ae a $aterialre(resentatin; that it )as #alse; that )hen he $ae it he +ne) that it )as#alse # $ae it re!+lessl& )ithut an& +n)lege # its truth an as a(sitive assertin; that he $ae it )ith the intentin that it shul %e a!te

u(n %& the (ur!haser; that the (ur!haser a!te in relian!e u(n it, anthat the (ur!haser there%& su##ere in2ur&. Su!h a !nstru!tin )ith a literal#ll)ing # )ell+n)n (rin!i(les n the su%2e!t # #rau )ul stri( thela) # at least $u!h # its #r!e. It )ul leave the inn!ent (ur!haser #rugs, )h $ust %linl& trust in the g #aith an vigilan!e # the(har$a!ist, at the $er!& # an& uns!ru(ulus venr. >e shul nt,there#re, )ithut g reasn s evitali@e the la).

The (r#essin # (har$a!&, it has %een sai again an again, is nee$aning care anskill. The res(nsi%ilit& # the ruggist t use !are has%een variusl& uali#ie as "rinar& !are," "!are # a s(e!iall& high

egree," "the highest egree # !are +n)n t (ra!ti!al $en." Even unerthe #irst !nservative e'(ressin, "rinar& !are" )ith re#eren!e t the%usiness # a ruggist, the Su(re$e Curt # Cnne!ti!ut has sai $ust %ehel t signi#& "the highest (ra!ti!a%le egree # (ruen!e, thught#ulness,an vigilan!e, an the $st e'a!t an relia%le sa#eguars !nsistent )iththe reasna%le !nu!t # the %usiness, in rer that hu$an li#e $a& nt!nstantl& %e e'(se t the anger #l)ing #r$ the su%stitutin # eal&(isns #r har$less $ei!ine." 3T$%ari vs. Cnnr 5171-9, 6: Cnn., -8:.See als >illsn vs. At+ins 517. Va., ??; :< L. R.A., ?-6.= In rer )rs, the !are reuire $ust %e!$$ensurate )ith the anger invlve, an the s+ill e$(l&e $ust!rres(n )ith the su(erir +n)lege # the %usiness )hi!h the la)e$ans.

0ner ne !n!e(tin, an it shul nt %e #rgtten that the !ases )e!nsier are !ivil in nature, the uestin # negligen!e r ignran!e isirrelevant. The ruggist is res(nsi%le as an a%slute guarantr # )hat hesells. In a e!isin )hi!h stans alne, the Su(re$e Curt # Jentu!+& saiB


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"As a((li!a%le t the )ners # rug stres, r (ersns engage in vening rugsan $ei!ines %& retail, the legal $a'i$ shul %e reverse. Instea # caveatemptor, it shul %e !aveat venitr. That is t sa&, let hi$ %e !ertain that hees nt sell t a (ur!haser r sen t a (atient ne rug #r anther, as arseni!#r !al$el, !artharies #r r $i'e )ith sna+ert an eruvian %ar+, r even ninn!ent rug, !al!ulate t (ru!e a !ertain e##e!t, in (la!e # anther sent #r

an esigne t (ru!e a i##erent e##e!t. I# he es these things, he !anntes!a(e !ivil res(nsi%ilit&, u(n the allege (rete'ts that it )as an a!!iental ran inn!ent $ista+e; that he ha %een ver& !are#ul an (arti!ular, an ha usee'trarinar& !are an iligen!e in (re(aring r !$(uning the $ei!ines asreuire, et!. Su!h e'!uses )ill nt avail hi$."3leet vs llen+e$( 516:-9, :A$. De!., :8.=

0ner the ther !n!e(tin, in )hi!h (r# # negligen!e is !nsiere as$aterial, )here a !ust$er !alls u(n a ruggist #r a har$less re$e&,eliver& # a (isnus rug %& $ista+e %& the ruggist isprimafacienegligen!e, (la!ing the %uren n hi$ t sh) that the $ista+e )as

uner the !ir!u$stan!es !nsistent )ith the e'er!ise # ue !are. 3SeeJne#el vs. At+ins, supra.= The ruggist !annt, #r e'a$(le in #illing a(res!ri(tin !alling #r (tassiu$ !hlrate give instea t the !ust$er%ariu$ !hlrate, a (isn, (la!e this (isn in a (a!+age la%ele"(tassiu$ !hlrate" , an e'(e!t t es!a(e res(nsi%ilit& n a (lea #$ista+e. is $ista+e, uner the $st #avra%le as(e!t #r hi$sel#, )asnegligen!e. S in a !ase )here a ruggist #ille an rer #r !al$el ta%lets)ith $r(hine an (la!e the $r(hine in a %' la%ele !al$el, it )assaiB

"It is nt suggeste, nr !an )e a((rehen that it is in an& )ise (r%a%le, that the

a!t # #urnishing the )rng rug in this !ase )as )ill#ul. I# it )as #urnishe %& the!ler+, it )as unu%tel& a $ista+e an unintentinal. )ever, it )as a $ista+e# the gravest +in, an # the $st isastrus e##e!t. >e !annt sa& that nehling hi$sel# ut as !$(etent t hanle su!h rugs, an )h es s, havingright#ul a!!ess t the$, an relie u(n %& thse ealing )ith hi$ t e'er!ise thathigh egree # !autin an !are !alle #r %& the (e!uliarl& angerus nature #this %usiness, !an %e hear t sa& that his $ista+es %& )hi!h he #urnishes a!ust$er the $st eal& # rugs #r thse !$(arativel& har$less is nt, inan # itsel#, grss negligen!e, an that # an aggravate #r$." 3S$ith*s A$i'.vs. 4ieltn 517-9, : L. R., ?6?.=

The rule # caveat emptor!annt a((l& t the (ur!hase an sale # rugs.The venr an the venee nt stan at ar$s length as in rinar&transa!tins. An i$(erative ut& is n the ruggist t ta+e (re!autins t(revent eath r serius in2ur& t an&ne )h relies n his a%slutehnest& an (e!uliar learning. The nature # rugs is su!h that e'a$inatin)ul nt avail the (ur!haser an&thing. It )ul %e ile $!+er& #r the!ust$er t $a+e an e'a$inatin # a !$(un # )hi!h he !an +n)nthing. Cnseuentl&, it $ust %e that the ruggist )arrants that he )illeliver the rug !alle #r.


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In !ivil !ases, the ruggist is $ae lia%le #r an& in2ur& a((r'i$atel&resulting #r$ his negligen!e. I# negligentl& sells (isn uner the guise# a %ene#i!ial rug t A, he is lia%le #r the in2ur& ne t A. In a !ase,)hi!h has re(eatel& %een #ll)e %& the 0nite States Su(re$e Curt, it)as sai, "har$a!ists r a(the!aries )h !$(un r sell $ei!ines, i#the& !arelessl& la%el a (isn as a har$less $ei!ine, an sen it s

la%ele int the $ar+et, are lia%le t all (ersns )h, )ithut #ault n their(art, are in2ure %& using it as su!h $ei!ine, in !nseuen!e # the #alsela%el; the rule %eing that the lia%ilit& in su!h a !ase arises nt ut # an&!ntra!t r ire!t (rivit& %et)een the )rnger an the (ersn in2ure,%ut ut # the ut& )hi!h the la) i$(ses n hi$ t avi a!ts in theirnature angerus t the lives # thers." 3Nat. Savings an+ vs. >ar516in!hester 516:-9, - Sel.5N.F.9 87


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Arellano, C.J., Torres, Johnson, Carson, Araullo,an treet, JJ..,!n!ur.

5.R. N. 1:. e%ruar& -, 17?.9

THE UNITED STATES,complainant-appellee, vs. FACUNDO PINEDA ETAL.,defendants-appellants.

!sabelo Artacho, #r a((ellants.

olicitor-"eneral Araneta, #r a((ellee.

SYLLABUS

1.CRI4INAL LA>; INS0RRECTION. The e#enants, )h )ere$e$%ers # a !r(s # vlunteers rgani@e %& the (rvin!ialgvern$ent # ula!an, eserte )ith their ar$s an a$$unitin, an

2ine the #r!es # the insurgent leaer San 4iguel, an as a $e$%ers# his #r!es engage in si$ilar s+ir$ishes )ith the Cnsta%ular&B Held,that the& )ere (r(erl& !nvi!te # the !ri$e # re%ellin uner se!tin8 # A!t N. -7-, %e!ause the& t+ (art as a%ettrs in a!ts # re%ellin!$$itte %& San 4iguel*s %an against the agents # the Insularvern$ent an in vilatin # its la)s.

D E C I S I O N

TORRES,J (B


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On August -7, 178, the (rvin!ial #is!al # ula!an #ile an in#r$atin!harging a!un inea, enign ae@a, Agustin e la Cru@, er Tenri,Eulali Re&es, Ne$esi ernane@, ran!is! enei!t, an eli'Lauinanu$ )ith insurre!tin, in that the sai e#enants, n r a%ut theth a& # e%ruar& # the sa$e &ear, %eing $e$%ers # the vlunteer!r(s rgani@e %& the gvern$ent # the sai (rvin!e t $aintain the

(u%li! (ea!e, an %eing (rvie )ith guns an a$$unitin %elnging tthe Insular vern$ent, an )hile garrisne )ith thers t the nu$%er #-: in the t)n # O%an, a%anne the garrisn an eserte #r$ theran+s, )ith their ar$s an a$$unitin, an 2ine the (art& # the s!alle eneral San 4iguel, aiing an (r$ting the insurre!tin againstthe !nstitute gvern$ent # these Islans, #ighting )ith the ar$s )ith)hi!h the& ha %een intruste against the l&al tr(s until the& )erearreste s$e $nths a#ter)ars in varius (arts # the (rvin!e; thisagainst the statute in the !ase $ae an (rvie.

The evien!e in the !ase !n!lusivel& esta%lishes the #a!ts that n thea#ternn # e%ruar& , 178, -: vlunteers, ar$e )ith ri#les an uner!$$an # Sergeant Da$as Caa$%l, a$ng the$ the eighte#enants, le#t their garrisn an %arra!+s in the t)n # O%an, aneserte, )ith their ar$s an a$$unitin, ging t the %arri #inauangan an then!e t the (la!e !alle Crral na at, )here the&

2ine the (art& !$$ane %& the s!alle eneral San 4iguel; that)hile n their )a& the& )ere $et %& s$e #i#teen $e$%ers # the sai%an )h ha !$e ut t re!eive the$; that n the #ll)ing a&, n)hi!h the (artisans # San 4iguel ha a #ight )ith the Cnsta%ular&, %&)h$ their en!a$($ent )as atta!+e, the sai e#enants t+ (art in the#ight, aiing an a%etting San 4iguel*s $en; that su%seuentl& s$e # theeserters !n!eale the$selves in the $angrve s)a$(s at a (la!e !alle4atala%a, # the t)nshi( # a$%ng, )here the& #r$e anther %an,)aiting #r an ((rtunit& t $a+e an atta!+ u(n the t)n # agn& anlater u(n the t)n # 4alls, the !a(ital # the (rvin!e, # )hi!h (ur(seLieut. /se Re&es, # the Cnsta%ular& #r!es, )as in#r$e %& three $en,%& na$e Cris(ul Ca(uli, enit Villanueva, an Valentin e u@$an, )h%& rers # the sai lieutenant 2ine the (art& en!a$(e in sai$angrve s)a$(s; that n A(ril 8 # the sa$e &ear, Lieutenant Re&es anhis sliers atta!+e the (art& at 4atala%a, is(ersing it, an a#ter the

!$%at !a(ture (rvisins, a revlver, an a Re$ingtn ri#le; that thes(ies sa) Ne$esi ernane@ an a!un inea a$ng the $e$%ers #the %an.

/uan Mrilla, the !+ # San 4iguel*s (art&, testi#ie that he sa) EulaliRe&es, ran!is! enei!t, Agustin e la Cru@, an a!un inea a$ngthe O%an vlunteers )h 2ine the sai (art&; that he +ne) that these$en ha s 2ine the %an, %e!ause he )as (resent )hen a letter #r$Sergeant Da$as Caa$%l )as rea, in )hi!h letter he annun!e his


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arrival in the $untains #r the (ur(se # 2ining San 4iguel*s (art&; thatthe (ur(se # this %an, a!!ring t San 4iguel, an the leaers,A(lni Sa$sn, Natali Austria, uiller$, an Cntreras, )as t #ightagainst the Cnsta%ular& t a!!$(lish the ine(enen!e # the !untr&.Ins(e!tr Dnat Ter an Liet. /se Re&es ienti#ie the a!!use as$e$%ers # the vlunteer !r(s t )h$ the& ha elivere guns an (a&.

Ins(e!tr Dnat testi#ie su%seuentl& that Eulali Re&es, ran!is!enei!t, an a!un inea !n#esse t hi$ a#ter eserting the& 2ineSan 4iguel*s %an.

Se!tin 8 # A!t N. -7-, (asse Nve$%er ?, 171, reas as #ll)sB

"Ever& (ersn )h in!ites, sets n #t, assist, r engages in an& re%ellin rinsurre!tin against the authrit& # the 0nite States r the vern$ent # thehili((ine Islans, r the la)s there#, r )h gives ai r !$#rt t an&ne sengaging in su!h re%ellin r insurre!tin, shall, u(n !nvi!tin, %e i$(risne#r nt $re than ten &ears an %e #ine nt $re than 1,."

The evien!e in this !ase, !nsisting # the testi$n& # a nu$%er #)itnesses an es(e!iall& the testi$n& # t) ##i!ers, ne # the$ a$e$%er # the Cnsta%ular& an anther a $e$%er # the vlunteer !r(srgani@e in ula!an, an the testi$n& # the )itness /uan Mrilla,esta%lishes the #a!t that n the a#ternn # e%ruar& , 178, the eighte#enants, )ith thers u( t the nu$%er # -:, %eing vlunteers (rvie)ith ar$s %elnging t the Insular vern$ent, a%anne the garrisn in)hi!h the& ha %een statine, uner the ire!tin # Sergeant Da$asCaa$%l 2ine the %an # the s!alle eneral San 4iguel, en!a$(e atCrral na at, a!ting u(n an agree$ent t that en )ith San 4iguel r

s$e # the ##i!ers # his %an, aiing an a%etting an ta+ing a!tual (artin the a!ts # re%ellin an insurre!tin !$$itte %& the sai %an againstthe authrit& # the 0nite States an # its la)s, resisting the agents an##i!ers # the Insular vern$ent. N u%t the& eserte #r the e'(ress(ur(se # 2ining the insurre!tin an ((sing the authrities an theiragents. These #a!ts are !n#ir$e %& the testi$n& # the a!!use, Re&es,enei!t, ernane@, ae@a, an inea.

It #urther a((ears #r$ the re!r that s$e # the e#enants le#t San4iguel*s %an an )ent int hiing in the $angrve s)a$(s # the t)n #a$%ng, )here the& (r(se t #r$ anther (art& #r the (ur(se #

#alling u(n the t)n # agn& an su%seuentl& 4alls, the !a(ital #the (rvin!e, u%tless )ith the intent # atta!+ing the l!al authrities #these t)ns, u(n the su((sitin that the sai authrities )ul ((setheir assault; an althugh the (ur(se )as nt !arrie int e##e!t, this )as%e!ause Lieutenant Re&es # the Cnsta%ular& atta!+e the$ %e#rehan)ith the vern$ent #r!es an is(erse the$ n A(ril 8, 178.

The eight e#enants (leae nt guilt&, %ut nt)ithstaning theina$issi%le an unsu((rte e'!ul(atin )hi!h #ive # the$ atte$(te,


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sa&ing that the& nl& %e&e the rers # Sergeant Caa$%l )hen leavingO%an garrisn an that )ith the !nsent an %& rer # the latter the&)ere isar$e %& a nu$%er # the $e$%ers # the San 4iguel art& )hi!hsur(rise the$ )hile their guns )ere unlae an t+ the$ t Crral naat, the !ase nevertheless sh)s $re than su##i!ient evien!e # theguilt # the e#enants # the !ri$e # re%ellin !$$itte against the

authrities, #r the& i nt resist the allege isar$a$ent an +ina((ing)hi!h the& allege, an their !nu!t at the ti$e # their esertin ansu%seuentl& sh)s !n!lusivel& that the& )ent int the ran+s # theene$ies # (ea!e, # la), an # the )ell%eing # the !untr& )ill#ull& an)ith #ull +n)lege # the gravit& an !nseuen!es # their a!ts. The %est(r# # the guilt # the a!!use is that n the a& #ll)ing that n )hi!hthe& 2ine San 4iguel*s #r!es the& assiste the latter in the s+ir$ishagainst the Cnsta%ular&. Cnseuentl& the& are guilt& as (rin!i(als # the!ri$e )ith )hi!h the& are !harge an are su%2e!t t the (ersnal an(e!uniar& (enalties t )hi!h the& have %een !ne$ne.

There#re, #r the reasns a%ve state, )e are # the (inin that the2ug$ent # the !urt %el), ate Se(te$%er -:, 178, an %& )hi!hea!h # the eight e#enants is !ne$ne t ten &ears* i$(risn$ent ant the (a&$ent # 1, Insular (ess ea!h an t the !sts $ust %ea##ir$e. This e!isin an the 2ug$ent herea#ter t %e entere ina!!ran!e there)ith )ill %e sent t the !urt %el) #r e'e!utin. Srere.

Arellano, C .J ., Cooper, #illard, $apa, $c%onoughanJohnson, JJ .,!n!ur.

5.R. N.


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an, in !rssing the tra!+s # a street!ar !$(an&, the rails an a (art# the ties # )hi!h )ere a%ve the sur#a!e # the grun, the hrsestu$%le, lea(e #r)ar an #ell !ausing the vehi!le t stri+e ne #the rails )ith su!h #r!e as t st( it suenl& an t %rea+ ne # the)heels, there%& !ausing the (lainti## t (it!h #r)ar #r$ the vehi!le,stri+ing u(n the tra!+s an t in2ure hi$sel# severel&, the (lainti## %eing

at the ti$e s$e)hat int'i!ate %ut a%le t hanle the hrse anvehi!le )ith rinar& !are an (ruen!e, it is errr #r the !urt t #inthat, i# the (lainti## ha nt %een int'i!ate, he )ul nt have %eenin2ure, as the !n!lusin that a s%er $an )ul nt have #allen #r$the vehi!le uner the sa$e !ir!u$stan!es is #une n s(e!ulatinan guess)r+. I# an& !n!lusin at all !an %e legiti$atel& ra)n #r$the #a!ts, it is that the suen #alling # the hrse, resulting in the ui!+an e!ie l)ering # the thills, there%& giving the %& # the vehi!lea shar( #r)ar in!linatin, tgether )ith the suen st(, )ulrinaril& %e su##i!ient t thr) a s%er $an #r$ the vehi!le an !ause

the in2uries )hi!h resulte.-.STREET RAILROADS; DEECTS IN TRACJS, NELIENCE. A street!ar!$(an& )hi!h $aintains its tra!+s in the (u%li! high)a&, at a (int)here the& are !rsse %& travelers, in su!h !nitin that the rails ana !nsiera%le (rtin # the ties are a%ve the level # the street, isnegligent an is res(nsi%le t a (ersn )h, having t (ass ver saitra!+s at right angles )ith a vehi!le in the nightti$e, is in2ure %&reasn # the !nitin # the tra!+s, he using rinar& !are an(ruen!e in $a+ing the !rssing.

8.INTOICATION IS NOT NELIENCE. 4ere int'i!atin is ntnegligen!e, nr es the $ere #a!t # int'i!atin esta%lish a )ant #rinar& !are. I# a (ersn*s !nu!t is !hara!teri@e %& a (r(er egree# !are an (ruen!e, it is i$$aterial )hether he is run+ r s%er.

D E C I S I O N

MORELAND,J (B

This is an a!tin %rught t re!ver a$ages #r in2uries sustaine in ana!!ient )hi!h !!urre in Cal!an n the night # August 6, 177.

The e#enant is a !r(ratin engage in (erating an ele!tri! street

rail)a& in the !it& # 4anila an its su%ur%s, in!luing the $uni!i(alit& #Cal!an. The (lainti##*s resien!e in Cal!an #rnts n the street alng)hi!h e#enant*s tra!+s run, s that t enter his (re$ises #r$ the street(lainti## is %lige t !rss e#enant*s tra!+s. On the night $entine(lainti## rve h$e in a !alesa an in !rssing the tra!+s t enter his(re$ises the hrse stu$%le, lea(e #r)ar, an #ell, !ausing the vehi!let stri+e ne # the rails )ith great #r!e. The #all # the hrse an the!llisin # the vehi!le )ith the rails, resulting in a suen st(, thre)


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(lainti## #r$ the vehi!le an !ause the in2uries !$(laine #.

It is unis(ute that at the (int )here (lainti## !rsse the tra!+s n thenight in uestin nt nl& the rails )ere a%vegrun, %ut that the tiesu(n )hi!h the rails reste (r2e!te #r$ nethir t nehal# # theire(th ut # the grun, thus $a+ing the t(s # the rails s$e : r

in!hes r $re a%ve the level # the street.It is a$itte that the e#enant )as negligent in $aintaining its tra!+s ases!ri%e, %ut it is !ntene that the (lainti## )as als negligent in that he)as int'i!ate t su!h an e'tent at the ti$e # the a!!ient that he )asuna%le t ta+e !are # hi$sel# (r(erl& an that su!h int'i!atin )as the(ri$ar& !ause # the a!!ient.

The trial !urt hel that %th (arties )ere negligent, %ut that the (lainti##*snegligen!e )as nt as great as e#enant*s an uner the authrit& # the!ase # Ra+es vs. A. . P . CO. 3< hil. Re(., 8:7= a((rtine the a$agesan a)are (lainti## a 2ug$ent # 1,.

The uestin %e#re us is state %& the e#enant thusB

"A!!e(ting the #inings # the trial !urt that %th (lainti## an e#enant )ereguilt& # negligen!e, the nl& uestin t %e !nsiere is )hether the negligen!e# (lainti## !ntri%ute t the *(rin!i(al !!urren!e* r *nl& t his )n in2ur&.* I# the#r$er, he !annt re!ver; i# the latter, the trial !urt )as !rre!t in a((rtiningthe a$ages."

The uestin as state %& (lainti## is as #ll)sB "The $ain uestin at issueis )hether r nt the (lainti## )as negligent, an, i# s, t )hat e'tent. I#the negligen!e # the (lainti## )as the (ri$ar& !ause # the a!!ient then,

# !urse, he !annt re!ver; i# his negligen!e ha nthing t )ith thea!!ient %ut !ntri%ute t his in2ur&, then the !urt )as right ina((rtining the a$ages, %ut i# there )as n negligen!e n the (art # the(lainti##, then he shul %e a)are a$ages aeuate t the in2ur&sustaine."

In su((rt # the e#enant*s !ntentin !unsel sa&sB

"De#enant*s negligen!e )as its #ailure (r(erl& t $aintain the tra!+; (lainti##*snegligen!e )as his int'i!atin; the *(rin!i(al !!urren!e* )as (lainti##*s #all #r$his !alesa. It see$s !lear that (lainti##*s int'i!atin !ntri%ute t the #all; i# heha %een s%er, it !an harl& %e u%te that he )ul have !rsse the tra!+sa#el&, as he ha ne a hunre ti$es %e#re."

>hile %th (arties a((eale #r$ the e!isin, the e#enant n the grunthat it )as nt lia%le an the (lainti## n the grun that the a$ages )ereinsu##i!ient a!!ring t the evien!e, an )hile the (lainti## $ae a $tin#r a ne) trial u(n the statutr& gruns an t+ (r(er e'!e(tin t theenial there#, thus !n#erring u(n this !urt 2urisi!tin t eter$ine theuestins # #a!t, nevertheless, nt all # the testi$n& ta+en n the trial,


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s #ar as !an %e gathere #r$ the re!r, has %een %rught t this !urt.There see$ t have %een t) hearings, ne n the 81st # August an thether n the -6th # Se(te$%er. The evien!e ta+en n the #irst hearing ishere; that ta+en n the se!n is nt. Nt all the evien!e ta+en n thehearings %eing %e#re the !urt, )e $ust re#use, uner ur rules, t!nsier even that evien!e )hi!h is here; an, in the e!isin # this !ase,

)e are, there#re, relegate t the #a!ts state in the (inin # the !urtan the (leaings #ile.

A !are#ul reaing # the e!isin # the trial !urt leas us t the !n!lusinthat there is nthing in the (inin )hi!h sustains the !n!lusin # the!urt that the (lainti## )as negligent )ith re#eren!e t the a!!ient )hi!h isthe %asis # this a!tin. 4ere int'i!atin is nt negligen!e, nr es the$ere #a!t # int'i!atin esta%lish a )ant # rinar& !are. It is %ut a!ir!u$stan!e t %e !nsiere )ith the ther evien!e tening t (rvenegligen!e. It is the general rule that it is i$$aterial )hether a $an isrun+ r s%er i# n )ant # rinar& !are r (ruen!e !an %e i$(ute thi$, an n greater egree # !are is reuire t %e e'er!ise %& anint'i!ate $an #r his )n (rte!tin than %& a s%er ne. I# ne*s !nu!tis !hara!teri@e %& a (r(er egree # !are an (ruen!e, it is i$$aterial)hether he is run+ r s%er. 3>ar vs. Chi!ag et!., R. R. C., 6: >is., 1;. P T. C. R. C. vs. Reasn, 1 Te'., 18; Alger vs. L)ell, 8 Allen, 4ass.,?-; Central R. R. C. vs. hina@ee, 78 a., ?66; 4aguire vs. 4ilese' R. R.C., 11: 4ass., -87; 4e&er vs. a!i#i! R. R. C., ? 4., 1:1; Chi!ag P N.>. R. R. C. vs. Dra+e, 88 Ill. A((., 11?.=

I# int'i!atin is nt in itsel# negligen!e, )hat are the #a!ts #un %& the

trial !urt an state in its (inin u(n )hi!h $a& %e (rei!ate the#ining that the (lainti## i nt use rinar& !are an (ruen!e an thatthe int'i!atin !ntri%ute t the in2ur& !$(laine # H A#ter sh)ing!learl& an #r!i%l& the negligen!e # the e#enant in leaving its tra!+s inthe !nitin in )hi!h the& )ere n the night # the in2ur&, the !urt hasthe #ll)ing t sa& an it is all that !an %e #un in its (inin, )ithre#eren!e t the negligen!e # the (lainti##B ">ith res(e!t t the !nitin in)hi!h 4r. >right )as n returning t his huse n the night in uestin, thetesti$n& # D!tr Jneeler )h )as the (h&si!ian )h attene hi$ allhur a#ter the a!!ient, e$nstrates that he )as int'i!ate. . . .

"I# the e#enant r its e$(l&ees )ere negligent %& reasn # having le#t the railsan a (art # the ties un!vere in a street )here there is a large a$unt #travel, the (lainti## )as n less negligent, he nt having a%staine #r$ his!ust$ # ta+ing $re )ine than he !ul !arr& )ithut istur%ing his 2ug$entan his sel#!ntrl, he +n)ing that he ha t rive a hrse an )agn an t!rss railra tra!+s )hi!h )ere t a !ertain e'tent angerus %& reasn # therails %eing elevate a%ve the level # the street.

"I# the (lainti## ha %een (ruent n the night in uestin an ha nt atte$(te


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t rive his !nve&an!e )hile in a run+en !nitin, he )ul !ertainl& haveavie the a$ages )hi!h he re!eive, althugh the !$(an&, n its (art, )asnegligent in $aintaining its tra!+s in a %a !nitin #r travel.

"th (arties, there#re, )ere negligent an %th !ntri%ute t the a$agesresulting t the (lainti##, althugh the (lainti##, in the /ug$ent # the !urt,!ntri%ute in greater (r(rtin t the a$ages than i the e#enant."

As is !lear #r$ reaing the (inin, n #a!ts are state therein )hi!h)arrant the !n!lusin that the (lainti## )as negligent. The !n!lusin thati# he ha %een s%er he )ul nt have %een in2ure is nt )arrante %&the #a!ts as #un. It is i$(ssi%le t sa& that a s%er $an )ul nt have#allen #r$ the vehi!le uner the !nitins es!ri%e. A hrse !rssing therailra tra!+s )ith nt nl& the rails %ut a (rtin # the ties the$selvesa%vegrun stu$%ling %& reasn # the unsure #ting an #alling, thevehi!le !rashing against the rails )ith su!h #r!e as t %rea+ a )heel, this$ight %e su##i!ient t thr) a (ersn #r$ the vehi!le n $atter )hat his!nitin; an t !n!lue that, uner su!h !ir!u$stan!es, a s%er $an)ul nt have #allen )hile a run+en $an i, is t ra) a !n!lusin)hi!h enters the real$ # s(e!ulatin an guess)r+.

It having %een #un that the (lainti## )as nt negligent, it is unne!essar&t is!uss the uestin (resente %& the a((ellant !$(an& )ith re#eren!et the a((li!a%ilit& # the !ase # Ra+es vs. A. . P . C., a%ve; an )e nt #in #a!ts in the (inin # the !urt %el) )hi!h 2usti#& a larger veri!tthan the ne #un.

The 2ug$ent a((eale #r$ is a##ir$e, )ithut s(e!ial #ining as t !sts.

Arellano, C.J., TorresanAraullo, JJ.,!n!ur.

Johnson, J., issents.

Separate Opinions

CARSON,J., dissenting

I issent. I thin+, in the #irst (la!e, that %e#re (rnun!ing 2ug$ent the(arties shul have an ((rtunit&, i# the& s esire, t !rre!t the$ani#estl& a!!iental $issin #r$ the re!r # a (art # the trans!ri(t #the re!r. It is ver& !lear that )hen the !ase )as su%$itte, an the %rie#s#ile, %th (arties )ere uner the $ista+en i$(ressin that all the evien!e)as in the re!r.

I thin+, #urther$re, that i# the !ase is t %e e!ie n the #inings # #a!t%& the trial 2uge, these #inings su##i!ientl& esta%lish the negligen!e # the(lainti##.

The trial 2uge e'(ressl& #un that

"I# the (lainti## ha %een (ruent n the night in uestin an ha nt atte$(te


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t rive his !nve&an!e )hile in a run+en !nitin, he )ul !ertainl& haveavie the a$ages )hi!h he re!eive, althugh the !$(an&, n its (art, )asnegligent in $aintaining its tra!+s in a %a !nitin #r travel."

This is a #ining # #a!t the #a!t # negligen!e an I +n) # n rule)hi!h reuires the trial !urt t set #rth nt nl& the ulti$ate #a!ts #un%& it, %ut als all the evientiar& #a!ts n )hi!h su!h !n!lusins are %ase

The #ining is nt in !n#li!t )ith the ther #a!ts #un %& the trial 2uge,an thugh it is nt #ull& sustaine there%&, )e $ust assu$e, i# )e e!linet e'a$ine the re!r, that there )ere evientiar& #a!ts is!lse at thetrial )hi!h )ere su##i!ient t sustain the #ining # negligen!e. "Thestate$ent # #a!ts $ust !ntain nl& thse #a!ts )hi!h are essential t a!lear unerstaning # the issues (resente an the #a!ts invlve." 3A!tN. 17, se!. 188.=

"The #a!ts reuire t %e #un are the ulti$ate #a!ts #r$ing the issues(resente %& the (leaings, an )hi!h !nstitute the #unatin #r a2ug$ent, ,an nt thse that are $erel& evientiar& # the$. The !urt is ntreuire t #in $erel& evientiar& #a!ts, r t set #rth an e'(lain the $eans r(r!esses %& )hi!h he arrive at su!h #inings. Neither evien!e, argu$ent, nr!$$ent has an& legiti$ate (la!e in #inings # #a!ts." 3Cnlan vs. ra!e, 84inn., -


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SECOND DIVISION

5.R. N.


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#ailure t %serve #r the (rte!tin # the interests # anther (ersn,that egree # !are, (re!autin, an vigilan!e )hi!h the !ir!u$stan!es

2ustl& e$an, )here%& su!h ther (ersn su##ers in2ur&."

?.ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; TEST TO DETER4INE EISTENCE. In i!art vs.S$ith, e!ie $re than sevent& &ears ag %ut still a sun rule, )e

helB The test %& )hi!h t eter$ine the e'isten!e # negligen!e in a(arti!ular !ase $a& %e state as #ll)sB Di the e#enant in ing theallege negligent a!t use that reasonable care and caution which anordinarily prudent person would have used in the same situationI# nt,then he is guilt& # negligen!e. The la) here in e##e!t a(ts thestanar su((se t %e su((lie %& the i$aginar& !nu!t # theis!reetpaterfamilias# the R$an la). The e'isten!e # negligen!e in agiven !ase is nt eter$ine %& re#eren!e t the (ersnal 2ug$ent #the a!tr in the situatin %e#re hi$. The La) !nsiers )hat )ul %ere!+less, %la$e)rth&, r negligent in the $an # rinar& intelligen!ean (ruen!e an eter$ines lia%ilit& %& that.

:.ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; DOCTRINE O (+ !/A '01!T1(; ELAINED. The!trine res ipsa lo2uituris state thusB ">here the thing )hi!h !ausesin2ur& is sh)n t %e uner the $anage$ent # the e#enant, an thea!!ient is su!h as in the rinar& !urse # things es nt ha((en i#thse )h have the $anage$ent use (r(er !are, it a##rs reasna%leevien!e, in the a%sen!e # an e'(lanatin %& the e#enant, that thea!!ient arse #r$ )ant # !are." 3C!le& n Trts, Vl. 8, 87=

.ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; ALICATION. The !trine # res ipsalo2uituras a rule # evien!e is (e!uliar t the la) # negligen!e )hi!h

re!gni@es that(ri$a #a!ie negligen!e $a& %e esta%lishe )ithutire!t (r# an #urnishes a su%stitute #r s(e!i#i! (r# # negligen!e.

The !trine is nt a rule # su%stantive la) %ut $erel& a $e # (r#r a $ere (r!eural !nvenien!e. The rule, )hen a((li!a%le t the#a!ts an !ir!u$stan!es # a (arti!ular !ase, is nt intene t an esnt is(ense )ith the reuire$ent # (r# # !ul(a%le negligen!e nthe (art # the (art& !harge. It $erel& eter$ines an regulates )hatshall %e (ri$a #a!ie evien!e there# an #a!ilitates the %uren #(lainti## # (rving a %rea!h # the ut& # ue !are. The !trine !an %einv+e )hen an nl& )hen, uner the !ir!u$stan!es invlve, ire!t

evien!e is a%sent an nt reail& availa%le.

ERE TE ACT0ALCA0SE O IN/0RF IS ESTALISED EFOND CONTROVERSF. It hasgenerall& %een hel that the (resu$(tin # in#eren!e arising #r$ the!trine !annt %e availe #, r is ver!$e, )here (lainti## has+n)lege an testi#ies r (resents evien!e as t the s(e!i#i! a!t #negligen!e )hi!h is the !ause # the in2ur& !$(laine # r )here thereis ire!t evien!e as t the (re!ise !ause # the a!!ient an all the


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#a!ts an !ir!u$stan!es attenant n the !!urren!e !learl& a((ear.inall&, n!e the a!tual !ause # in2ur& is esta%lishe %e&n!ntrvers&, )hether %& the (lainti## r %& the e#enant, n(resu$(tins )ill %e invlve an the !trine %e!$es ina((li!a%le)hen the !ir!u$stan!es have %een s !$(letel& elui!ate that nin#eren!e # e#enant*s lia%ilit& !an reasna%l& %e $ae, )hatever the

sur!e # the evien!e, as in this !ase.

6.ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; DOCTRINE O RESONDENT S0ERIOR; 4ASTER ORE4LOFER IS RES04ED NELIENT; RES04TION IS OVERCO4E O AOOD ATER O TE A4ILF. The (rivate res(nent is sue unerArt. -1


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(lainti##; that as a result, (lainti## )as in2ure an hs(itali@e at Dr. aulin /.ar!ia Resear!h an 4ei!al Center an the Our La& # Lures s(ital; that hes(ent TEN TO0SAND ESOS 31,.= an )ill in!ur $re e'(enses as here!u(erates #r$ sai in2uries; that %e!ause # sai in2uries he )ul %e e(rive# a li#eti$e in!$e in the su$ # SEVENTF TO0SAND ESOS 3


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the river # the e#enant. e use t earn T>O 0NDRED ESOS 3-.= tTREE 0NDRED ESOS 38.= $nthl&, at the rate # ONE 0NDRED ESOS31.= (er tri(. Due t sai in2uries, his le#t leg )as a$(utate s he ha tuse !rut!hes t )al+. rir t the in!ient, he su((rte his #a$il& su##i!ientl&, %uta#ter getting in2ure, his #a$il& is n) %eing su((rte %& his (arents an %rther.

ODOREDO ISIDRO, e#enantthir(art& (lainti##, testi#ie that his tru!+

invlve in this vehi!ular a!!ient is insure )ith the Travellers 4ulti Ine$nit&Cr(ratin !vering )n a$age an thir(art& lia%ilit&, uner vehi!le (li!&N. 11EREORE, (re$ises !nsiere, the e#enant is here%& rereB

a=T (a& the (lainti## SEVENTF TO0SAND 3O TO0SAND 3-,.= ESOS #r attrne&*s #ees;

!=IVE TO0SAND 3:,.= ESOS #r $ral a$ages; an

=T (a& the !sts # this suit.On the thir(art& !$(laint, the thir(art& e#enant is rere t ine$ni#&the e#enantthir (art& (lainti##B

a=The su$ # ITF TO0SAND 3:,.= ESOS #r a!tual an!$(ensatr& a$ages; an

%=The !sts # this suit.

The Inter$eiate A((ellate Curt as earlier state reverse the e!isin #
http://cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/21313?search=(title%3A+(Layugan)+AND+title%3A+(IAC))+OR+(title%3A+(Layugan)+AND+title%3A+(#footnoteshttp://cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/21313?search=(title%3A+(Layugan)+AND+title%3A+(IAC))+OR+(title%3A+(Layugan)+AND+title%3A+(#footnotes


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the trial !urt an is$isse the !$(laint, the thir(art& !$(laint, anthe !unter!lai$s # %th a((ellants. *

en!e, this (etitin.

The (etitiner alleges the #ll)ing errrs. +

1.>ETER 0ON TE IVEN ACTS, TE INTER4EDIATE AELLATECO0RT ACTED CORRECTLF IN REVERSIN AND SETTIN ASIDE ANDDIS4ISSIN TE LAINTIAELLEE*S CO4LAINT.

-.>ETER TE INTER4EDIATE AELLATE CO0RT ACTED CORRECTLF INALFIN TE DOCTRINE O "RES ISA LOQ0IT0R" >IT ROER /0RISR0DENTIAL 3si!= ASIS.

The !ru' # the !ntrvers& lies in the !rre!tness r errr # the e!isin #the res(nent !urt #ining the (etitiner negligent uner the !trine# (es ipsa lo2uitur3The thing s(ea+s #r itsel#=. Crllar& theret, is theuestin as t )h is negligent, i# the !trine is ina((li!a%le.

The res(nent !r(ratin stresses that the issues raise in the (etitin%eing #a!tual, the sa$e is nt revie)a%le %& this Curt in a (etitin #rrevie) %& !ertirari.

Inee, it is an ele$entar& rule in the revie) # e!isins # the Curt #A((eals that its #inings # #a!t are entitle t great res(e!t an )ill ntrinaril& %e istur%e %& this Curt. $-r i# )e have t revie) ever&uestin # #a!t elevate t us, )e )ul harl& have an& $re ti$e le#t #rthe )eightier issues !$(elling an eserving ur (re#erentialattentin. $$e that as it $a&, this rule is nt in#le'i%le. Surel& there areesta%lishe e'!e(tins $% )hen the Curt shul revie) an re!ti#& the#inings # #a!t # the l)er !urt, su!h asB

1=)hen the !n!lusin is a #ining grune entirel& n s(e!ulatin,sur$ise, r !n2e!ture; -= the in#eren!e $ae is $ani#estl& $ista+en; 8=there is grave a%use # is!retin; ?= the 2ug$ent is %ase n$isa((rehensin # #a!ts; := the Curt # A((eals )ent %e&n the

issues # the !ase i# the #inings are !ntrar& t the a$issin # %ththe a((ellant an the a((ellee; = the #inings # the Curt # A((ealsare !ntrar& t thse # the trial !urt;


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E'!e(tins 1, -, ?, ,


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>e n) !$e t the $erits # this (etitin.

The uestin %e#re us is )h )as negligentH Negligen!e is the $issin t s$ething )hi!h a reasna%le $an, guie %& thse !nsieratins)hi!h rinaril& regulate the !nu!t # hu$an a##airs, )ul , r theing # s$ething )hi!h a (ruent an reasna%le $an )ul nt

,%'

r as /uge Cle& e#ines it, "3T=he #ailure t %serve #r the(rte!tin # the interests # anther (ersn, that egree # !are,(re!autin, an vigilan!e )hi!h the !ir!u$stan!es 2ustl& e$an, )here%&su!h ther (ersn su##ers in2ur&." %(

In /icart vs. mith, %)e!ie $re than sevent& &ears ag %ut still a sunrule, )e helB

The test %& )hi!h t eter$ine the e'isten!e # negligen!e in a (arti!ular !ase$a& %e state as #ll)sB Di the e#enant in ing the allege negligent a!t usethat reasonable care and caution which an ordinarily prudent person would haveused in the same situationI# nt, then he is guilt& # negligen!e. The la) here ine##e!t a(ts the stanar su((se t %e su((lie %& the i$aginar& !nu!t #the is!reetpaterfamilias# the R$an la). The e'isten!e # negligen!e in agiven !ase is nt eter$ine %& re#eren!e t the (ersnal 2ug$ent # the a!trin the situatin %e#re hi$. The La) !nsiers )hat )ul %e re!+less,%la$e)rth&, r negligent in the $an # rinar& intelligen!e an (ruen!e aneter$ines lia%ilit& %& that.

Res(nent Isir (sits that an& i$$%ile %2e!t alng the high)a&, li+e a(ar+e tru!+, (ses serius anger t a $ving vehi!le )hi!h has the rightt %e n the high)a&. e argues that sin!e the (ar+e !arg tru!+ in this!ase )as a threat t li#e an li$% an (r(ert&, it )as in!u$%ent u(n theriver as )ell as the (etitiner, )h !lai$s t %e a hel(er # the tru!+river, t e'er!ise e'tre$e !are s that the $trist negtiating the ra)ul %e (r(erl& #re)arne # the (eril # a (ar+e vehi!le. Isir su%$itsthat the %uren # (rving that !are an iligen!e )ere %serve is shi#tet the (etitiner, #r, as (reviusl& !lai$e, his 3Isir*s= Isu@u tru!+ ha aright t %e n the ra, )hile the i$$%ile !arg tru!+ ha n %usiness, st s(ea+, t %e there. Li+e)ise, Isir (r##ers that the (etitiner $ust sh)t the satis#a!tin # a reasna%le $in that the river an he 3(etitiner=hi$sel#, (rvie an earl& )arning evi!e, li+e that reuire %& la), r, %&s$e ther aeuate $eans that )ul (r(erl& #re)arn vehi!les # thei$(ening anger that the (ar+e vehi!le (se !nsiering the ti$e,(la!e, an ther (e!uliar !ir!u$stan!es # the !!asin. A%sent su!h (r## !are, as in the !ase at %ar, Isir !n!lues, )ul, uner the !trine# (es ipsa lo2uitur,ev+e the (resu$(tin # negligen!e n the (art # theriver # the (ar+e !arg tru!+ as )ell as his hel(er, the (etitiner herein,)h )as #i'ing the #lat tire # the sai tru!+. %*
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Res(nent Isir*s !ntentin is untena%le.

The evien!e n re!r is!lses that three r #ur $eters #r$ the rear #the (ar+e tru!+, a lighte +ersene la$( )as (la!e. %+4rever, there isthe a$issin # res(nent Isir*s river, Daniel Serran, t )itB %

"Questin N. 6 3%& atrl$an /se#in Velas!= >ill &u narrate t $e in %rie#h) the a!!ient ha((ens 3si!= i# &u !an still re$e$%erH

Ans)erB3%& Daniel Serran=

That n r a%ut 1B? (.$., 1: 4a& 17hen I )as a #e) $eters a)a&, I sa) the tru!+ )hi!h

)as lae )ith run lgs. ! step 3si!= on my foot brakes but it did notfunction with my many attempts. ! have3si!= found out later that the fluid pipeon the rear right was cut that3s why the breaks did not function." 3E$(hasissu((lie=.

>hether the !arg tru!+ )as (ar+e alng the ra r n hal# the shuler# the right sie # the ra )ul %e # n $$ent ta+ing int a!!unt the)arning evi!e !nsisting # the lighte +ersene la$( (la!e three r #ur$eters #r$ the %a!+ # the tru!+. -ut es(ite this )arning )hi!h )e ruleas su##i!ient, the Isu@u tru!+ riven %& Daniel Serran, an e$(l&ee # the(rivate res(nent, still %u$(e the rear # the (ar+e !arg tru!+. As a

ire!t !nseuen!e # su!h a!!ient the (etitiner sustaine in2uries n hisle#t #rear$ an le#t #t. is le#t leg )as later a$(utate #r$ %el) the+nee )hen gangrene ha set in. $

It is !lear #r$ the #reging isuisitin that the a%sen!e r )ant # !are #Daniel Serran has %een esta%lishe %& !lear an !nvin!ing evien!e. It#ll)s that in sta$(ing its imprimaturu(n the inv!atin %& res(nentIsir # the !trine # (es ipsa lo2uiturt es!a(e lia%ilit& #r thenegligen!e # his e$(l&ee, the res(nent !urt !$$itte reversi%leerrr.

The res(nent !urt ruleB %

''' ''' '''

In aitin t this, )e agree )ith the #ll)ing argu$ents # a((ellant #reIsir )hi!h )ul sh) that the a!!ient )as !ause ue t the negligen!e #the river # the !arg tru!+B
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''' ''' '''

". . . In the !ase at %ar the %uren # (rving that !are an iligen!e )as 3si!=%serve is shi#te evientl& t the (lainti##, #r, as averte t, the $tristshave the right t %e n the ra, )hile the i$$%ile tru!+ has n %usiness, s ts(ea+, t %e there. It is thus #r the (lainti## t sh) t the satis#a!tin # areasna%le $in that the river an he hi$sel# i e$(l& earl& )arning evi!e

su!h as that reuire by law or by some other ade2uate means or device thatwould properly forewarn vehicles of the impending danger that the parked vehicleposed considering the time, place and other peculiar circumstances of theoccasion.A%sent su!h (r# # !are, as in the !ase at %ar, )ill ev+e the(resu$(tin # negligen!e uner the !trine # res ipsa lo2uitur,n the (art #the river # the (ar+e !arg tru!+ as )ell as (lainti## )h )as #i'ing the #lat tire# sai tru!+. 3((. 1?1here the thing )hi!h !auses in2ur& is sh)n

t %e uner the $anage$ent # the e#enant, an the a!!ient is su!h asin the rinar& !urse # things es nt ha((en i# thse )h have the$anage$ent use (r(er !are, it a##rs reasna%le evien!e, in thea%sen!e # an e'(lanatin %& the e#enant, that the a!!ient arse #r$)ant # !are." Or as )lack3s 'aw %ictionary'(uts itB

(es ipsa lo2uitur. The thing s(ea+s #r itsel# Re%utta%le (resu$(tin r in#eren!ethat e#enant )as negligent, )hi!h arises u(n (r# that instru$entalit&!ausing in2ur& )as in e#enant*s e'!lusive !ntrl, an that the a!!ient )as ne)hi!h rinaril& es nt ha((en in a%sen!e # negligen!e. Res i(sa luitur isrule # evien!e )here%& negligen!e # allege )rnger $a& %e in#erre #r$

$ere #a!t that a!!ient ha((ene (rvie !hara!ter # a!!ient an!ir!u$stan!es attening it lea reasna%l& t %elie# that in a%sen!e # negligen!eit )ul nt have !!urre an that thing )hi!h !ause in2ur& is sh)n t have%een uner $anage$ent an !ntrl # allege )rnger. illen v. +erCnst. C., Te'. Civ. A((., ?6? S.>. - 188, 1::. 0ner !trine # 4res ipsalo2uitur4the ha((ening # an in2ur& (er$its an in#eren!e # negligen!e )here(lainti## (ru!es su%stantial evien!e that in2ur& )as !ause %& an agen!& rinstru$entalit& uner e'!lusive !ntrl an $anage$ent # e#enant, an thatthe !!urren!e )as su!h that in the rinar& !urse # things )ul nt ha((en i#reasna%le !are ha %een use.

In this 2urisi!tin )e have a((lie this !trine in uite a nu$%er # !ases,nta%l& inAfrica et al. vs. Calte5, !nc., et al., (an the latest is in the !ase# 6.6. Cru7 and Co., !nc. vs. C A . )

The !trine # (es ipsa lo2uituras a rule # evien!e is (e!uliar t the la)# negligen!e )hi!h re!gni@es thatprima facienegligen!e $a& %eesta%lishe )ithut ire!t (r# an #urnishes a su%stitute #r s(e!i#i! (r## negligen!e. *The !trine is nt a rule # su%stantive la) +%ut $erel&
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a $e # (r# r a $ere (r!eural !nvenien!e. The rule, )hena((li!a%le t the #a!ts an !ir!u$stan!es # a (arti!ular !ase, is ntintene t an es nt is(ense )ith the reuire$ent # (r# # !ul(a%lenegligen!e n the (art # the (art& !harge. '-It $erel& eter$ines anregulates )hat shall %eprima facieevien!e there# an #a!ilitates the%uren # (lainti## # (rving a %rea!h # the ut& # ue !are. '$The

!trine !an %e inv+e )hen an nl& )hen, uner the !ir!u$stan!esinvlve, ire!t evien!e is a%sent an nt reail& availa%le. '%en!e, ithas generall& %een hel that the (resu$(tin # in#eren!e arising #r$ the!trine !annt %e availe #, r is ver!$e, )here (lainti## has+n)lege an testi#ies r (resents evien!e as t the s(e!i#i! a!t #negligen!e )hi!h is the !ause # the in2ur& !$(laine # r )here there isire!t evien!e as t the (re!ise !ause # the a!!ient an all the #a!ts an!ir!u$stan!es attenant n the !!urren!e !learl& a((ear. 'inall&, n!ethe a!tual !ause # in2ur& is esta%lishe %e&n !ntrvers&, )hether %&the (lainti## r %& the e#enant, n (resu$(tins )ill %e invlve an the

!trine %e!$es ina((li!a%le )hen the !ir!u$stan!es have %een s!$(letel& elui!ate that n in#eren!e # e#enant*s lia%ilit& !anreasna%l& %e $ae, )hatever the sur!e # the evien!e, ''as in this !ase.

The (rivate res(nent is sue uner Art. -1


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# the Reginal Trial Curt given the #a!ts esta%lishe at the trial '*The(rivate res(nent r his $e!hani!, )h $ust %e !$(etent, shul have!nu!te a thrugh ins(e!tin # his vehi!le %e#re all)ing his river trive it. In the light # the !ir!u$stan!es %taining in the !ase, )e hl thatIsir #aile t (rve the iligen!e # a g #ather # a #a$il& in thesu(ervisin # his e$(l&ees )hi!h )ul e'!ul(ate hi$ #r$ sliar&

lia%ilit& )ith his river t the (etitiner. ut even i# )e !n!ee that theiligen!e # a g #ather # a #a$il& )as %serve %& Isir in thesu(ervisin # his river, there is nt an ita # evien!e n re!r # the%servan!e %& Isir # the sa$e uantu$ # iligen!e in the su(ervisin #his $e!hani!, i# an&, )h )ul %e ire!tl& in !harge in $aintaining thera )rthiness # his 3Isir*s= tru!+. ut that is nt all. There is (au!it& #(r# that Isir e'er!ise the iligen!e # a g #ather # a #a$il& in thesele!tin # his river, Daniel Serran, as )ell as in the sele!tin # his$e!hani!, i# an&, in rer t insure the sa#e (eratin # his tru!+ an thus(revent a$age t thers. A!!ringl&, the res(nsi%ilit& # Isir as

e$(l&er treate in Arti!le -16, (aragra(h :, # the Civil Ce has nt!ease.(rLL

>EREORE, the (etitin is here%& RANTED. The De!isin # theres(nent !urt as )ell as its Reslutin en&ing the (etitiner*s $tin#r re!nsieratin are here%& SET ASIDE an the e!isin # the trial !urt,ate /anuar& -, 1768, is here%& REINSTATED in toto.>ith !sts againstthe (rivate res(nents.

SO ORDERED.
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